Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Islam is the most widespread religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[2] It was introduced to the local population in the 15th and 16th centuries as a result of the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Almost all of Bosnian Muslims identify as
Albeit traditionally adherent to
The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina guarantees freedom of religion,[8] which is generally upheld throughout the country.
History
The Ottoman era
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Fethija Mosque, former church of St. Anthony, 1266
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Aladža Mosque, Foča, 1550 (rebuilt 2018)
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Karađoz-beg Mosque, Mostar, 1557
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Ali-pasha Mosque, Sarajevo, 1560
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Šišman Ibrahim-pasha Mosque (Hadži Alijina Džamija),Počitelj, 1561
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Ferhat-pasha Mosque, Sarajevo, 1562
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Čobanija Mosque, 1565
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Hadži Ahmed Dukatar's Mosque, Livno, 1574
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Ferhat-pasha Mosque, Banja Luka, 1579 (rebuilt 2016)
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Koski Mehmed-pasha Mosque, Mostar, 1617
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Džindijska Mosque (Huseina Čauša), Tuzla, 1708
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Esma Sultana Mosque (during reconstruction), Jajce, 1760
The Austro-Hungarian era
After the 1878 Congress of Berlin, Bosnia and Herzegovina came under the control of Austria-Hungary. In 1908, Austria-Hungary formally annexed the region. Unlike post-Reconquista Spain, the Austro-Hungarian authorities made no attempt to convert the citizens of this newly-acquired territory as the December Constitution guaranteed freedom of religion, and so Bosnia and Herzegovina remained Muslim.
The post-war period
Many Islamic religious buildings were damaged or destroyed in the Bosnian War during the 90s, with up to 80% of well-over 4000 different buildings,[11] and several mosques were rebuilt with the aid of funds from Saudi Arabia and other countries from the Middle and far East.
Historically, Bosnian Muslims had always practiced a form of Islam that is strongly influenced by Sufism. Since the Bosnian War, however, some remnants of groups of foreign fighters from the Middle East fighting on the side of Bosnian Army, remained for some time and attempted to spread Wahhabism among locals. With very limited success these foreigners only created friction between local Muslim population, steeped in their own traditional practice of the faith, and without any previous contact with this strain in Islam, and themselves.[12]
Although these communities were relatively small and peaceful, restricted to a certain number of villages around central and northern Bosnia, the issue was highly politicized by local nationalists and officials, as well as officials and diplomats from countries like Croatia, Czech Republic and Serbia, to the point of outright fiction.[13][14] Security Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time, Dragan Mektić of SDS, reacted strongly on such falsehoods by pointing on seriousness of such conspiratorial claims, and warned on possibility of further dangerous politicization and even acts of violence with an aim of labeling Bosnian Muslims as radicals.[13][15]
Demographics
In the
Canton | Population (2013) | Number of Muslims[16] | % |
---|---|---|---|
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2,219,220 | 1,581,868 | 71.3% |
Tuzla Canton | 445,028 | 395,921 | 89.0% |
Zenica-Doboj Canton | 364,433 | 303,994 | 83.4% |
Sarajevo Canton | 413,593 | 350,594 | 84.8% |
Una-Sana Canton | 273,261 | 252,758 | 92.5% |
Central Bosnia Canton | 254,686 | 147,809 | 58.0% |
Herzegovina-Neretva Canton | 222,007 | 91,395 | 41.2% |
Republika Srpska | 1,228,423 | 172,742 | 14.1% |
Brčko District | 83,516 | 35,844 | 42.9% |
Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde | 23,734 | 22,372 | 94.3% |
Posavina Canton | 43,453 | 8,341 | 19.2% |
Canton 10 | 84,127 | 7,904 | 9.3% |
West Herzegovina Canton | 94,898 | 780 | 0.8% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3,531,159 | 1,790,454 | 50.7% |
Year | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
1872 | 630,456[17] | 51% |
1879 | 448,613 | 38.73% |
1885 | 492,710 | 36.88% |
1895 | 548,632 | 34.99% |
1910 | 612,137 | 32.25% |
1921 | 588,244 | 31.07% |
1931 | 718,079 | 30.90% |
1948 | 788,403 | 30.73% |
1953 | 891 800 | 31.3% |
1961 | 842,247 | 25.69% |
1971 | 1,482,430 | 39.57% |
1981 | 1.630.033 | 39.52% |
1991 | 1.902.956 | 43.47% |
2013 | 1.790.454 | 50.70% |
Contemporary relations
For a majority of
Religious leaders from the three major faiths claim that observance is increasing among younger people as an expression of increased identification with their ethnic heritage, in large part due to the national religious revival that occurred as a result of the
In a 1998 public opinion poll, 78.3% of Bosniaks in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared themselves to be religious.[20]
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there are eight muftis located in major municipalities across the country:
See also
- Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bosniaks
- 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)
- Persecution of Muslims
- Pomaks
- List of mosques in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
References
- ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew Research Center. 12 April 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Bosnia and Herzegovina". Cia.gov. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ a b c "PEW Research" (PDF).
- ^ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 2012. p. 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
- ^ "EKSKLUZIVNO- N1 sa dervišima: Pogledajte rijetko viđene snimke mističnih obreda". Ba.n1info.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ^ "Concerns Grow over Bosnian Shia-Sunni Divide | Balkan Insight". 9 November 2016.
- ^ "Freedom of religion Law..., Official Gazette of B&H 5/04". Mpr.gov.ba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ISBN 9781109124637.
- ^ Malcolm 1995, p. 71.
- ^ Shatzmiller, Maya (2002). Islam and Bosnia: Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy in Multi-Ethnic States. Queens University School of Policy. p. 100.
- ^ "Radical Islamists Seek To Exploit Frustration In Bosnia". Rferl.mobi. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
- ^ a b "Bosnia War Victims Slam Croatia President's Terror Claims". www.balkaninsight.com. 7 September 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
Bosnia's Security Minister Dragan Mektic even told local news site Klix on Tuesday that there was a possibility that a terrorist act might be staged by "para-secret-service agencies" close to certain politicians in order to legitimize false claims of increased Islamic radicalism in Bosnia.
- ^ "Bosnian Security Minister Rejects Claims by Croatian President". www.total-croatia-news.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ "Mektić: Paraobavještajne strukture bi mogle inscenirati napad da bi BiH prikazale kao radikalnu". Klix.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ "Ethnic composition of Bosnia & Herzegovina 2013".
- ^ Karpat, K.H. (1985). Ottoman population, 1830-1914: demographic and social characteristics. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Pres.
- ^ a b "Bosnia and Herzegovina: International Religious Freedom Report 2006". U.S. Department of State—Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2006-09-15.
- ISBN 9781107152960. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ISBN 1585442267. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ^ "Islamska zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini - Početna". Rijaset.ba. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Bibliography
- Aščerić-Todd, Ines (2015). Dervishes and Islam in Bosnia: Sufi Dimensions to the Formation of Bosnian Muslim Society. The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage. Vol. 58. S2CID 127053309.
- Bougarel, Xavier (2005). "Balkan Muslim Diasporas and the Idea of a "European Islam"". In Dulic, Tomislav (ed.). Balkan Currents. Essays in Honour of Kjell Magnusson. Uppsala Multiethnic Papers. Vol. 49. Halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr.
- Bougarel, Xavier (2012) [2007]. "Bosnian Islam as 'European Islam': Limits and Shifts of A Concept". In al-Azmeh, Aziz; Fokas, Effie (eds.). Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity, and Influence (PDF). S2CID 91182456.
- Cesari, Jocelyne, ed. (2014). "Part III: The Old European Land of Islam". The Oxford Handbook of European Islam. S2CID 153038977.
- Friedman, Francine (2000). Mylonas, Harris (ed.). "The Muslim Slavs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Reference to the Sandžak of Novi Pazar): Islam as National Identity". S2CID 154938106.
- Greenberg, Robert D. (2009). "Dialects, Migrations, and Ethnic Rivalries: The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina". Journal of Slavic Linguistics. 17 (1/2). S2CID 154466698.
- ISBN 953-6045-03-6.
- Malečková, Jitka (2020). "Civilizing the Slavic Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina". "The Turk" in the Czech Imagination (1870s-1923). Studia Imagologica. Vol. 26. ISSN 0927-4065.
- Račius, Egdūnas, ed. (2020). Islam in Post-communist Eastern Europe: Between Churchification and Securitization. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 35. LCCN 2020907634.
- Šuško, Dževada, ed. (2019). Both Muslim and European: Diasporic and Migrant Identities of Bosniaks. Muslim Minorities. Vol. 30. LCCN 2018061684.
- Zheliazkova, Antonina (July 1994). "The Penetration and Adaptation of Islam in Bosnia from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century". S2CID 144333779.
Further reading
- Akyol, Riada Asimovic (13 January 2019). "Bosnia Offers a Model of Liberal European Islam". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- Allievi, Stefano; Maréchal, Brigitte; Dassetto, Felice; S2CID 142974009.
- Bencheikh, Ghaleb; Brahimi-Semper, Adam (19 May 2019). "L'Islam dans le Sud-Est Européen". www.franceculture.fr (in French). Paris: France Culture. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie, eds. (2001). Le Nouvel Islam Balkanique. Les Musulmans, acteurs du post-communisme, 1990-2000 (in French). ISBN 2-7068-1493-4.
- Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie (2013). Les musulmans de l'Europe du Sud-Est: Des Empires aux États balkaniques. Terres et gens d'islam (in French). ISBN 978-2-8111-0905-9 – via Cairn.info.
- Clayer, Nathalie (2004). "Les musulmans des Balkans Ou l'islam de "l'autre Europe"/The Balkans Muslims Or the Islam of the «Other Europe"". Religions, pouvoir et société: Europe centrale, Balkans, CEI. Le Courrier de Pays de l'Est (in French). 5 (1045). ISSN 0590-0239 – via Cairn.info.
- Elbasani, Arolda; S2CID 164180984.
- Popović, Alexandre (1986). L'Islam balkanique: les musulmans du sud-est européen dans la période post-ottomane. Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen (in French). Vol. 11. OCLC 15614864.
- Stieger, Cyrill (5 October 2017). "Die Flexibilität der slawischen Muslime". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Zürich. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.