Islam in the Philippines
Islam by country |
---|
Islam portal |
Muslim sultanates had already begun expanding in the central Philippines by the 16th century, when the Spanish fleet led by Ferdinand Magellan arrived.[8] The Spanish referred to Muslim inhabitants of the Philippines as "Moros," after the Muslim "Moors" they had regarded with disdain in Iberia and the Maghreb.[4] The subsequent Spanish conquest led to Catholic Christianity becoming the predominant religion in most of the modern-day Philippines, with Islam becoming a significant minority religion.[9][10]
In the 21st century, there is some disagreement regarding the size of the Muslim population. The 2020 census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority found that 6.4% (6,981,710) of Filipinos were Muslims,[1] up from 6.0% (6,064,744) in 2015.[11] However, it was reported in 2004 that some Muslim groups asserted that the proper number was between eight and twelve percent.[12] Presently, the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) estimates Muslims constitute 11% of the total population, attributing the difference to a number of factors.[13]
Most Muslims live in parts of Mindanao, Palawan, and the Sulu Archipelago – an area known as
History
In 1380, the Sunni Shaykh
Subsequent settlements by Indian Muslim missionaries traveling to Malaysia and Indonesia helped strengthen Islam in the Philippines and each settlement was governed by a datu, rajah and sultan. Islam was introduced by Chinese Muslims, Indian Muslims, and Persians. Islamic provinces founded in the Philippines included the Sunni Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Lanao and other parts of the southern Philippines.
When the Spanish fleet led by Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in the Philippines in 1565, they were met by local datus as they traveled in the islands. Arriving in the Maynila, a vassal-state of the Sultanate of Brunei, in 1570 they were met by the Muslim rajah, Rajah Sulayman.
By the next century conquests had reached the
Invasion of Bruneian Sultanate
In the year 1498–99, the
The
A new dynasty began under a local Lumad leader who accepted Islam and became Rajah Salalila or Rajah Sulayman I. He also started to established a trading challenge to the already rich House of Rajah Lakandula in Tondo. Islam was further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders and from Jolo, Mindanao, Malaysia, and Indonesia.[24]
Rajah Salalila and Rajah Matanda in the south (now the Intramuros district) were installed as Muslim rajas by converted Muslims and the Buddhist-Hindu settlement was under Lakandula in northern Tundun (now Tondo, Manila.)[25]
Influences of Zheng He's voyages
The Chinese Muslim
Spanish encounter
Rajah Sulayman was the Rajah of Maynila, a polity at the mouth of the Pasig River where it meets Manila Bay, at the time the Spanish forces first came to Luzon.[27][28][29]
Sulayman resisted the Spanish forces, and thus, along with
Moro (derived from the Spanish word meaning Moors) is the appellation inherited from the Spaniards, for Filipino Muslims of Mindanao. The Spanish distinguished the Moro from the Indios, which referred to the Christianised people of Luzon and the Visayas. Islam continued to spread in Mindanao, from centers such as Sulu and Cotabato.[31]
The Muslims seek to establish an independent Islamic province in Mindanao to be named
The Moros have a history of resistance against Spanish, American, and Japanese rule for over 400 years. The violent armed struggle against the
Muslim leaders in Zamboanga petitioned the Ottoman Empire to send a representative to advise them on religious matters. A scholar from the Shaykh al-Islām was sent in response.[34]
Modern age
In 2012, research was conducted on various cultural properties in Islamic areas in Mindanao. The research included the 'Maradika' Qur'an of Bayang, description of the notes found in the Qur'an of Bayang, the Qur'an and Islamic manuscripts of the Sheikh Ahmad Bashir collection, the 'Dibolodan' Qur'an of Bacong in Marantao, the Qur'an and prayer scroll of Guro sa Masiu in Taraka, the 'Story of the Prophet Muhammad' at the Growing Memorial Research Center of the Dansalan College, and the Islamic Manuscript Art of the Philippines. In 2014, the Maradika Qur'an of Bayang was declared as a National Cultural Treasure, the first Islamic manuscript in the Philippines to be declared as such.[35][36]
Bangsa Sug and Bangsa Moro
In 2018, a unification gathering of all the sultans of the Sulu archipelago and representatives from all ethnic communities in the Sulu archipelago commenced in Zamboanga City, declaring themselves as the Bangsa Sug peoples and separating them from the Bangsa Moro peoples of mainland central Mindanao. They cited the complete difference in cultures and customary ways of life as the primary reason for their separation from the Muslims of mainland central Mindanao. They also called the government to establish a separate Philippine state, called Bangsa Sug, from mainland Bangsa Moro or to incorporate the Sulu archipelago to whatever state is formed in the Zamboanga peninsula, if ever federalism in the Philippines is approved in the coming years.[37]
Balik Islam
There is also a growing community of Filipino converts to Islam, known popularly as Balik Islam (return or returnees to Islam), often led by former Christian missionary converts.[38][39][40][41]
At the end of 2014, the NCMF estimated that there were 200,000–2,000,000 Filipinos who had converted to Islam since the 1970s.[46][47]
Bangsamoro Region
Most Muslims in the Philippines live on the island of
Other provinces and regions with large Muslim populations as well have a significant history with Moro/Muslims include Metro Manila, North Cotabato, Bicol Region, Metro Cebu, Eastern Visayas, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Davao City, Southern Palawan and the Zamboanga Peninsula. However, these are not part of the Bangsamoro region.
Demographics
The predominantly Muslim
Table
Region, province and city | Muslims | Total | % Muslims |
---|---|---|---|
Philippines | 6,981,710 | 108,667,043 | 6.42% |
National Capital Region | 173,346 | 13,403,551 | 1.29% |
Manila | 41,176 | 1,837,785 | 2.24% |
Mandaluyong | 1,854 | 419,333 | 0.44% |
Marikina | 2,058 | 452,961 | 0.46% |
Pasig | 9,805 | 801,439 | 1.22% |
Quezon City | 36,599 | 2,950,493 | 1.24% |
San Juan City | 2,267 | 124,699 | 1.82% |
Caloocan | 9,611 | 1,659,025 | 0.58% |
Malabon | 732 | 379,463 | 0.19% |
Navotas | 416 | 246,743 | 0.17% |
Valenzuela | 2,100 | 713,181 | 0.29% |
Las Piñas | 4,006 | 604,283 | 0.66% |
Makati | 3,273 | 624,032 | 0.52% |
Muntinlupa | 5,184 | 519,112 | 1.00% |
Parañaque | 8,781 | 686,313 | 1.28% |
Pasay | 5,659 | 437,003 | 1.29% |
Taguig | 39,605 | 882,622 | 4.48% |
Pateros | 220 | 65,064 | 0.34% |
Cordillera Administrative Region | 5,817 | 1,791,121 | 0.32% |
Abra | 255 | 250,309 | 0.10% |
Apayao | 51 | 123,937 | 0.04% |
Benguet | 792 | 459,468 | 0.17% |
Baguio City | 3,935 | 363,151 | 1.08% |
Ifugao | 91 | 207,130 | 0.04% |
Kalinga | 633 | 229,328 | 0.28% |
Mountain Province | 60 | 157,798 | 0.04% |
Ilocos Region | 12,475 | 5,292,297 | 0.24% |
Ilocos Norte | 1,489 | 608,508 | 0.24% |
Ilocos Sur | 1,932 | 704,218 | 0.27% |
La Union | 2,021 | 820,343 | 0.25% |
Pangasinan | 7,033 | 3,159,228 | 0.22% |
Cagayan Valley | 7,249 | 3,679,748 | 0.20% |
Batanes | 1 | 18,593 | 0.01% |
Cagayan | 2,287 | 1,265,540 | 0.18% |
Isabela | 3,453 | 1,695,539 | 0.20% |
Nueva Vizcaya | 1,159 | 496,546 | 0.23% |
Quirino | 349 | 203,530 | 0.17% |
Central Luzon | 46,588 | 12,387,811 | 0.38% |
Aurora | 687 | 234,991 | 0.29% |
Bataan | 3,477 | 849,575 | 0.41% |
Bulacan | 13,306 | 3,696,937 | 0.36% |
Nueva Ecija | 5,729 | 2,306,751 | 0.25% |
Pampanga | 6,160 | 2,433,144 | 0.25% |
Tarlac | 4,168 | 1,499,064 | 0.28% |
Zambales | 5,594 | 647,545 | 0.86% |
Olongapo City | 2,359 | 258,639 | 0.91% |
CALABARZON | 80,057 | 16,139,770 | 0.50% |
Batangas | 10,944 | 2,902,855 | 0.38% |
Cavite | 34,969 | 4,318,663 | 0.81% |
Laguna | 12,329 | 3,373,136 | 0.37% |
Quezon | 2,418 | 1,945,444 | 0.12% |
Lucena City | 1,753 | 278,347 | 0.63% |
Rizal | 17,644 | 3,321,325 | 0.53% |
Southwestern Tagalog | 113,288 | 3,212,287 | 3.53% |
Marinduque | 227 | 238,830 | 0.10% |
Occidental Mindoro | 608 | 521,444 | 0.12% |
Oriental Mindoro | 2,103 | 906,661 | 0.23% |
Palawan | 101,235 | 934,669 | 10.83% |
Puerto Princesa City | 8,887 | 302,611 | 2.94% |
Romblon | 228 | 308,072 | 0.07% |
Bicol Region | 9,090 | 6,067,290 | 0.15% |
Albay | 2,010 | 1,372,550 | 0.15% |
Camarines Norte | 1,112 | 628,807 | 0.18% |
Camarines Sur | 3,021 | 2,062,277 | 0.15% |
Catanduanes | 322 | 270,775 | 0.12% |
Masbate | 1,304 | 906,731 | 0.14% |
Sorsogon | 1,321 | 826,150 | 0.16% |
Western Visayas | 9,784 | 7,935,531 | 0.12% |
Aklan | 2,609 | 612,985 | 0.43% |
Antique | 1,020 | 611,478 | 0.17% |
Capiz | 373 | 803,879 | 0.05% |
Guimaras | 118 | 187,576 | 0.06% |
Iloilo | 1,339 | 2,048,039 | 0.07% |
Iloilo City | 1,128 | 455,287 | 0.25% |
Negros Occidental | 1,778 | 2,618,672 | 0.07% |
Bacolod City | 1,419 | 597,615 | 0.24% |
Central Visayas | 16,412 | 8,046,285 | 0.20% |
Bohol | 2,547 | 1,390,524 | 0.18% |
Cebu | 2,812 | 3,309,850 | 0.08% |
Cebu City | 3,462 | 958,626 | 0.36% |
Lapu-Lapu City | 4,650 | 494,672 | 0.94% |
Mandaue City | 1,031 | 361,051 | 0.29% |
Negros Oriental | 1,786 | 1,428,548 | 0.13% |
Siquijor | 124 | 103,014 | 0.12% |
Eastern Visayas | 5,568 | 4,531,512 | 0.12% |
Biliran | 462 | 178,715 | 0.26% |
Eastern Samar | 352 | 475,847 | 0.07% |
Leyte | 2,160 | 1,771,011 | 0.12% |
Tacloban City | 589 | 249,415 | 0.24% |
Northern Samar | 524 | 636,995 | 0.08% |
Western Samar
|
697 | 791,045 | 0.09% |
Southern Leyte | 784 | 428,484 | 0.18% |
Zamboanga Peninsula | 703,823 | 3,862,588 | 18.22% |
Zamboanga del Norte | 73,555 | 1,046,017 | 7.03% |
Zamboanga del Sur | 72,363 | 1,048,402 | 6.90% |
Zamboanga City | 364,646 | 969,391 | 37.62% |
Zamboanga Sibugay | 106,587 | 668,648 | 15.94% |
Isabela de Basilan | 86,672 | 130,130 | 66.60% |
Northern Mindanao | 423,317 | 5,007,798 | 8.45% |
Bukidnon | 24,000 | 1,537,629 | 1.56% |
Camiguin | 234 | 92,696 | 0.25% |
Lanao del Norte | 328,468 | 721,716 | 45.51% |
Iligan City | 43,550 | 362,182 | 12.02% |
Misamis Occidental | 1,757 | 614,951 | 0.29% |
Misamis Oriental | 7,711 | 954,953 | 0.81% |
Cagayan de Oro City | 17,597 | 723,671 | 2.43% |
Davao Region | 185,248 | 5,223,802 | 3.55% |
Compostela Valley | 18,296 | 766,299 | 2.39% |
Davao del Norte | 27,702 | 1,115,167 | 2.48% |
Davao del Sur | 17,937 | 679,457 | 2.64% |
Davao City | 69,122 | 1,770,988 | 3.90% |
Davao Occidental | 17,236 | 316,907 | 5.44% |
Davao Oriental | 34,955 | 574,984 | 6.08% |
SOCCSKSARGEN | 685,702 | 4,351,773 | 15.76% |
North Cotabato
|
246,006 | 1,273,594 | 19.32% |
South Cotabato | 52,530 | 973,146 | 5.40% |
General Santos City | 67,914 | 695,410 | 9.77% |
Sultan Kudarat | 257,723 | 851,554 | 30.27% |
Sarangani | 61,529 | 558,069 | 11.03% |
Caraga Region | 12,777 | 2,795,340 | 0.46% |
Agusan del Norte | 1,563 | 386,211 | 0.40% |
Butuan City | 3,854 | 370,910 | 1.04% |
Agusan del Sur | 2,492 | 737,991 | 0.34% |
Surigao del Norte | 1,996 | 531,753 | 0.38% |
Surigao del Sur | 2,822 | 640,512 | 0.44% |
Dinagat Islands | 50 | 127,963 | 0.04% |
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao | 4,491,169 | 4,938,539 | 90.94% |
Basilan | 382,242 | 425,111 | 89.92% |
Lanao del Sur | 1,131,726 | 1,194,507 | 94.74% |
Maguindanao | 1,392,207 | 1,666,353 | 83.55% |
Sulu | 951,127 | 998,675 | 95.24% |
Tawi-Tawi | 426,403 | 438,545 | 97.23% |
Special Geographic Area | 207,464 | 215,348 | 96.34% |
Islamic schools of thought in the Philippines
Classical Traditional Southeast Asian Sufism (Sufism)
Arrived during the early stages of Islam in Southeast Asia, it was brought through travelling merchants and was often interspersed with Sufism. Adherents are required to follow one school of law (madhhab) as a guidance in their legal and daily affairs.
Generally, in
Sufism
Sufism was also brought through travelling merchants and often interspersed with the classical ASWJ. Representatives of this were the makhdumin, the first missionaries of Islam in the Philippines. Examples are the Darul Abdulqadir Jilani Dergah in Talon-Talon, Zamboanga City, and the Maharlika Blue Mosque community in Taguig City.
There are already many practitioners of Sufism in the country from different social status. The orders or tariqas that are present in the country are: the Naqshbandi Aliya, Naqshbandi Chisti, Qadiri, Rifai, Shattari, Rifai Qadiri Shadhili, Tijani, and Khalwati. The Naqshbandi Aliya tariqa have the most followers, concentrated in Manila, Cebu, Zamboanga, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. There are also Sufis from the students and alumni of known universities, such as the Ateneo de Manila University, the Ateneo de Zamboanga University, and Western Mindanao State University.[51]
Shi'ism
The first Shi'as to arrive, together with the Sufis, were the
Indigenous Islam
Also referred to as, Ilmu kamaasan, Ilmu kamatoahan, Ilmu sa Matoah, and Ilmu Minatoah (knowledge of the elders), it is an indigenized amalgamation of Islam from the preceding schools of thought and local cultural customs, this is actually contextualized and simplified according to how the elders have understood Islam and the process of Islamization of the communities. These are normally communities located in far rural areas.
Salafism
Also known as
This school of thought is notable for active propagation and conversion of people to Islam (Balik Islam phenomenon), marked intolerance for interfaith and intrafaith engagements, and intolerance for Muslims following other schools of thought. Examples of these groups are the Mahad Moro, Mahad Salamat, and Mahad Quran wal Hadith Zamboanga City, the Mercy Foundation in Manila and Davao City, the Al-Maarif Educational Center in Baguio City, and the Jamiatul Waqf al-Islamie, and Jamiato Monib al-Kouzbary al-Arabiyah in Marawi City.
Ash'ari wal Maturidi (Post Mu'tazilite)
It is one of the innovative sect from mainstream Sunni schools of Islamic theology, founded by the Arab Muslim scholar, Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian, Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the 9th–10th century,[52][53] with the Persian Muslim scholar, Ḥanafī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī in the 9th–10th century,[54][55] it established an orthodox guideline based on scriptural authority,[56] rationality, and theological rationalism.[57] It is also a school of theology supporting the use of reason and speculative theology (kalām) to defend the faith.
Almost 95% of Sunni around the world are Ash'ari and Maturidi.[58] They have a few educational institutions in the country, such as the Jamiatu Al-Hikmah[59] in Mulondo, Lanao del Sur and the Muhajireen wal Ansar Academy[60] in Taguig City.
Tablighi Jama'at
The Tablighi Jama'at is a revivalist movement originated in South Asia, aiming at revitalizing Muslims’ practice of Islam. Politically neutral and tolerant, they are characterized by khurūj (regular traveling from one mosque to another) events to call people back to the mosque and pray, as well as their annual gatherings called ijtema'at. They are the most moderate, apolitical, and pacifist among the different Muslim groups.
Most Filipino Tablighi Jama'at members are
They can be found in many mosques, most prominent is the Jama'at of Mawlana Mahdi Batua of the Masjid Al-Dahab in Quiapo, Manila.
Nurcu
Nurcu is an Islamic movement calling people back to Islam. The basis of unity of this group is the multi-volume compilation of articles and books called the Risale-i Nur ("epistle of light" in Turkish), which is a voluminous commentary on the Quran and Hadith by Bediuzzaman Said Nursî, one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century.
Nursî's main theme in his works is answering modern man's major crisis – the absence of certainty of Faith. The Risale-i Nur is a monumental work that aims to address this. He also said that all suffering in the world is because of three things: ignorance, poverty, and misunderstanding. In his opinion, this can be healed by knowledge, service, and understanding others. This is elucidated in his magnum opus as a guide to Muslims.
This group is active in many parts of the country and has trained many educators. Notable among them is the Risale-i Nur Institute in
Hizmet
It was founded by Turkish scholar
However, it is important to note that the Hizmet movement focuses on the principles of "service to humanity" and "dialogue and cooperation" as mechanisms of understanding others. They are well-known to have established several schools in the Philippines and is considered a world standard in science and mathematics education.
Ahmadiyya
Considered by most Muslim groups as heretics and non-Muslims, Ahmadis (as they call themselves) also believe in the major tenets of Islam, except they believed that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani is the last prophet and the promised Mahdi or "messiah", of which majority of Muslim sects disagree due to the concept about the finality on the Prophethood of Muhammad.
This community consists of expatriates and predominatly Badjaos, who are normally in the lowest social strata in Moro society.[61]
Traditional art from the Philippines by Muslim groups
-
An Indigenous tribal food jar known as gadur, well known for its brass with silver inlay
-
A chest made of wood and bone inlay
-
Kutiyapi the native boat-shaped lute of the archipelago
-
Saddle panel, wood with shell inlay
-
Saddle panel, wood with shell inlay
-
jaw harp) handle, horn with brass studs
-
Agung - large bass nipple-gongs native to the Philippines, and other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia
See also
References
- ^ a b c d "Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) | Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines". psa.gov.ph. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
- ^ Angeles, Vivienne S. M. "Islam in the Philippines". Oxford Biographies. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013.
- ^ "Bearer of the Sword". Military Review. 82 (2): 38. 2002.
Islam arrived in the southern Philippines in the 14th century
- ^ a b "Islam in the Philippines". rpl.hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-3272-8.
- ISBN 978-0-521-62564-7.
- ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
- ISBN 978-0-19-504222-1.
- ^ Peter G. Gowing (1975), Moros and Khaek: the Position of Muslim Minorities in the Philippines and Thailand, Southeast Asian Affairs, Thomson Publishing (Reprinted in 2004), pp. 27–40
- ISBN 978-0-16-086920-4.
- ^ "Factsheet on Islam in Mindanao | Philippine Statistics Authority Region XI". rsso11.psa.gov.ph. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
- ^ "Philippines". 2004 Report on International Religious Freedom. United States Department of State. Section I. Religious Demography.
The 2000 census placed the number of Muslims at 3.9 million, or approximately 5 percent of the population, but some Muslim groups claim that Muslims comprise anywhere from 2 to 5 percent of the population.
- ^ Taylor, Victor. "Origins of Islam in the Philippines". The Mackenzie Institute. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
- ^ RP closer to becoming observer-state in Organization of Islamic Conference Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. (May 29, 2009). The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2009-07-10, "Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 4 percent of the total Philippine population, ...".
- ISBN 978-0-8028-4945-8. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ "Kerinduan orang-orang moro" [Longing for the Moro people]. TEMPO online (in Indonesian). Majalah Berita Mingguan. June 23, 1990. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011.
- ^ ISBN 9781317265566.
- ^ "A Rapid Journal Article Volume 10, No. 2". Celestino C. Macachor. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
- ^ "The Aginid". Maria Eleanor Elape Valeros. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
- ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
- ^ del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999). "Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)". Diwang Kayumanggi. Archived from the original on October 18, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
- CIA World Factbook. 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.)
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help - ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4.
- ^ Teodoro Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People, p 22
- ^ Aqsha, Darul (July 13, 2010). "Zheng He and Islam in Southeast Asia". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
- ISBN 978-971-569-313-4.
- ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
- ISBN 978-971-10-1069-0.
- ^ "Rajah Soliman". National Heroes. Globalpinoy.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1.
- ^ Rommel C. Banlaoi (2008). Al-Harakatul Al-Islamiyyah: Essays on the Abu Sayyaf Group, Third Edition. p. 24.
- ^ Rommel C. Banlaoi (2005). "MARITIME TERRORISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: The Abu Sayyaf Threat". p. 68. Archived from the original on June 14, 2010.
- ISBN 9789004409996. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
- ^ "National Museum showcases Bangsamoro art for Eid'l Adha holiday". GMA News Online. October 4, 2014.
- ^ "The Qur'an and Islamic Mauscripts of Mindanao, Monograph Series No. 10 2012". catalogue.paramadina.ac.id.
- ^ Garcia, Bong (May 10, 2018). "Sulu Sultanate, Bangsa Sug push revision of BBL". SunStar.
- ISBN 9781846144226.
- ISBN 9780810878211.
- ISBN 9788876528798.
- ^ Ramona Ruiz (July 9, 2014). "Prominent Filipino Muslim preachers to discuss Islam at Dubai World Trade Centre". The National. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
- ^ Ramos, Marlon (October 20, 2013). "Before his death, Kiram III tells family to continue fight to re-possess Sabah".
- ^ "Sulu Sultan dies from kidney failure – The Manila Times Online". www.manilatimes.net. September 20, 2015.
- ^ Whaley, Floyd (September 21, 2015). "Esmail Kiram II, Self-Proclaimed Sultan of Sulu, Dies at 75". The New York Times.
- ^ "Sulu Sultan Jamalul Kiram III dies". October 20, 2013.
- ^ Acac, Marybeth (2020). "BALIK-ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES: REVERSION, SYMBOLIC NEGOTIATION, AND BECOMING THE OTHER".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "In Philippines, watchful eye on converts". Christian Science Monitor. November 28, 2005. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
- ^ Bacongco, Keith (January 23, 2019). "Cotabato City now the crowning jewel of BARMM". news.mb.com.ph. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ "Moro Muslims". MinorityRights.org. June 19, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ^ "Philippines: Indigenous Peoples in Mindanao". University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ^ Jilani, Muhammad (April 8, 2019). "Islamic Schools of Thought in Zamboanga City". Ansar Sahibuz Zaman.
- , retrieved June 4, 2023
- ISBN 9781474219624.
- ISBN 978-3-89942-962-6, retrieved June 4, 2023
- .
- S2CID 241173305, retrieved June 4, 2023
- S2CID 147570897.
- ^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. October 7, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- ^ "Jamiat Al-Hikmah". hi-in.facebook.com (in Hindi). Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- ^ "Muhajireen wal Ansar Academy". www.facebook.com. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- ^ Morales, Yusuf (June 18, 2017). "PEACETALK: The different Islamic schools of thought in the Philippines". MindaNews. 2017.
External links
- Bangsamoro
- Filipino Muslim Archived August 15, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- Fil-Mus Foundation
- Islam and Muslims in the Philippines
- National Commission on Muslim Filipinos Archived November 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine is a government agency whose objective is to promote the rights of Muslim Filipinos and to make them active participants in Philippine nation-building.