Islamic Dawa Party
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Islamic Dawa Party حزب الدعوة الإسلامية | |
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Najaf, Iraq | |
Military wing | Jihadi Wing (1979–2003) Quwat al-Shaheed al-Sadr (ar) National Defence Brigades (ar)[1] |
Ideology | Islamic economics[2] Populism[3] |
Religion | Shia Islam |
National affiliation | State of Law Coalition |
International affiliation | Axis of Resistance |
Colours | Green, red |
Council of Representatives | 0 / 329 |
Party flag | |
Website | |
www | |
Jihadi Wing | |
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Leader | Nouri al-Maliki[4] |
Dates of operation | 1979 | –2003
Headquarters | Sadr Camp in Ahvaz, Iran |
Active regions | Iraq Lebanon |
Allies | |
Opponents | Ba'athist Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia United States[8] France |
Battles and wars | Iran–Iraq War
1991 uprisings in Iraq
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The Islamic Dawa Party, also known as the Islamic Call Party (
History
The Dawa movement coalesced in the years around 1960 in Shia holy cities in southern Iraq. At the time, its primary goal was to counterbalance the intellectual hold that Marxism and other secular ideologies had on Iraqi Shia. Seminarian
A twin party was also founded in Lebanon by clerics who had studied in Najaf and supported Muhammad Baqr al-Sadr's vision of a resurgent Islam.[citation needed]
Hizb Al-Dawa gained strength in the 1970s recruiting from among the Shi'a ulama and youth. During the 1970s, the government shut down the Shi'a journal Risalat al-Islam and closed several religious educational institutions. The government passed a law obligating Iraqi students of the hawza to undertake national military service. The Ba'athists then began specifically targeting Al-Dawa members, arresting and imprisoning them from 1972 onwards.
In 1973, someone killed the alleged head of Al-Dawa's Baghdad branch in prison.
In 1974, 75 members of the party, were arrested and sentenced to death by the Ba'athist revolutionary court. This included 5 of the party's most preeminent members, who where Shaykh Aref al-Basri, Sayyid Izz al-Din al-Qubanchi, Sayyid Imad al-Din al-Tabatabaei, and the two Fa'izids, Nuri Tumah, and Husayn Jelokhan.[13] They were sentenced to death in December of that year.[14]
In 1975, the government canceled the annual procession from Najaf to Karbala, known as marad al-ras. Although subject to repressive measures throughout the 1970s, large-scale opposition to the government by Al-Dawa goes back to the Safar Intifada of February 1977.
Despite the government's ban on the celebration of marad al-ras, Al-Dawa organized the procession in 1977. They were subsequently attacked by police.[15] After this period it also interacted with the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the future dictator of Iran, during his exile in Najaf in Iraq.
Widely viewed in the West as a
Iranian Islamic Revolution and US Embassy Bombing
Dawa supported the
Despite this cooperation, al-Sadr's and Khomeini's visions of an Islamic Republic differed sharply in certain respects. While Khomeini argued the power of the state should rest with the
In the West, Al-Dawa was widely viewed as a terrorist organization during the Iran–Iraq War, especially since the West tended to be more supportive of Iraq during that conflict. It is thought responsible for a host of assassination attempts in Iraq against the president, prime minister and others, as well as attacks against Western and
Dawa versus Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in the '80s
Tensions between Al-Sadr and Dawa came to light when Al-Sadr forbade his students at the seminary (Hawza) from joining the Dawa party. Amongst the retaliatory steps taken, Dawa switched their allegiance to Abu Al-Qassim Al-Khoei another leading scholar in Najaf.[citation needed]
1990s
After the Persian Gulf War, the interests of Al-Dawa and the United States became more closely aligned. The efforts of Al-Dawa representatives and other opponents of Saddam Hussein led to the founding of the Iraqi National Congress, which relied heavily on United States funding.[22] INC's political platform promised "human rights and rule of law within a constitutional, democratic, and pluralistic Iraq". The Dawa Party itself participated in the congress between 1992 and 1995, withdrawing because of disagreements with Kurdish parties over how Iraq should be governed after Hussein's eventual ouster.[23]
2003 American invasion
Most leaders of Al-Dawa remained in exile in Iran and elsewhere until
Recent development
The Iraqi Islamic Dawa Party re-elected Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq between 2006 and 2014, as its secretary-general in July 2019.[25]
According to Harith Hassan of the
Ideology
The political ideology of Al-Dawa is heavily influenced by work done by Baqr al-Sadr, who laid out four mandatory principles of governance in his 1975 work, Islamic Political System. These are:
- Absolute sovereignty belongs to God.
- Islamic injunctions are the basis of legislation. The legislative authority may enact any law not repugnant to Islam.
- The people, as vice-regents of Allah, are entrusted with legislative and executive powers.
- The jurist holding religious authority represents Islam. By confirming legislative and executive actions, he gives them legality.[26]
In his Islamic political system, Sadr sought "a balance" between the two forces of "consultation" (shura, the role of "the people") and the oversight role of the ‘ulama, specifically "the jurist holding religious authority represents Islam". He thought that political control should be
“. . .exercised through the election by the people of the head of the executive power, after confirmation by the marja’iyya, [i.e. the most highly regarded scholarly sources of emulation or maraji3] and through the election of a parliament, which is in charge of confirming the members of government appointed by the Executive, and passing appropriate legislation to fill up the discretionary area.”[27]
Upon joining the party, allegiance must be sworn to the party.[28]
Timeline
- 1968–1969: Al-Dawa founded by Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in response to repression of Shi'i religious academies in Najaf by the Iraqi Ba'ath regime.[29]
- 1974: Ba'athist revolutionary court arrests and sentences 75 Al-Dawa members to death.
- 1975: Annual pilgrimage from Najaf to Karbala – called the Marad al-Ras – is cancelled by the Ba'ath government.
- 1977 February: The Safar Intifada. Al-Dawa organizes Marad al-Ras, in spite of government ban. Event is attacked by police.
- 1979: Iranian Revolution. Al-Dawa creates a military wing, later called Shahid al-Sadr.
- 1980 30 March: Ba'athist Revolutionary Command Council retroactively bans Al-Dawa; membership was made punishable by death. 96 Al-Dawa members are allegedly executed this month.
- 1980 1 April: Al-Dawa unsuccessfully attempts to assassinate Tariq Aziz, Foreign Minister at the time.
- 1980 9 April: Amina Sadr bint al-Hudaare arrested and executed.
- 1981 Mid-December: Iraqi embassy in 1983 bombing of the American Embassy and Marine barracks in Beirut.[30]
- 1982: Al-Dawa assassination attempt on Saddam Hussein in Dujail fails. Heavy crack-downs on Al-Dawa by Hussein's regime follow, leading to the Dujail Massacre. Many flee to Iran, where it suffers from competition with SCIRI.
- 1983 12 December: In Kuwait, the American and French embassies, Kuwait airport, the main oil refinery in Kuwait, and a residential area for Raytheon employees are bombed. 17 suspects were soon arrested, mostly Al-Dawa members, including Jamal Jafaar Mohammed (currently member of Iraq's parliament as a member of Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki's ruling coalition). Jamal Jafaar Mohammed escapes from Kuwait before the trial starts and is sentenced to death in absentiain 1984.
- 1987: Al-Dawa attacks Saddam's motorcade but again fails to kill him.
- 1996: Attempt made on the life of Saddam's son, Uday. Al-Dawa blamed.
- 2003: After the Nasiriyawhich the party now runs and controls.
- 2005 January: The January 2005 Elections; Dawa leader Ibrahim al-Jaafari becomes Prime Minister.[citation needed]
- 2005 December: The December 2005 Elections.
- 2006: Al-Dawa deputy leader Nouri al-Maliki replaces Ibrahim al-Jaafari as Prime Minister.
Transliterations
- Dawa
- Da'wa
- Daawa
(Original Arabic is دعوة with pharyngeal consonant—see Dawah.)
See also
References
- ^ "Hashd Brigade Numbers Index". Archived from the original on 2018-03-03. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
- ISBN 978-1-134-20675-9. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "Populism, Authoritarianism, and National Security in al-Maliki's Iraq". Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ "الساسة المعارضون "الشيعة" في الحكم!". Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2020-07-21.
- ^ "أبرز 10 أحداث اتُّهِمَتْ فيها إيران بزعزعة أمن الخليج". البيت الخليجي للدراسات والنشر.
- ^ "حزب الدعوة العراقي.. النسخة الشيعية لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين".
- ^ "إخفاء وثائق من أرشيف خارجيتي العراق ولبنان تتعلق بتفجير السفارة العراقية في بيروت - وجهات نظر". Archived from the original on 2020-08-27. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
- ^ "ما قصة اختطاف الطائرة الأمريكية في 1985 ولماذا تعود اليوم؟". BBC News عربي.
- Informed Comment, 2007-05-14
- ^ a b c Hasan, Harith. "From Radical to Rentier Islamism: The Case of Iraq's Dawa Party". Carnegie Middle East Center.
- ISBN 0863569889.
- ^ Jabar, pages 95-96
- ^ Sayyid-Ahmed, Rifat. "الإمام.. والطاغية؛ جدلية الصراع بين الحق والباطل في سيرة الإمام الشهيد الصدر وسيرة العراق". Shaheed Sadr Research and Studies Centre (in Arabic).
- ^ Aziz, "The Role of Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr," p. 212.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2006-10-05.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ISBN 0-7432-3342-5.
- ^ Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon & Schuster, (2001), p.124
- ^ Hoffman, Bruce (March 1990). "Recent Trends and Future Prospects of Iranian-Sponsored International Terrorism" (PDF). RAND Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ "U.S. military: Iraqi lawmaker is U.S. Embassy bomber". CNN. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- ^ Iraqi political groupings and individuals Archived 2007-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Winter Soldier: Domingo Rosas". Antiwar.com Original. March 2005. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- ^ "The Administration, Congress, and the Iraqi Opposition". Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- ^ The Iraqi Shiites[permanent dead link] "Boston Review, Juan Cole"
- ^ The Post-Saddam Danger from Iran Archived 2003-07-07 at the Wayback Machine, the New Republic, 7 October 2002
- ^ "Division threatens Islamic Dawa after Maliki's reelection - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com.
- ^ Shanahan, Rodger (June 2004). "The Islamic Da'wa Party: Past Development and Future Prospects". Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal. 8 (2). Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Citing:
- Wiley, Joyce N. (1992). The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shi'as. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 126. ISBN 1555872727. Citing in turn:
- OCLC 957307997.
- Wiley, Joyce N. (1992). The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shi'as. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 126.
- ^ Chibli Mallat, The Renewal of Islamic Law, p. 73. cited in Shanahan, Rodger (June 2004). "The Islamic Da'wa Party: Past Development and Future Prospects". Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal. 8 (2). Archived from the original on 12 August 2014.
- OCLC 831856859.
- ^ Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York, St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 27
- ^ Hezbollah: A Short History by Augustus Richard Norton, Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 72