Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Coordinates: 33°N 66°E / 33°N 66°E / 33; 66
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Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
  • جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان (
    Pashto
    )
  • Da Afġānistān Islāmī Jumhoryat
2004–2021
Flag of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Flag
Motto: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله
"Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh"
"There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." (
Turkmen
  • 2% Baloch
  • 4% others[1]
  • Religion
    Demonym(s)Afghan[a][4][5]
    GovernmentUnitary presidential Islamic republic
    President 
    • 2004–2014
    Hamid Karzai
    • 2014–2021
    Ashraf Ghani
    Chief Executive 
    • 2014–2020
    Abdullah Abdullah
    Mohammed Fahim
    • 2014[c]
    Yunus Qanuni
    • 2014–2020
    Abdul Rashid Dostum
    • 2014–2021
    Sarwar Danish
    • 2020–2021
    Amrullah Saleh
    Legislature
    U.S. withdrawal begins
    29 February 2020
    15 August 2021
    Area
    • Water (%)
    negligible
    2020[6]652,864 km2 (252,072 sq mi)
    Population
    • 2020[7]
    31,390,200
    • Density
    48.08/km2 (124.5/sq mi)
    right
    Calling code+93
    Internet TLD.af
    Preceded by
    Succeeded by
    Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
    Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

    The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was a

    US–Taliban deal, signed on 29 February 2020 in Qatar, was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF).[10] Following the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of a critical edge in fighting the Taliban insurgency, leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul.[11]

    Following the

    US-led international coalition helped maintain internal security, gradually transferring the burden of defense to the Afghan Armed Forces
    after 2013–14.

    However, Taliban forces held control of various areas of the country and the civil war continued. The Taliban regrouped as an insurgency with the alleged support of Pakistan, and escalated attacks on Afghan and coalition forces after 2006–07. This perpetuated Afghanistan's problematic human rights and women's rights records, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians, kidnapping, and torture. Due to the government's extensive reliance on American military and economic aid, some classed the nation as an American client state, and it gradually lost control of the rural countryside after the conclusion of Operation Enduring Freedom.[12]

    Following the

    Afghan National Army rapidly disintegrated. The institutions of the republic effectively collapsed on 15 August 2021, when the Taliban forces entered Kabul and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country. Soon after, former first vice president Amrullah Saleh declared himself the caretaker president of Afghanistan and announced the republican resistance against the Taliban; however, on 6 September 2021, Saleh also fled to Tajikistan.[13][14][15][16][17]

    History

    In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the

    Karzai administration and provide basic security.[18][19] By this time, after two decades of war as well as an acute famine at the time, Afghanistan had one of the highest infant and child mortality rates in the world, the lowest life expectancy, much of the population were hungry,[20][21][22] and infrastructure was in ruins.[23] Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country.[24][25]

    Taliban forces meanwhile began regrouping inside Pakistan, while more coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the rebuilding process.

    repatriated.[31] The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011,[32] dropping to about 16,000 in 2018.[33]

    In September 2014

    Operation Resolute Support was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF.[39][40] Thousands of NATO troops remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces[41] and continue their fight against the Taliban.[42] It was estimated in 2015 that "about 147,000 people have been killed in the Afghanistan war since 2001. More than 38,000 of those killed have been civilians."[43] A report titled Body Count concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians have been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict.[44][45][46]

    Collapse

    2021 Taliban resurgence

    On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General

    Afghan National Army was in complete disarray, losing ground on all fronts. The falls of Mazar-i-Sharif and Jalalabad on 14 and 15 August respectively removed any possibility for the Afghan government to halt Taliban advance.[51]

    Fall of Kabul

    On 15 August 2021, Taliban forces entered the capital city of Kabul, meeting only limited resistance.[52] In the afternoon, it was reported that Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had left the country, fleeing into either Tajikistan or Uzbekistan; Chairman of the House of the People Mir Rahman Rahmani was also reported to have fled into Pakistan.[53] Following Ghani's escape, the remaining loyalist forces abandoned their posts and the Afghan Armed Forces de facto ceased to exist.[54]

    On the evening of 15 August, the Taliban occupied

    Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.[55]

    On 17 August 2021, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated Hezb-e-Islami, met with both Hamid Karzai, former President of Afghanistan, and Abdullah Abdullah, Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former Chief Executive, in Doha, seeking to form a government.[56][57] President Ghani, having settled in the United Arab Emirates, said that he supported such negotiations.[58][59]

    National Resistance Front

    Effective control of territory in Afghanistan by 15 August 2021

    On 17 August, the former First Vice President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Amrullah Saleh, tweeted that he had remained in the country and had assumed the role of Caretaker President in the absence of Ghani citing the Afghan Constitution as his basis.[13] Saleh's government includes Bismillah Khan Mohammadi as Minister of Defense and Ahmad Massoud, son of Ahmad Shah Massoud and leader of the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan. It was based in the Panjshir Valley, and used the city of Bazarak as a temporary capital, as it was one of the few areas of Afghanistan that was still under control of the Islamic Republic.[60][61] On 6 September, after heavy fighting resulting in high losses on both sides, the Taliban claimed to have captured all of Panjshir, with the Taliban flag being hoisted at the governor's office in Bazarak.[62] The remaining NRF troops had reportedly retreated into the mountains,[63][64] while Saleh and Massoud fled to Tajikistan.[65][66]

    Additional resistance

    As of 2022, scattered fighting between opposition groups and the Taliban continue to occur. On 13 March 2022, the Afghanistan Freedom Front, an ethnically diverse anti-Taliban military group formed,[67] and has since conducted several attacks on the Taliban,[68] including a missile attack on Bagram Airfield, in which six Taliban soldiers were killed and two were wounded.[69]

    In June 2022, an uprising began in the Balkhab District of the Sar-e Pol Province. Hazara rebel Mehdi Mujahid, the Taliban-appointed head of intelligence of the Bamyan Province had been expelled from the position after criticizing the closure of girls' schools and continued demanding for equality to Hazaras and other Shia Muslims.[70] He left the Taliban, declaring war on them and gathering rebels.[71] Supported by the NRF[72] and several political parties,[73][74] the rebels seized Balkhab and controlled the entire district by 13 June 2022.[75] On 23 June 2022, the Taliban began fighting to take back the district.[76] The uprising ended when the Taliban retook Balkhab and Mujahid was killed.[77]

    On the one year anniversary of the Fall of Kabul, the NRF conducted various hit-and-run attacks on Taliban militants.[78] Several other groups, such as the Ahmad Khan Samangani Front[79] and the Afghanistan Islamic National & Liberation Movement have also conducted attacks against the Taliban.[80]

    Governance

    The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was an

    Supreme Court was led by Chief Justice Said Yusuf Halem, the former Deputy Minister of Justice for Legal Affairs.[81]

    The Arg (the presidential palace) in Kabul

    According to Transparency International, Afghanistan remained one of the most corrupt countries.[82] A January 2010 report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime revealed that bribery consumed an amount equal to 23% of the GDP of the nation.[83] Corruption was endemic even in the upper echelons of governance: in August 2010 it was revealed that the leadership of the New Kabul Bank and a handful of political elites, including cabinet ministers, had embezzled close to $1 billion through fraudulent loan schemes.[84][85]

    On 17 May 2020, President

    political deadlock in the country. It was agreed that while Ghani will lead Afghanistan as the president, Abdullah would oversee the peace process with the Taliban.[86][87]

    Reports emerged on 25 August that a 12-member council will be formed to govern Afghanistan. Reportedly 7 members were already agreed upon: Hekmatyar, Karzai, Abdullah,

    Elections and parties

    US President Donald Trump with president of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani in 2017

    Under the

    2004 constitution, both presidential and parliamentary elections were to be held every five years. However, due to the disputed 2014 presidential election, the scheduled 2015 parliamentary elections were delayed until 2018.[89] Presidential elections used the two-round system; if no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, a second round would be held featuring the top two candidates. Parliamentary elections had only one round and were based on the single non-transferable vote system, which allows some candidates to be elected with as little as one percent of the vote.[90]

    The

    2014 presidential election ended with Ashraf Ghani winning with 56.44% of the votes.[92]

    National Assembly of Afghanistan
    in Kabul. The current site was built in 2015.

    Political parties played a marginal role in post-2001 Afghan politics, in part due to Karzai's opposition to them.

    royalists and several former Taliban associates.[94][95] In the same period, Afghanistan became the 30th highest nation in terms of female representation in the National Assembly.[96] Parties became more influential after 2009, when a new law established more stringent requirements for party registration.[97] Nearly a hundred new parties were registered after the law came into effect,[98] and party activity increased in the 2014 elections, but party influence remained limited.[99]

    Military

    Kandahar Airfield

    Before the

    Afghan Defense University housed various educational establishments for the Afghan Armed Forces, including the National Military Academy of Afghanistan.[100]

    Law enforcement

    Afghan National Police (ANP) in Kunar Province

    Law enforcement was the responsibility of the

    Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics
    was responsible for the monitoring and eradication of the illegal drug business.

    Foreign relations

    Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946.

    Strategic Partnership Agreement in which Afghanistan became a major non-NATO ally.[108] Relations with Pakistan were often tense for various reasons such as the Durand Line border issue and alleged Pakistani involvement in Afghan insurgent groups. Afghanistan also had diplomatic relations with neighboring China, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as with regional states such as Bangladesh, Japan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Russia, South Korea, and the UAE
    .

    The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) was established in 2002 to help the country recover from decades of war.[109] Until summer 2021, several NATO member states deployed about 17,000 troops in Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission.[110] Its main purpose was to train the Afghan National Security Forces.

    On December 1, 2021, the nine-nation Credentials Committee of the General Assembly voted to defer a decision to allow the Taliban to represent Afghanistan at the UN.[111] However, on February 15, 2022, the UN released an updated list of member state officials with the names of Ghani administration officials removed.[112]

    Human rights

    Press Freedom Index, with 1st being most free.[113][114] However many issues regarding human rights existed contrary to the law, often committed by local tribes, lawmakers and hardline clerics. Journalists in Afghanistan faced threat from both the security forces and insurgents.[115] The Afghan Journalists Safety Committee (AJSC) claimed in 2017 that the Afghan government accounted for 46% of the attacks on Afghan journalists, while insurgents were responsible for rest of the attacks.[116]

    According to Global Rights, almost 90% of women in Afghanistan had experienced physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse or forced marriage. In the majority of cases, the perpetrators of these crimes were the families of the victim, and a 2009 proposal for a law against the violence of women could eventually only be passed through a presidential decree.[117] In 2012, Afghanistan recorded 240 cases of honor killings, but the total number were believed to be much higher. Of the reported honor killings, 21% were committed by the victims' husbands, 7% by their brothers, 4% by their fathers, and the rest by other relatives.[118][119]

    Homosexuality was

    punished by death;[122][123] however, an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between youngsters and older men (typically wealthy or elite people) called bacha bazi
    persisted. Despite being illegal, the people engaging in the act were often not punished.

    Ethnic and religious minorities such as

    Hazaras,[124][125] Sikhs,[126] Hindus,[127] and Christians[128] reportedly faced persecution in the country.[129]

    On August 14, 2020,

    human rights defenders as there had been nine deaths of human rights defenders since January 2020.[130]

    Infrastructure

    In spite of the turbulent political situation and military conflict which defined the years of the republic an expansion in access to certain utilities and services also took place during this era.

    Health and education

    Between 2001 and 2021, Afghanistan experienced improvements in health, education and women's rights.[131][132] Life expectancy increased from 56 to 64 years and the maternal mortality rate was reduced by half. 89% of residents living in cities have access to clean water, up from 16% in 2001. The rate of child marriage has been reduced by 17%.[131][133] The population of Afghanistan increased by more than 50% between 2001 and 2014, while its GDP grew eightfold.[134]

    116th Infantry Battalion
    before receiving school supplies in 2011

    As of 2013, 8.2 million Afghans attended school, up from 1.2 million in 2001.[135] 3.2 million girls attended school in 2013, up from fewer than 50,000 in 2001.[136] 39% of girls were attending school in 2017 compared to 6% in 2003. In 2021, a third of students at university were women and 27% of members of parliament were women.[137] The literacy rate in 2021 has risen from 8% to 43% since 2001.[131] In 2018, UNICEF reported that 3.7 million children between the ages of 7 and 17, or 44 percent, were not attending school.[138]

    School children in Ghazni Province (2007) – the number of children attending school at primary level increased from 5% in 2000 to 57% in 2018.

    In 2020, there were over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9.5 million students. Of this, about 60% were males and 40% females. This was an increase from 900,000 exclusively male students in 2001. Over 174,000 students were enrolled in different

    formal learning.[140]

    As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older was 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%).[141] The Afghan National Security Forces received mandatory literacy courses as part of their training.[142]

    Technology

    According to the

    megawatts of power, but still imported the majority of the electricity it consumed via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states.[145]

    In 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $2 billion industry, with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users. The sector employed at least 120,000 people nationwide.[146]

    Culture

    Press restrictions were gradually relaxed and private media diversified after 2002, following more than two decades of tight controls. The Afghan media experienced rapid growth during the

    Karzai administration
    , with dozens of TV stations being established around the country. Afghanistan had 203 television stations, 284 radio stations and nearly 1,500 print media outlets in 2019.

    The Afghan music scene re-emerged after the removal of the Taliban, with singing competition series such as Afghan Star and The Voice of Afghanistan becoming popular, with contestants performing songs, including those formerly banned.

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ Incorrect names that have been used as demonyms are Afghani[2] and Afghanistani.[3]
    2. ^ Afghanistan had two vice presidential positions, the First Vice President and the Second Vice President.
    3. ^ 31 March to 29 September

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    Bibliography

    External links

    Preceded by Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
    2004-2021
    Succeeded by