Islamic State of Iraq
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The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI;
Islamic State of Iraq traces its origins to
Within weeks, former AQI leader
ISI Emir
Background
In October 2004, Zarqawi pledged alliance to
In January 2006, AQI joined seven Sunni Islamist groups to form the coalition of Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) and continued its attacks in Iraq. In June 2006, al-Zarqawi was killed by a United States airstrike, and the Egyptian Abu Ayyub al-Masri became the leader of AQI.[21] Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, who led the Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah group, became the new leader of Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC).[22]
General characteristics
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History of the Islamic State |
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2004–2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004–2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014) Islamic State (2014–present) |
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Formation
On 13
In its founding declaration, the ISI spokesperson asserted that the organization was inspired by the archetype of the Islamic state established by Muhammad in Medina.[24] Urging all Muslims in Iraq to give bay'ah to Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, the declaration stated:
“And today we call on all Iraqi mujahideen, scholars and tribal sheikhs. And the general Sunnis; To pledge allegiance to the Commander of the Faithful, the honorable Sheikh Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, to listen and obey in times of action or hatred, and to work hard to strengthen the foundations of this state and to sacrifice life and treasure for it.”[25]
Goals
Between 2003 and 2004, targets of the "Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad" group had included the assets of the US-led
ISI also aspired to declare itself as a
Leadership
When ISI was formed in October 2006,
Al-Masri and Omar al-Baghdadi were both reported killed on 18 April 2010 in a raid by Iraqi and US forces.[32] On 16 May 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was announced as the new leader of the Islamic State of Iraq; his deputy was Abu Abdallah al-Husseini al-Qurashi.[31] On 14 May 2010, al-Masri was succeeded by Abu Suleiman al-Naser,[35] who was in turn killed some time in 2011.[36][37] Following Suleiman's death, the position of "War Minister" was replaced by a Military Council composed of former military officers of Ba'athist Iraq, under the leadership of Haji Bakr.[38][39]
'Cabinet'
In April 2007, the ISI declared a '
- Abdullah al-Janabi, Minister of Security, was already wanted by the Iraqi Criminal Court since 2005. In 2014 he was still a prominent militant in Fallujah.[40]
- Abu Ayyub al-Masri, Minister of War, was already wanted by Iraqi and US-coalition authorities since 2005, and was killed by US/Iraqi forces in April 2010.[41] He was succeeded by Abu Suleiman al-Naser.[42]
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who in May 2010 would become the new leader of ISI, was before April 2010 the general supervisor of ISI's provincial sharia committees and a member of its senior consultative council.[43]
(For ISI management after April 2010, see also section 2010 revival ISI, new attacks.)
Funding and financing
According to American authorities, the group lost considerable funding sources and popular support from 2007 onwards.
Between 2005 and 2010, according to an analysis by RAND Corporation of 200 documents—personal letters, expense reports and membership rosters—captured by US Forces between 2005 and 2010, 95% of the group's budget was raised in Iraq, from the oil business, kidnappings, extortion, cash of members from Mosul, etc. Only 5% of the budget came from outside donations.[45]
Structure
In 2006, Iraqis effectively ran
In 2008, Islamic State of Iraq appeared to have at least 80 execution videos, mostly beheadings, lying on the shelf that had never been distributed or released on the Internet: a former AQI commander told CNN that they were used to verify the deaths to their superiors and to justify continued funding and support.[46] During an online Q&A session conducted in 2009, Zawahiri confirmed that the Islamic State of Iraq organization operated independently of Al-Qaeda and was working towards the establishment of a Caliphate.[24] Asserting that the former AQ members in Iraq are under the command of ISI, Zawahiri stated:
“The State [i.e., ISI] is a step on the path to establishing the caliphate. It is superior to mujahid groups. These organizations [in Iraq] must give allegiance to the State, not vice versa. The Commander of the Faithful, Abu Omar al-Baghdadi - may God protect him - is one of the leaders of the Muslims and the mujahideen in this era.”[24][47]
By the end of 2009, ISI was, according to US and Iraqi officials, a mostly Iraqi network of small, roving cells, still relying on fighters and weapons smuggled through the Syrian border.[26]
For speculations about its later management structure, see section 2010, revival ISI.
Strength
During 2004–2006, ISI's predecessor organization,
In November 2006, former AQI Emir
Topics, 2006–2008
2006–2008 military presence or control
The Washington Post reported that AQI and its successor organization Islamic State of Iraq came to control large parts of Iraq between 2005 and 2008.[26] In autumn 2006, AQI had taken over Baqubah, the capital of Diyala Governorate, and by March 2007 ISI had claimed Baqubah as its capital.[54] In 2006, AQI/ISI had strongholds in Al Anbar Governorate, from Fallujah to Qaim,[55] and were the dominant power there, according to the US.[48] In 2007, ISI had military units in Baghdad Governorate,[56] and in 2007–2008, ISI had strongholds in Mosul in Ninawa Governorate.[44]
Between July and October 2007, AQI/ISI lost military bases in Anbar province and the Baghdad area[57] and between April 2007 and April 2009, it lost considerable support, mobility and financial backing.[58]
2006–2007 attacks claimed by or attributed to ISI
The 23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings, killing 215 people, were blamed by the US on Islamic State of Iraq (ISI).[59]
In February and on 16 and 27 March 2007, lethal attacks on Sunni Iraqi targets took place that were not claimed, but that either Western observers or Iraqi rivals blamed on ISI (see section 2007 conflicts with Sunni and nationalist Iraqi groups).
The 23 March 2007 assassination attempt on Sunni Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq Salam al-Zaubai was claimed by ISI: "We tell the traitors of al-Maliki's infidel government, wait for what will destroy you".[60]
The 12 April 2007 Iraqi Parliament bombing was reportedly also claimed by ISI.[61]
In May 2007, Islamic State of Iraq claimed responsibility for
The 25 June 2007
For the August
On 13 September 2007, ISI killed Sunni sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha, and on 25 September, another lethal attack on Sunni as well as Shiite leaders was blamed on ISI (for both, see section 2007 conflicts with Sunni and nationalist Iraqi groups).
ISI expelling Christians
In 2004,
Threatening Iran
In July 2007, ISI's leader Abu Omar al-Baghdadi threatened Iran with war: "We are giving the Persians, and especially the rulers of Iran, a two-month period to end all kinds of support for the Iraqi Shia government and to stop direct and indirect intervention ... otherwise a severe war is waiting for you." He also warned Arab states against doing business with Iran.[65]
2007 conflicts with Sunni and nationalist Iraqi groups
By the beginning of 2007, Sunni tribes and nationalist insurgents were battling with AQI over control of Sunni communities,[66] and some Sunni groups agreed to fight the group in exchange for American arms, ammunition, cash, pick-up trucks, fuel and supplies.[67][68]
In February 2007, a truck bomb exploded near a mosque near Fallujah where the imam had criticised ISI, killing 35 people, the BBC suggested this attack may have been a retaliation from ISI.[69]
On 16 March 2007, three attacks near Fallujah and Ramadi (50 km west of Fallujah) killed eight people: a BBC correspondent assumed two of those attacks to have been targeting tribal leaders who had spoken out against ISI.[69]
On 27 March 2007, the leader of Sunni Arab insurgent group
Around 10 April 2007,[71] a spokesman of Islamic Army in Iraq (IAI), a significant Sunni Arab insurgent group fighting Iraqi and US forces,[72] accused ISI of killing 30[73] members of his group,[71] and also members of the Army of the Mujahideen and the Ansar Al-Sunna resistance group,[73] and called on ISI to review its behaviour: "Killing Sunnis has become a legitimate target for them, especially rich ones. Either they pay them what they want or they kill them", their statement said; "They would kill any critic or whoever tries to show them their mistakes. Assaulting people's homes became permitted and calling people infidels became popular".[72] In a 42-minute audiotape released on 17 April, Abu Omar al-Baghdadi responded: "To my sons of the Islamic Army (…) We swear to you we don't shed the protected blood of Muslims intentionally", and, calling for unity: "One group is essential to accomplish victory".[71]
The first week of June 2007, ISI fighters exchanged heavy fire with Sunni insurgents, including IAI members, in several Baghdad neighborhoods.[74] On 6 June 2007, the Islamic Army in Iraq "reached an agreement with al-Qaeda in Iraq, leading to an immediate cessation of all military operations between the two sides", according to an IAI statement. An IAI commander explained to Time: IAI and ISI still disagree on some things, but "the most important thing is that it's our common duty to fight the Americans".[74]
ISI on 14 September 2007 claimed responsibility for the killing of Sunni sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha, leader of the Anbar Salvation Council, who had cooperated with the US to push the group out of Anbar Province, and vowed to assassinate other tribal leaders who cooperate with US and Iraqi government forces.[75]
On 23 September 2007, ISI in a statement accused Hamas of Iraq and the 1920 Revolution Brigades of killing its fighters. On 25 September, a bomb in a Shiite mosque in the city of Baqubah, during a meeting between tribal, police and guerrilla leaders, killed leaders of Hamas of Iraq and the 1920 Revolution Brigades and others: local reports said the attack was the work of ISI.[76]
US' rhetorical focusing on "al Qaeda (in Iraq)"
During 2007, US authorities and President George W. Bush strongly emphasized the role of "Al Qaeda (in Iraq)" in violence, insurgency and attacks on US troops, and the threat of them acquiring 'real power' in Iraq.[77][78] While some 30 groups claimed responsibility for attacks on US troops and Iraqi government targets in an examined period in May 2007, US military authorities mentioned the name "al-Qaida (in Iraq)" 51 times against only five mentions of other groups.[77] Observers and scholars (like US Middle East specialist Steven Simon,[77] US terrorism analyst Lydia Khalil,[77] and Anthony H. Cordesman of the US Center for Strategic and International Studies[78]) asserted that the role played by 'AQI' was being unduly stressed.
In March 2007, the US-sponsored
Despite claims made by the White House that Al Qaeda in Iraq was still active in 2013, AQI had been dissolved sometime after ISI was established in October 2006 when
American analyst Cole Bunzel rejected US military's characterization of ISI as being loyal to al-Qaeda's central leadership as "misleading".[24][80] According to Bunzel the Bin Laden Papers "indicate that AQC never approved of the Islamic State’s establishment and that a leadership-to-leadership relationship hardly ever existed."[24]
2007 US arming militias against ISI
Starting early in 2007 in Anbar Province, according to American commanders and officials, insurgent groups in several Iraqi provinces that had grown disillusioned with ISI tactics like suicide bombings against Iraqi civilians, agreed to fight Islamic State of Iraq in exchange for American arms, ammunition, cash, pick-up trucks, fuel and supplies, and in some cases had agreed to alert American troops on locations of roadside bombs and booby traps.[67][68] This practice of negotiating arms deals with "Sunni insurgents" was approved of by the US high command in June 2007.[68]
By December 2007, the so-called "Awakening movement", an Arab tribal force in the
2007 US and others fighting ISI
An August 2006 report released by
In January 2007, US President George W. Bush ordered an extra 20,000 soldiers into Iraq ('the surge'), mostly into Baghdad and Al Anbar Governorate, to help provide security and support reconciliation between communities, and explained the decision predominantly by pointing at the "outrageous acts of murder aimed at innocent Iraqis" by "Al Qaeda terrorists".[83]
31 May 2007, in Baghdad's Amariyah district, gunmen shot randomly in the air, claiming through loudspeakers that Amariyah was under control of the Islamic State of Iraq. Armed residents are said to have resisted, set the men's cars on fire, and called the Americans for help; the Americans came in the afternoon, and "it got quiet for a while", according to one resident.[56]
Between March and August 2007, US and Iraqi government forces fought the Battle of Baqubah in the Diyala Governorate against ISI, "to eliminate al-Qaeda in Iraq terrorists operating in Baqubah and its surrounding areas",[84] resulting in 227 ISI fighters being killed and 100 arrested, and 31 US and 12 Iraqi soldiers being killed. By July 7,000 US troops and 2,500 Iraqi troops were fighting ISI in that battle, the US army claimed that 80 percent of ISI leaders had fled the area.[85]
The US troop surge went into full effect in June 2007, and supplied the military with more manpower for operations targeting Islamic State of Iraq. According to US Colonel Donald Bacon, 19 senior operatives of Islamic State of Iraq were killed or captured by US and Iraqi Security Forces in July; 25 in August; 29 in September; and 45 in October.[86]
By October 2007, US military were believed to have dealt devastating blows to ISI, but a senior intelligence official advised against a declaration of victory over the group, because ISI retained the ability for surprise and catastrophic attacks.[57]
2008 US and others fighting ISI
In
The effect of the US troop surge between June 2007 and January 2009, together with American-funding of various groups fighting ISI, was—according to The Washington Post—the killing or detention of 'scores of AQI leaders'.[87]
Topics, 2009–2010
2009 attacks (possibly) by ISI; revival
3 January 2009, a suicide bomb attack in Yusufiyah, 25 miles from Baghdad, killed 23 people; The Christian Science Monitor speculated ISI was responsible. A local Sons of Iraq spokesman said: "There are still some tribes who are trying to hide ISI members".[88]
After the Iraqi provincial elections in January 2009, Islamic State of Iraq offered an olive branch to other Sunni insurgent groups, and even extended "a hand of forgiveness" to those who had worked with the Americans. Some Sunni groups responded positively to this invitation.[87]
Beginning of April 2009, 'Sunni insurgent groups' warned that they would step up attacks against US troops and Iraq's Shiite-led government.
In the
On 19 August 2009, three car bombs exploded in Baghdad, targeting the Iraqi Finance and Foreign Ministries, a hotel and a commercial district, killing 101 and injuring 563 people. The attacks were claimed, two months later, by Islamic State of Iraq, calling the targets "dens of infidelity".[92]
On 25 October 2009 twin bombings targeted Iraqi government buildings in Baghdad killing 155 people and injuring 721,[93] and were also claimed by Islamic State of Iraq.[92]
In November 2009, Islamic State of Iraq issued another plea on the Internet, calling for Sunnis to rally around a common end goal.[87] Iraqi (Shi'ite) Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki—installed December 2006—claimed in November 2009 that Al Qaeda in Iraq and former Ba'athists were together trying to undermine security and the January 2010 elections.[94]
8 December 2009, ISI committed five bomb attacks in Baghdad targeting government buildings and a police patrol, killing 127 people and injuring 448 more. ISI declared the targets "headquarters of evil, nests of unbelief".[95]
2010 revival ISI, new attacks
On 18 April 2010 Abu Ayyub al-Masri, leader of ISI, and Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, leader of Islamic State of Iraq, were killed in a joint US-Iraqi raid near Tikrit,[32] On 16 May 2010 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was announced as the new leader of the Islamic State of Iraq; his deputy was Abu Abdallah al-Husseini al-Qurashi.[31]
The New York Times reported that Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi had a preference for his deputies to be former Ba'athist military and intelligence officers who had served during the Saddam Hussein regime and who knew how to fight.[96] He built a management structure of mostly middle-aged, Hussein-era Iraqi officers overseeing the group's departments of finance, arms, local governance, military operations and recruitment.[97] These leaders added terrorist techniques, refined through years of fighting American troops, to their traditional military skill, and so made ISI a hybrid of terrorists and army.[97] Analysts believe a Saddam-era officer, known as Haji Bakr, was appointed as military commander of ISI, heading a military council including three other former regime officers.[96]
13 June 2010, suicide bombers disguised in military uniforms attacked the Central Bank of Iraq, killing 18 people and wounding 55. ISI claimed the attack in a 16 June message on the Hanein jihadist forum.[98]
17 August 2010, ISI executed a suicide bomb attack on army recruits queuing outside a recruiting centre in Baghdad, killing 60 people. 19 or 20 August, ISI claimed the attack, saying it targeted "a group of Shias and apostates who sold their faith for money and to be a tool in the war on Iraqi Sunnis".[99]
On 31 October 2010, members of ISI attacked Our Lady of Salvation Syrian Catholic church in Baghdad—purportedly in revenge for an American Christian burning of the Qur'an that had not actually happened yet. 58 worshippers, priests, policemen and bystanders were killed, and many were wounded.
2009–2010 US and others fighting ISI
In May 2009, Iraqi officials said they again needed US troops in Diyala Governorate, because of suicide bomb attacks.[90]
18 April 2010, Abu Ayyub al-Masri, leader of ISI, and Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, leader of Islamic State of Iraq, were killed in a joint US-Iraqi raid near Tikrit.[32]
In June 2010, US General
In November 2010, 12 suspects, including
Topics, 2011–2013
Revival in Iraq
According to the United States Department of State, ISI operated in 2011 predominantly in Iraq but it also had carried out an attack in Jordan, and maintained a logistical network throughout the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and Europe.[105]
In a speech on 22 July 2012, Al-Baghdadi announced a return of ISI to Iraqi strongholds they had been driven from by US forces and allied militias in 2007 and 2008 (see section 2007–2008, US and others fighting ISI), and a campaign to free imprisoned ISI members, and urged Iraqi tribal leaders to send their sons "to join the ranks of the mujahideen (fighters) in defense of your religion and honor … The majority of the Sunnis in Iraq support al-Qaida and are waiting for its return".[106] In that speech, Baghdadi also predicted a wave of 40 attacks across Iraq the next day,[107] in which more than 107 were killed and over 200 wounded.[citation needed][108]
Between July 2012 and July 2013, ISI carried out 24 waves of
Expansion into Syria
In August 2011, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and al-Qaeda's central command authorized the Syrian al-Qaeda member Abu Mohammad al-Golani to set up a Syrian offshoot of al Qaeda, to bring down the Syrian Assad government and establish an Islamic state there. Golani was part of a small group of ISI operatives who crossed into Syria, and reached out to cells of militant Islamists who had been released from Syrian military prisons in May–June 2011 and were already fighting an insurgency against Assad's security forces. Golani's group formally announced itself under the name "Jabhat al-Nusra l'Ahl as-Sham" (Support Front for the People of the Sham) on 23 January 2012.[111][112]
On 22 July 2012, Al-Baghdadi released a 33-minute speech, mostly devoted to the
By the second half of 2012, Jabhat al-Nusra stood out among the array of armed groups emerging in Syria as a disciplined and effective fighting force. In December 2012, the U.S. government added Jabhat al-Nusra to its list of "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" and designated the organization as an alias of what the U.S. State Department then described as "al Qaeda in Iraq". By January 2013, Nusra was a formidable force with strong popular support in Syria.[111]
On 8 April 2013, ISI-leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi publicly claimed that he had created Jabhat al-Nusra and announced that he was forcibly merging it with ISI into one group under his command, forming the "
Comments on Egypt
On 8 February 2011, when
2011 US designation
On 4 October 2011, the
Redesignations: 2013–2014
Islamic State of Iraq and Levant
In a video released on April 7, 2013,
In a letter addressed to the leaderships of ISIL and Al-Nusra Front, Ayman al-Zawahiri directly rebuked Al-Baghdadi's attempt to absorb Al-Nusra Front. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi publicly rejected the proposals of Ayman al-Zawahiri, marking a turning point in AQ-ISIL relations.[18][121] According to a report released by Al-Jazeera in June 2013, a source from the Al-Nusra Front described the emerging AQ-ISIL conflict as “the most dangerous development in the history of global jihad”.[20] In an audiotape released by ISIL on 15 June 2013, Abubakr al-Baghdadi publicly denounced Al-Zawahiri's letter. In another audiotape, ISIL spokesperson Abu Muhammad al-Adnani condemned Zawahiri's demands in harsher terms.[24]
Conflict with Al-Qaeda and Al-Nusra Front
By January 2014, hostile rhetoric between
In March 2014, ISIL and Al-Nusra Front fought the
Re-designation as the "Islamic State"
On 10 April 2014, ISIL launched the Deir ez-Zor offensive, and captured vast majority of the Deir ez-Zor region by the end of the campaign. On 16 April, ISIL killed Abu Muhammad al-Ansari, Al-Nusra Front's Emir in the
On 4 June 2014, ISIL launched aThe “Iraq and Shām” in the name of the Islamic State is henceforth removed from all official deliberations and communications, and the official name is the Islamic State from the date of this declaration.
We clarify to the
khilāfah, it is incumbent upon all Muslims to pledge allegiance to the khalīfah Ibrāhīmand support him (may Allah preserve him). The legality of all emirates, groups, states, and organizations, becomes null by the expansion of the khilāfah’s authority and arrival of its troops to their areas. ...The khalīfah Ibrāhīm (may Allah preserve him) has fulfilled all the conditions for khilāfah mentioned by the
Diyala. So fear Allah, O slaves of Allah. Listen to your khalīfah and obey him. Support your state, which grows everyday – by Allah’s grace – with honor and loftiness, while its enemy increases in retreat and defeat.So rush O Muslims and gather around your khalīfah, so that you may return as you once were for ages, kings of the earth and knights of war.
— Official announcement of the Islamic State organization declaring its establishment of a "Caliphate"[134][136]
In July 2014, the Islamic State captured numerous villages and towns in the northern Aleppo countryside. In response,
Despite what the Islamic State faces of economic, military, political, and media war, and despite all the different parties unified against it-from the new Al-Qa'idah leadership in
Khurasan, to the [S]afawis in Tehran, and all the way to the crusaders in Washington-it advances from victory to victory.... It killed rafidah ("Muslims" according to the new Al-Qa'idah leadership) by the thousands. It kept to its promise and destroyed the border obstacles that formerly separated the lands of Iraq from Sham. Its numbers continue to grow.[138]
Changes in leadership
ISIL Military Council head Haji Bakr, whose name was
See also
References
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{{cite book}}
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{{cite book}}
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The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ... said it carried out the attack on Tawhid, a brigade aligned to the Islamic Front coalition, a group fighing the ISIL in Aleppo and beyond. ... The attack also killed members of Jabhat al-Nusra, al-Qaeda's official affiliate in Syria. The observatory said the Nusra fighters were in their headquarters when it was hit.
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al-Qaduli handled the intelligence services, or amniyat, in the country, and then in both Syria and Iraq after the killing of Abu Muhannad al-Sweidawi, a former Saddamist
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