Psychology in the medieval Islamic world
Islamic psychology or ʿilm al-nafs
Concepts from Islamic thought have been reexamined by
Terminology
In the writings of Muslim scholars, the term Nafs (self) was used to denote individual personality and the term fitrah for human nature. Nafs encompassed a broad range of faculties including the qalb (heart), the ruh (soul), the aql (intellect) and irada (will). Muslim scholarship was strongly influenced by
In medieval
The Classical Arabic term for the mentally ill was "majnoon" which is derived from the term "Jenna", which means "covered". It was originally thought that mentally ill individuals could not differentiate between the real and the unreal. However, due to their nuanced nature treatment on the mentally ill could not be generalized as it was in medieval Europe [7] This term was gradually redefined among the educated, and was defined by Avicenna as "one who suffers from a condition in which reality is replaced with fantasy".
Ethics and theology
In the
Do not give your property which God assigned you to manage to the insane: but feed and clothe the insane with this property and tell splendid words to them.
— "[5]
This Quranic verse summarized Islam's attitudes towards the mentally ill, who were considered unfit to manage property but must be treated humanely and be kept under care by either a guardian or the state.[5]
Psychology during the Islamic Golden Age
During the 8th to 15th centuries of the Gregorian calendar, the Islamic Golden Age occurred. This marked a time of numerous advancements and discoveries in Islamic arts and sciences. This led to Islam scholars understanding that certain conditions can alter an individual's spiritual and psychological states. Those who were seen as majnoon (madness) were believed to have an imbalance in their spiritual and psychological states. A prominent philosopher during this time was al-Ghazali (1058–1111).[3] He proposed that maintaining a balanced connection between the spiritual and psychological conditions within the body was vital in order to sustain a close relationship with God. al-Ghazali further explained that divergence from this interconnectedness could result in abnormalities within an individual's mental health.[3]
Major contributors
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdalah ibn-Sina
Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdalah ibn-Sina (980–1030), known to the west as
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (850-934) was a Muslim psychologist and physician during the Islamic Golden Age. His many contributions were vital to the understanding of mental health as well as how to treat various mental illnesses. Al-Balkhi is famous for his work titled “Sustenance of the Body and Soul.”[10] In it, he encouraged other physicians to treat the body and mind as a whole and thus take a holistic approach to medicine. This thinking is significant because it laid the foundation for a psychophysiological approach to healthy living in Medieval Islam. In al-Balkhi’s writings, he explains that the soul experiences an array of emotions such as distress, sadness, and fear when the body undergoes physical illnesses.[10]
The establishment of cognitive therapy is credited to al-Balkhi. When his patients experienced distress, he developed an approach that motivated them to think positively using healthy cognitions. al-Balkhi and other important Islamic scholars also implemented the technique of reciprocal inhibition when treating their patients.[11] Furthermore, al-Balkhi also places emphasis on how environmental factors, such as housing, exercise, and nutrition, can affect a person’s mental wellbeing. al-Balkhi’s contributions also consisted of identifying the difference between psychosis and neurosis. He categorized neuroses into four groups: obsessions, sadness and depression, fear and anxiety, and anger and aggression. The analysis al-Balki made in medieval Islamic psychology is still relevant to modern psychology.[3]
Melancholia
The mental health disorder melancholia was frequently analyzed during medieval Islam. Islamic scholars described melancholia as a state of constant sadness that people endured. It was proposed that high amounts of black bile in the body would result in this mental illness. The location of the excess black bile in the body would result in varied symptoms of this mental health condition. The state of sadness people experience could be categorized into three different types: sadness from trauma or stress, sadness from external factors, such as inadequate nourishment of the body, or everyday sadness. This classification system is similar to how present models analyze depression. During medieval Islam, melancholia was considered to be variations of other health issues, such as epilepsy and mania.[3]
Mental healthcare
The earliest bimaristans were built in the 9th century, and large bimaristans built in the 13th century contained separate wards for mentally ill patients.[12]
Treatment of mental illness
In addition to medication, treatment for mental illness might include baths, music, talk therapy,
See also
- Islamic philosophy
- Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
- Ophthalmology in medieval Islam
- Science in medieval Islam
- Sufi psychology
Notes
- ^ (Haque 2004, p. 358)
- ^ a b Deuraseh, Nurdeen; Mansor Abu, Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", The International Medical Journal, 4 (2): 76–79.
- ^ PMID 33059527.
- ^ (Haque 2004)
- ^ a b c (Youssef, Youssef & Dening 1996, p. 58)
- ^ (Haque 2004, p. 376)
- S2CID 37684357.
- ^ a b Wael Mohamed, C.R. (2012). "Arab and Muslim Contributions to Modern Neuroscience". International Brain Research Organization History of Neuroscience.
- ^ S2CID 21512463.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-030-00511-5.
- ISBN 978-3-030-00511-5.
- PMID 17139063. Archived from the originalon 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
- S2CID 222832853.
References
- Bakhtiar, Laleh (2019), Quranic Psychology of the Self: A Textbook on Islamic Moral Psychology (ilm al-nafs), Kazi Publications, ISBN 978-1567446418
- Haque, Amber (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health, 43 (4): 357–377, S2CID 38740431
- Plott, C. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Period of Scholasticism, ISBN 81-208-0551-8
- Youssef, Hanafy A.; Youssef, Fatma A.; Dening, T. R. (1996), "Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society", History of Psychiatry, 7 (25): 55–62, S2CID 44459712