Islamic schools and branches
| Part of a series on |
| Islam |
|---|
 |
| Islam by country |
|---|
 |
 Islam portal |
Islamic schools and branches have different understandings of
Ḥanbalī).[1] Groups in Islam may be numerous (the largest branches are Shīʿas and Sunnīs), or relatively small in size (Ibadis, Zaydīs, Ismāʿīlīs
).
Differences between the groups may not be well known to Muslims outside of scholarly circles or may have induced enough passion to have resulted in
Muʿtazila, Murji'ah
).
Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable Islamic schools and branches are known as
non-denominational Muslims
.
Overview
The original schism between
Islamic prophet Muhammad.[6] From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims.[6] Shīʿas believe ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider Abu Bakr to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the First Fitna (the first Islamic Civil War);[6] they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfīr (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either infidels (kuffār) or false Muslims (munafiqun), and therefore deemed them worthy of death for their perceived apostasy (ridda).[6]
In addition, there are several differences within Sunnī and Shīʿa Islam: Sunnī Islam is separated into four main schools of jurisprudence, namely
sixth Shīʿīte Imam
.
Zaydīs, also known as Fivers, follow the Zaydī school of thought (named after Zayd ibn ʿAlī). Ismāʿīlīsm is another offshoot of Shīʿa Islam that later split into Nizārī and Musta'lī, and the Musta'lī further divided into Ḥāfiẓi and Ṭayyibi.[8] Ṭayyibi Ismāʿīlīs, also known as "Bohras", are split between Dawudi Bohras, Sulaymani Bohras, and Alavi Bohras.[9]
Similarly, Kharijites were initially divided into five major branches: Sufris, Azariqa, Najdat, Adjarites, and Ibadis. Of these, Ibadi Muslims are the only surviving branch of Kharijites. In addition to the aforementioned groups, new schools of thought and movements like Ahmadi Muslims, Quranist Muslims, and African-American Muslims later emerged independently.
Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable Islamic schools and branches are known as
non-denominational Muslims
.
Main branches or denominations
Ḥanbalī
Sunnī Islam
| Part of a series on Sunni Islam |
|---|
|
Islam portal |
Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions
(ṣaḥāba).
Sunnīs believe that Muhammad did not specifically appoint a successor to lead the
ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān (644–656), and ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (656–661)—as al-Khulafāʾ ur-Rāshidūn ("the Rightly-Guided Caliphs"). Sunnīs also believe that the position of caliph may be attained democratically, on gaining a majority of the votes, but after the Rashidun, the position turned into a hereditary dynastic rule because of the divisions started by the Umayyads and others. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923, there has never been another caliph as widely recognized in the Muslim world
.
Followers of the classical Sunnī
Muʿtazila school by Islamic scholars such as Muhammad Abduh
.
Shīʿa Islam
| Part of a series on Shia Islam |
|---|
 |
 Shia Islam portal |
Shīʿa Islam is the second-largest denomination of Islam, comprising around 10–15%[15] of the total Muslim population.[16] Although a minority in the Muslim world, Shīʿa Muslims constitute the majority of the Muslim populations in Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Bahrain, and Azerbaijan, as well as significant minorities in Syria, Turkey, South Asia, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia, as well as in other parts of the Persian Gulf.[17]
In addition to believing in the supreme authority of the Quran and teachings of Muhammad, Shīʿa Muslims believe that Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt ("People of the Household"), including his descendants known as Imams, have distinguished spiritual and political authority over the community,[18] and believe that ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was the first of these Imams and the rightful successor to Muhammad, and thus reject the legitimacy of the first three Rāshidūn caliphs.[19][full citation needed]
Major sub-denominations
- The schools.
- Alavi Bohrasub-denominations.
- The Zaydīs historically derive from the followers of Zayd ibn ʿAlī. In the modern era, they "survive only in northern Yemen".[20] Although they are a Shīʿa sect, "in modern times" they have "shown a strong tendency to move towards the Sunni mainstream".[20]
- The Ibn Taymiyyah also pointed out that the Alawites were not Shīʿītes.[22]
- The
- The last prophet, they have suffered religious discrimination and persecution both in Iran and elsewhere in the Muslim world due to their beliefs.[37] (See: Persecution of Baháʼís).
Ghulat movements
Shīʿīte groups and movements who either ascribe divine characteristics to some important figures in the history of Islam (usually members of Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt) or hold beliefs deemed deviant by mainstream Shīʿa Muslims were designated as Ghulat.[38]
Kharijite Islam
| Part of a series on Muhakkima |
|---|
|
Islam portal |
Kharijite (literally, "those who seceded") are an extinct sect who originated during the First Fitna, the struggle for political leadership over the Muslim community, following the assassination in 656 of the third caliph Uthman.[39][6]
Kharijites originally supported the caliphate of Ali, but then later on fought against him and eventually succeeded in his martyrdom while he was praying in the mosque of Kufa. While there are few remaining Kharijite or Kharijite-related groups, the term is sometimes used to denote Muslims who refuse to compromise with those with whom they disagree.
Harūrīs were an early Muslim sect from the period of the Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs (632–661 CE), named for their first leader, Habīb ibn-Yazīd al-Harūrī. Azariqa, Najdat
, and Adjarites were minor sub-sects.
Ibadi Islam
The only Kharijite sub-sect extant today is Ibadism, which developed out of the 7th century CE. There are currently two geographically separated Ibadi groups—in Oman, where they constitute the majority of the Muslim population in the country, and in North Africa where they constitute significant minorities in Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. Similarly to another Muslim minority, the Zaydīs, "in modern times" they have "shown a strong tendency" to move towards the Sunnī branch of Islam.[20]
Schools of Islamic jurisprudence
| Part of a series on |
| Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) |
|---|
| Islamic studies |
Islamic schools of jurisprudence, known as Islamic prophet Muhammad during his lifetime), and the tafsīr literature (exegetical commentaries on the Quran).
Sunnī
Sunnī Islam contains numerous schools of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and schools of Islamic theology (ʿaqīdah).[1] In terms of religious jurisprudence (fiqh), Sunnism contains several schools of thought (madhhab):[1]
- the Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān(8th century CE);
- the Mālikī school, founded by Mālik ibn Anas(8th century CE);
- the Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī(8th century CE);
- the Ḥanbalī school, founded by Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal(8th century CE);
- the Ẓāhirī school, founded by Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī (9th century CE).[40]
In terms of religious creed (ʿaqīdah), Sunnism contains several schools of theology:[1]
- the Atharīschool, a scholarly movement that emerged in the late 8th century CE;
- the Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī(10th century CE);
- the Māturīdī school, founded by Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī(10th century CE).
The
Ahle Hadith movement, whose followers call themselves Ahl al-Ḥadīth
.
Shīʿa
In
mujtahid
(i.e., someone authorized to issue legal opinions in Shīʿa Islam).
Ibadi
The
Schools of Islamic theology
Aqidah is an Islamic term meaning "creed", doctrine, or article of faith.[51][52] There have existed many schools of Islamic theology, not all of which survive to the present day. Major themes of theological controversies in Islam have included predestination and free will, the nature of the Quran, the nature of the divine attributes, apparent and esoteric meaning of scripture, and the role of dialectical reasoning in the Islamic doctrine.
| Part of a series on Aqidah |
|---|
 |
|
Including:
Islam portal |
Sunni
Classical
Māturīdī schools in Sunni Islam.[53]
Ashʿarī
Ḥanbalī school of Islamic jurisprudence.[53]
Māturīdī
imān (faith) does not increase nor decrease but remains static; rather it's taqwā
(piety) which increases and decreases. The Ashʿarītes affirm that belief does in fact increase and decrease. The Māturīdites affirm that the unaided human mind is able to find out that some of the more major sins such as alcohol or murder are evil without the help of revelation. The Ashʿarītes affirm that the unaided human mind is unable to know if something is good or evil, lawful or unlawful, without divine revelation.
Traditionalist theology
bi-la kayf). Ahmad ibn Hanbal is regarded as the leader of the traditionalist school of creed. The modern Salafi movement associates itself with the Atharī creed.[54][55][56][57]
Muʿtazila
Greek philosophy, seeking to combine them with Islamic doctrines and show that the two were inherently compatible. The Muʿtazilites debated philosophical questions such as whether the Qur'an was created or co-eternal with God, whether evil was created by God, the issue of predestination versus free will, whether God's attributes in the Qur'an were to be interpreted allegorically or literally, and whether sinning believers would have eternal punishment in hell.[citation needed
]
Murji'ah
Murji'ah was a name for an early politico-religious movement which came to refer to all those who identified faith (iman) with belief to the exclusion of acts.[58] Originating during the caliphates of Uthman and Ali, Murijites opposed the Kharijites, holding that only God has the authority to judge who is a true Muslim and who is not, and that Muslims should consider all other Muslims as part of the community.[59] Two major Murijite sub-sects were the Karamiya and Sawbaniyya.[60]
Qadariyyah
Ash'aris.[61]
Jabriyah
In direct contrast to the
Hanbalis.[66]
Jahmiyyah
Jahmis were the alleged followers of the early Islamic theologian Jahm bin Safwan who associated himself with Al-Harith ibn Surayj. He was an exponent of extreme determinism according to which a man acts only metaphorically in the same way in which the sun acts or does something when it sets.[67]
Batiniyyah
The
Sufism
| Part of a series on Islam Sufism |
|---|
 |
 Islam portal |
Sufism is Islam's
Ṭarīqah. It is seen as that aspect of Islamic teaching that deals with the purification of inner self. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.[69][full citation needed
]
The following list contains some notable Sufi orders:
- The Qalandar Baba Auliya, also known as Syed Muhammad Azeem Barkhia.
- The Twelver Shia Islam.[citation needed]
- The Moinuddin Chishti.
- The
- The Mevleviorder is better known in the West as the "whirling dervishes".
- Touba, Senegal.[71]
- The Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari. It is considered by some to be a "sober" order known for its silent dhikr (remembrance of God) rather than the vocalized forms of dhikr common in other orders. The Süleymani and Khalidiyyaorders are offshoots of the Naqshbandi order.
- The Ma'rufiyyah circle.[72] There are several suborders in existence today, the most known and influential in the West following the lineage of Javad Nurbakhsh, who brought the order to the West following the 1979 Iranian Revolution.
- The Shah Syed Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani, who was aligned to the Kubrawiyaorder.
- The Uwais al-Qarnifrom Yemen.
- The Qadiriyyah.
- ulema.[76]
- The
- The Abu al-Najib al-Suhrawardi(1097–1168).
- The Tijaniyyah order attach a large importance to culture and education, and emphasize the individual adhesion of the disciple (murid).
Later movements
African-American movements
Many
Ansaaru Allah Community.[84] They sought to ascribe Islamic heritage to African-Americans, thereby giving much emphasis on racial and ethnic aspects[81][80][82][83][85] (see black nationalism and black separatism).[79][84][86] These black Muslim movements often differ greatly in matters of doctrine from mainstream Islam.[80][82][84][86]
They include:
- Moorish Science Temple of America, founded in 1913 by Noble Drew Ali (born Timothy Drew).[83] The Moorish Science Temple of America is characterized by a strong African-American ethnic and religious identity.[80][83][87]
- black man and woman of America and the world.[80][81][82] The Nation of Islam believes that Wallace Fard Muhammad was God on earth.[86][88][89] The Nation of Islam doesn't consider the Arabian Muhammad as the final prophet and instead regards Elijah Muhammad, successor of Wallace Fard Muhammad, as the true Messenger of Allah.[80][81][82]
Ahmadiyya Movement In Islam
| Part of a series on
Ahmadiyya |
|---|
 |
The Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam was founded in British India in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian, who claimed to be the promised Messiah ("Second Coming of Christ"), the Mahdi awaited by the Muslims as well as a "subordinate" prophet to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[92][93][94][95] Ahmadis claim to practice the pristine form of Islam as followed by Muhammad and his earliest followers.[96][97] They believe that it was Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's task to restore the original sharia given to Muhammad by guiding the Ummah back to the "true" Islam and defeat the attacks on Islam by other religions.[92][93][94][95][98]
There are a wide variety of distinct beliefs and teachings of Ahmadis compared to those of most other Muslims,
The followers of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam are divided into two groups: the first being the
Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam.[93] The larger group takes a literalist view believing that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was the promised Mahdi and a Ummati Nabi subservient to Muhammad, while the latter believing that he was only a religious reformer and a prophet only in an allegorical sense.[93] Both Ahmadi groups are active in dawah or Islamic missionary work, and have produced vasts amounts of Islamic literature, including numerous translations of the Quran, translations of the Hadith, Quranic tafsirs, a multitude of sirahs of Muhammad, and works on the subject of comparative religion among others.[93][95] As such, their international influence far exceeds their number of adherents.[93][95][107] Muslims from more Orthodox sects of Islam have adopted many Ahmadi polemics and understandings of other religions,[108] along with the Ahmadi approach to reconcile Islamic and Western education as well as to establish Islamic school systems, particularly in Africa.[109]
Barelvi / Deobandi split
Sunni Muslims of the Indian subcontinent comprising present day
Deobandi. While the Deobandi is revivalist in nature, the Barelvi are more traditional and inclined towards Sufism
.
Gülen / Hizmet movement
The
Islamic scholar and preacher Fethullah Gülen in Turkey, Central Asia, and in other parts of the world, is active in education, with private schools and universities in over 180 countries as well as with many American charter schools operated by followers. It has initiated forums for interfaith dialogue.[112][113] The Cemaat movement's structure has been described as a flexible organizational network.[114] Movement schools and businesses organize locally and link themselves into informal networks.[115] Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely; it appears there are about 300 Gülen movement schools in Turkey and over 1,000 schools worldwide.[116][117]
Islamic modernism
Islamism
| Part of a series on Islamism |
|---|
 Politics portal |
September 11, 2001 attacks and perhaps the most prominent; and the Muslim Brotherhood
, the largest and perhaps the oldest. Although violence is often employed by some organizations, most Islamist movements are nonviolent.
Muslim Brotherhood
The Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun (with
Islamist group. Its aims are to re-establish the Caliphate and in the meantime, push for more Islamisation of society. The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the Qur'an and sunnah as the "sole reference point for... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community... and state".[citation needed
]
Jamaat-e-Islami
The Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh), Kashmir (Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir), and Sri Lanka, and there are "close brotherly relations" with the Islamist movements and missions "working in different continents and countries", particularly those affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood (Akhwan-al-Muslimeen). The JI envisions an Islamic government in Pakistan and Bangladesh governing by Islamic law. It opposes Westernization—including secularization, capitalism, socialism, or such practices as interest based banking, and favours an Islamic economic order and Caliphate. [citation needed]
Hizb ut-Tahrir
Hizb ut-Tahrir (
proselytizing of Islam to the rest of the world.[126]
Quranism
opposing the religious authority and authenticity of the hadith literature.[129][130] Quranists believe that God's message is already clear and complete in the Quran and it can therefore be fully understood without referencing outside texts.[131] Quranists claim that the vast majority of hadith literature are forged lies and believe that the Quran itself criticizes the hadith both in the technical sense and the general sense.[132][129][133][134][135][136][excessive citations
]
Liberal and progressive Islam
Islamic theology, ethics, sharia, culture, tradition, and other ritualistic practices in Islam.[137]
Mahdavia
Zikris, are an offshoot of the Mahdavi movement.[141]
Non-denominational Muslims
"
umbrella term that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to a specific Islamic denomination, do not self-identify with any specific Islamic denomination, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable Islamic schools and branches.[142][143][144] A quarter of the world's Muslim population see themselves as “just a Muslim”.[145]
Non-denominational Muslims constitute the majority of the Muslim population in seven countries, and a plurality in three others:
Southeastern Europe also has a large number of non-denominational Muslims.[147]
In 1947, the non-sectarian movement Jama'ah al-Taqrib bayna al-Madhahib al-Islamiyyah was founded in Cairo, Egypt.Al-Ahzar University.[149] The movement sought to bridge the gap between Sunnis and Shi'is.[149] At the end of the 1950s, the movement reached a wider public, as the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser discovered the usefulness of pan-Islamism for his foreign policy.[149]
Salafism and Wahhabism
Ahle Hadith
Urdu: اہل حدیث: transl. People of the traditions of the Prophet) is a movement which emerged in the Indian subcontinent in the mid-19th century. Its followers call themselves Ahl al-Hadith and are considered to be a branch of the Salafiyya school. Ahl-i Hadith is antithetical to various beliefs and mystical practices associated with folk Sufism. Ahl-i Hadith shares many doctrinal similarities with the Wahhabi movement and hence often classified as being synonymous with the "Wahhabis" by its adversaries. However, its followers reject this designation, preferring to identify themselves as "Salafis".[150][151][152][153]
Salafiyya movement
| Part of a series on:
Sab'u Masajid , Saudi Arabia |
|---|
|
Islam portal |
The
bidʻah, and support the implementation of Sharia (Islamic law)."[156] The Salafi movement is often divided into three categories: the largest group are the purists (or quietists), who avoid politics; the second largest group are the militant activists, who get involved in politics; the third and last group are the jihadists, who constitute a minority.[156] Most of the violent Islamist groups come from the Salafi-Jihadist movement and their subgroups.[157] In recent years, Jihadi-Salafist doctrines have often been associated with the armed insurgencies of Islamic extremist movements and terrorist organizations targeting innocent civilians, both Muslims and Non-Muslims, such as al-Qaeda, ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, Boko Haram, etc.[158][159][156][157] The second largest group are the Salafi activists who have a long tradition of political activism, such as those that operate in organizations like the Muslim Brotherhood, the Arab world's major Islamist movement. In the aftermath of widescale repressions after the Arab spring, accompanied by their political failures, the activist-Salafi movements have undergone a decline. The most numerous are the quietists, who believe in disengagement from politics and accept allegiance to Muslim governments, no matter how tyrannical, to avoid fitna (chaos).[156]
Wahhabism
The
Wahhabism has been described as a conservative, strict, and
international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism within Sunnī Islam[168] favored by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia[163][169][170] and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf has achieved what the French political scientist Gilles Kepel defined as a "preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam."[171]
22 months after the
early history of Islam and the first generation of Muslims (Muhammad's family and his companions) in Saudi Arabia.[174][175][176][177]
Population of the branches
| Denomination | Population |
|---|---|
Sunni
|
Varies: 75% - 90%[178][179] |
| Non-denominational Muslim | 25%[180] |
Shia
|
Varies: 10% - 13%[181] |
Ibadi
|
2.7 million[182] |
| Quranism | n/a |
See also
References
- ^ ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ S2CID 195448888. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ ISSN 2077-1444.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ ISBN 983-9154-70-2 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-7965-2 – via Google Books.
- madh'habs and its terminology dictionary] (in Turkish). Istanbul: Ensar Publications.
- ^ "Branches of Shia Islam: Ismailis, Twelvers, and Bohras". Ismailimail. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%.
- ^ Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims. pp. 331–335.
- ^ History of the Islamic Caliphate (in Urdu). Lahore.
In pre-Islamic times, the custom of the Arabs was to elect their chiefs by a majority vote...the same principle was adopted in the election of Abu Bakr.
- ^ Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oneworld Publications (Kindle edition). p. 180.
- .
- ^ See:
- "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20% of the world's Muslim population.
- "Shia". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15% of all Muslims worldwide...
- "Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide...
- "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- ^ "Shi'i | History & Beliefs | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 11 January 2024.
- ^ Corbin (1993), pp. 45–51
- ^ Tabatabaei (1979), pp. 41–44
- ^ a b c Cook, Michael (2003). Forbidding Wrong in Islam, an Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Barfi, Barak (24 January 2016). "The Real Reason Why Iran Backs Syria".
- ISBN 9780195363043.
"The Nusayris are more infidel than Jews or Christians, even more infidel than many polytheists. They have done greater harm to the community of Muhammad than have the warring infidels such as the Franks, the Turks, and others. To ignorant Muslims they pretend to be Shi'is, though in reality they do not believe in God or His prophet or His book ... Whenever possible, they spill the blood of Muslims ... They are always the worst enemies of the Muslims ... war and punishment in accordance with Islamic law against them are among the greatest of pious deeds and the most important obligations." – Ibn Taymiyyah
- ^ ISSN 1874-6691.
- OCLC 47785421.
- ^ "Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are". Arab America. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ISBN 9781135980795.
Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.
- ^ Lewis, James (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. Retrieved 13 May 2015 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 9780030525964.
Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above.
- ISBN 9780253345493.
Druze - An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.
- ISBN 9781630877187.
In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.
- ISBN 9781440861185.
As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.
- ISBN 9789004207424.
Therefore, many of these scholars follow Ibn Taymiyya'sfatwa from the beginning of the fourteenth century that declared the Druzes and the Alawis as heretics outside Islam ...
- ISBN 9781317096733.
- ISBN 9781593765521.
- ISBN 9780810868366.
Subsequently, Muslim opponents of the Druzes have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya's religious ruling to justify their attitudes and actions against Druzes...
- ^ from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- ^ ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ Hodgson, M. G. S. (1965). "GHULĀT". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 1093–1095.
- ^ "Sunan Ibn Majah 176 - The Book of the Sunnah - كتاب المقدمة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
- ISSN 1384-1130.
- ^ a b Sachedina, Abdulaziz (2009). "Law: Shīʿī Schools of Law". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
- ^ Kohlberg, E. "AḴBĀRĪYA". Encyclopædia Iranica.
- ISBN 978-0-19-973935-6.
- ISBN 9780313360251.
- ^ Rabi, Uzi. The Emergence of States. p. 21.
- ^ Mansoor Moaddel, Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse, p. 32. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
- ISBN 9789004149496.
- ^ Christopher Melchert, The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th–10th Centuries C.E., p. 185. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1997.
- ^ Ali, Chiragh (2002). "The Proposed Political, Legal and Social Reforms". In Kurzman, Charles (ed.). Modernist Islam 1840–1940: A Sourcebook. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 281.
- ^ J. Hell. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "'Aḳīda", vol. 1, p. 332.
- ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7914-3760-5 – via Google Books.
- ^ Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyah, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyah (1991). Tariq al-hijratayn wa-bab al-sa'adatayn. Dar al-Hadith (1991). p. 30.
- ^ al-Hanafi, Imam Ibn Abil-'Izz. Sharh At Tahawiyya. p. 76.
- ^ al-Safarayni, Muhamad bin Ahmad. Lawami' al-anwar al-Bahiyah. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah. p. 1/128.
- ^ Abd al-Wahhab, Ibn; ibn Abd Allah, Sulayman (1999). Taysir al-'Aziz al-Hamid fi sharh kitab al-Tawhid. 'Alam al-Kutub. pp. 17–19.
- ^ W. Madelung. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Murdji'a", vol. 7, p. 605.
- ^ Isutzu, Concept of Belief, p. 55-56.
- ^ "KERRÂMİYYE". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
- ^ J. van Ess. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Ķadariyya", vol.4, p. 368.
- ^ a b Ибрагим, Т. К. и Сагадеев А. В. ал-Джабрийа // Ислам: энциклопедический словарь / отв. ред. С. М. Прозоров. — М. : Наука, ГРВЛ, 1991. — С. 57-58.
- ^ Josef van (2011-01-17). Der Eine und das Andere. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER. ISBN 9783110215786
- ^ William Montgomery Watt: "Djabriyya" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition Bd. II, S. 365a
- ^ M. Heidari-Abkenar: Die ideologische und politische Konfrontation Schia-Sunna am Beispiel der Stadt Rey des 10.-12. Jh. n. Chr. Inaugural-Dissertation, Universität Köln, 1992
- ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (May 1970). Pestman, P. W. (ed.). "The study of the development of the Islamic sects". Acta Orientalia Neerlandica: Proceedings of the Congress of the Dutch Oriental Society Held in Leiden on the Occasion of Its 50th Anniversary: 85.
- ^ M.G.S. Hodgson. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Bāṭiniyya", vol. 1, p. 1098.
- ^ Trimingham (1998), p. 1
- ^ "Saif ed-Din Bokharzi & Bayan-Quli Khan Mausoleums". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Mourides Celebrate 19 Years in North America" Archived 2008-10-13 at the Wayback Machine by Ayesha Attah. The African magazine. (n.d.) Retrieved 2007-11-13.
- ISBN 978-0-06-162599-2.
- ^ "Sufia Noorbakhshia". Archived from the original on 2014-12-18. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ISBN 0822334143 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 9788178356648 – via Google Books.
- ^ Metz, Helen Chapin. "The Sanusi Order". Libya: A Country Study. GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
- ^ "Hazrat Sultan Bahu". Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
- ^ "Home – ZIKR". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
- ^ LCCN 2012046780.
- ^ ISBN 9783110874419.
- ^ S2CID 151927666.
- ^ ISSN 0929-2403.
- ^ OCLC 897454070.
- ^ ISSN 1874-6691.
- doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfi075. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
- ^ eISSN 2077-1444.
- ^ "The Aging of the Moors". Chicago Reader. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ a b Milton C. Sernett (1999). African American religious history: a documentary witness. Duke University Press. pp. 499–501.
- ^ Elijah Muhammad. History of the Nation of Islam. BooksGuide (2008). pp. 10.
- ^ Evolution of a Community, WDM Publications, 1995.
- ^ Lincoln, C. Eric. (1994) The Black Muslims in America, Third Edition, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company) page 265.
- ^ ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ OCLC 1220880253.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-32511-1.
- ^ LCCN 2003009791.
- OCLC 907336796.
- OCLC 1053981563.
- ^ OCLC 853497666.
- OCLC 1137739779.
- ^ "What are the Signs of the Second Coming of the Messiah?". Review of Religions. 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
- OCLC 68963889.
- ^ "The Death of Jesus (AS)". Review of Religions. 2019-07-18. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
- OCLC 907336796.
Jama ̔at-i Ahmadiyya also asserts that the conditions of the world will not revert back to a situation that warrants violent jihad
- ^ OCLC 825564208.
- LCCN 2013019344 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Who are the Ahmadi?". BBC. 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ "Ahmadi Muslims Have a Storied American History—And a Legacy That Is Often Overlooked | Religion & Politics". 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- S2CID 145427321.
- OCLC 107078.
- ^ "Profile: Fethullah Gulen's Hizmet movement". BBC. 18 December 2013.
- ISBN 978-1-4438-4507-6.
- ^ "The Turkish exception: Gallipoli, Gülen, and capitalism". Australia's ABC. Radio National. 31 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
- ISBN 9780295982236– via Google Books.
- ^ Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist
- ^ "Islam in Kazakhstan". Archived from the original on 2015-02-13.
- ^ "Reuters | Breaking International News & Views". Reuters.
- ^ "Turkish Schools". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ^ "SE Asian Muslims caught between iPad and Salafism – The Nation". Archived from the original on 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
- ^ Salafism Modernist Salafism from the 20th Century to the Present
- ^ Kjeilen, Tore (30 December 2020). "Salafism – LookLex Encyclopaedia". i-cias.com.
- ^ Salafism Archived 2015-03-11 at the Wayback Machine Tony Blair Faith Foundation
- ^ "The split between Qatar and the GCC won't be permanent". Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
- ISBN 9780226533339.
Islamic modernism was the first Muslim ideological response to the Western cultural challenge. Started in India and Egypt in the second part of the 19th century ... reflected in the work of a group of like-minded Muslim scholars, featuring a critical reexamination of the classical conceptions and methods of jurisprudence and a formulation of a new approach to Islamic theology and Quranic exegesis. This new approach, which was nothing short of an outright rebellion against Islamic orthodoxy, displayed astonishing compatibility with the ideas of the Enlightenment.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thomson Gale (2004)
- ^ "Can the Muslim world really unite?". hizb.org.uk. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
- . Retrieved 6 March 2016.
- ^ Brown, Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought, 1996: p.38-42
- ISBN 9789944143202.
- ^ .
- ^ Mansour, Ahmed Subhy (2018-03-02). Refaat, Amin (ed.). How to Understand the Holy Quran. Translated by Fathy, Ahmed. Amin Refaat.
- ISBN 978-0982586730.
- D.W. Brown, Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought, 1996: p.120
- ^ Voss, Richard Stephen (April 1996). "Identifying Assumptions in the Hadith/Sunnah Debate". Monthly Bulletin of the International Community of Submitters. 12 (4). Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ admin. "19.org". 19.org. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ "KUR'ANİ-BİLİMSEL-TEOLOJİ, BİLİMSEL-KUR'ANİ-TEOLOJİ VE KUR'ANİ-AHENKSEL-TEOLOJİ – Caner Taslaman" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ "Hadis & Sünnet: Şeytani Bidatler". Teslimolanlar. Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
- ^ OCLC 37368975.
- (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- The Huffington Post. Archivedfrom the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ISBN 0-85398-048-9.
- ^ "Zikris (pronounced 'Zigris' in Baluchi) are estimated to number over 750,000 people. They live mostly in Makran and Las Bela in southern Pakistan, and are followers of a 15th-century mahdi, an Islamic messiah, called Nur Pak ('Pure Light'). Zikri practices and rituals differ from those of orthodox Islam... " Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life: Vol. 3 – Asia & Oceania. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development (1998); p. 85 cited after adherents.com.
- ^ Benakis, Theodoros (13 January 2014). "Islamophoobia in Europe!". New Europe. Brussels. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims – those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.
- ^ Longton, Gary G. (2014). "Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims". The Sentinel. Stoke-on-Trent. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
The appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.
- ISBN 9781476733937.
Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims.
- ^ a b c d "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Religion & Public Life Project. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
- ISBN 9781000177169 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-19-094895-5 – via Google Books.
- ^ ISBN 9789004461765 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 9780199927319"Ahl-e Hadith: Literally translates as 'People of the traditions of the Prophet,' and refers to a branch of Salafi Muslims who seek to emulate the traditions practiced by the Prophet (rather than the various actions referred to as accretions that had been added since). The Ahl-e Hadith tradition is antithetical, for instance, to the ideas and practice of Sufism."
- ISBN 978-1-61039-023-1.
Ahl-e-Hadith ... a branch of the international Salafi ... tradition, heavily influenced by Wahabism.
- ^ Rabasa, Angel M. The Muslim World After 9/11 By Angel M. Rabasa, p. 275, 256 "Ahl-e-Hadith is heavily influenced by Wahhabism"
- ^ Ahl-i Hadith, a movement founded in the nineteenth century and classi- fied as “Wahhabi” by the British, wrongly so at the time.... For example, the Ahl-i Hadith which "have been active since the nineteenth century on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan ... though designated as Wahhabis by their adversaries, they prefer to call themselves 'Salafis.'" (from The Failure of Political Islam, by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, pp. 118–9, ISBN 0-674-29140-9)
- ISBN 9780292761926. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ISBN 9780195125597. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Salafism: Politics and the puritanical". The Economist. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-7883-1485-5.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-0679-1.
- ISBN 978-0-9543729-0-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-9004161214.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-137-31349-2.
- LCCN 2008020716.
- ^ ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ ISBN 0-19-512559-2. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Oxford University Press. 2020. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ S2CID 159438333.
- S2CID 147114018.
- ^ "6 common misconceptions about Salafi Muslims in the West". OUPblog. 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
- ISBN 9781845112578.
- ^ U.S. troops in Iraq. The Washington Post has confirmed Wahhabi involvement in attacks against U.S. forces in Fallujah. To examine the role of Wahhabism and terrorism is not to label all Muslims as extremists. Indeed, I want to make this point very, very clear. It is the exact opposite. Analyzing Wahhabism means identifying the extreme element that, although enjoying immense political and financial resources, thanks to support by a sector of the Saudi state, seeks to globally hijack Islam [...] The problem we are looking at today is the State-sponsored doctrine and funding of an extremist ideology that provides the recruiting grounds, support infrastructure and monetary life blood of today's international terrorists. The extremist ideology is Wahhabism, a major force behind terrorist groups, like al Qaeda, a group that, according to the FBI, and I am quoting, is the "number one terrorist threat to the U.S. today".
- ^ Haider, Murtaza (Jul 22, 2013). "European Parliament identifies Wahabi and Salafi roots of global terrorism". Dawn. Pakistan. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
- early history of Islam, such as the homes and graves of companions of Muhammad, were demolished under Saudi rule. Preservationists have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and Medinahave been razed.
- ISBN 0-8330-3712-9.
- ^ Howden, Daniel (August 6, 2005). "The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2009-12-21.
- ^ Finn, Helena Kane (October 8, 2002). "Cultural Terrorism and Wahhabi Islam". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
It is the undisputed case that the Taliban justification for this travesty [the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamiyan] can be traced to the Wahhabi indoctrination program prevalent in the Afghan refugee camps and Saudi-funded Islamic schools (madrasas) in Pakistan that produced the Taliban. ...In Saudi Arabia itself, the destruction has focused on the architectural heritage of Islam's two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina, where Wahhabi religious foundations, with state support, have systematically demolished centuries-old mosques and mausolea, as well as hundreds of traditional Hijazi mansions and palaces.
- ^ "Field Listing :: Religions — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2020-03-07. Retrieved 2020-06-12.
- ^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009.
- ^ "Preface". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2012-08-09. Retrieved 2020-06-12.
- ^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009.
- .
External links
New International Encyclopedia article about "Islamic schools and branches
".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamic sects.
