Islay
Scottish Gaelic name | Ìle |
---|---|
Pronunciation | [ˈiːlə] ⓘ |
Scots name | Ila[1] |
Old Norse name | Íl[2] |
Meaning of name | Unknown |
Port Ellen | |
Location | |
OS grid reference | NR370598 |
Coordinates | 55°46′N 6°09′W / 55.77°N 6.15°W |
Physical geography | |
Island group | Islay |
Area | 61,956 ha (239+1⁄4 sq mi)[3] |
Area rank | 5 [5] |
Highest elevation | Beinn Bheigeir, 491 m (1,611 ft)[4] |
Administration | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Country | Scotland |
Council area | Argyll and Bute |
Demographics | |
Population | 3,228[6] |
Population rank | 7[6] [5] |
Population density | 5.2/km2 (13/sq mi)[3][6] |
Largest settlement | Port Ellen[7] |
Islay (
Islay is the fifth-largest Scottish island and the eighth-largest
The later
Today, Islay has over 3,000 inhabitants, and the main commercial activities are agriculture,
Name
Islay was probably recorded by Ptolemy as Epidion,[16] the use of the "p" suggesting a Brittonic or Pictish tribal name.[17] In the 7th century Adomnán referred to the island as Ilea,[18] and the name occurs in early Irish records as Ile and as Íl in Old Norse. The root is not Gaelic and is of unknown origin.[2][Note 2]
In 17th-century maps, the spelling appears as "Yla" or "Ila", a form still used in the name of the whisky
The obliteration of pre-Norse names is almost total, and placenames on the island are a mixture of Norse and later Gaelic and English influences.[23][24]
Port Askaig is from the Norse ask-vík, meaning "ash tree bay" and the common suffix -bus is from the Norse bólstaðr, meaning "farm".[25]
Gaelic names, or their anglicised versions such as Ardnave Point, from Àird an Naoimh "height of the saint" ,are very common.[26]
Several of the villages were developed in the 18th or 19th centuries, and English is a stronger influence in their names as a result. Port Charlotte for example, was named after
Geography
Islay is 40 kilometres (25 mi) long from north to south and 24 kilometres (15 mi) broad. The east coast is rugged and mountainous, rising steeply from the
The island's population is concentrated mainly in and around the villages of
There are numerous small uninhabited islands around the coasts, the largest of which are Eilean Mhic Coinnich and Orsay off the Rinns, Nave Island on the northwest coast, Am Fraoch Eilean in the Sound of Islay, and Texa off the south coast.[29]
Geology and geomorphology
The underlying geology of Islay is intricate for such a small area.
Loch Indaal was formed along a branch of the Great Glen Fault called the Loch Gruinart Fault; its main line passes just to the north of Colonsay. This separates the limestone, igneous intrusions and Bowmore sandstones from the Colonsay Group rocks of the Rhinns.[40] The result is occasional minor earth tremors.[41]
There is a
Climate
The influence of the
Climate data for Islay: Port Ellen climate station (17m elevation) 1981–2010 averages | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.8 (46.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
12.9 (55.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
8.2 (46.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.6 (36.7) |
2.2 (36.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
10.9 (51.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
3.0 (37.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 138.2 (5.44) |
98.2 (3.87) |
118.8 (4.68) |
77.9 (3.07) |
62.4 (2.46) |
73.3 (2.89) |
78.8 (3.10) |
106.7 (4.20) |
114.6 (4.51) |
148.7 (5.85) |
132.3 (5.21) |
132.9 (5.23) |
1,282.7 (50.50) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 19.9 | 14.8 | 17.8 | 13.3 | 11.6 | 11.4 | 13.8 | 15.4 | 15.5 | 19.7 | 19.3 | 18.6 | 191.1 |
Source: metoffice.gov.uk[51] |
Prehistory
The earliest settlers on Islay were nomadic
The most spectacular prehistoric structure on the island is Dun Nosebridge. This 375-square-metre (4,040 sq ft) Iron Age fort occupies a prominent crag and has commanding views of the surrounding landscape. The name's origin is probably a mixture of Gaelic and Old Norse: Dun in the former language means "fort" and knaus-borg in the latter means "fort on the crag".[61] There is no evidence that Islay was ever subject to Roman military control although small numbers of finds such as a coin and a brooch from the third century AD suggest links of some kind with the intermittent Roman presence on the mainland.[62] The ruins of a broch at Dùn Bhoraraic south east of Ballygrant and the remains of numerous Atlantic roundhouses indicate the influences of northern Scotland, where these forms of building originate.[63][64] There are also various crannogs on Islay, including sites in Loch Ardnave, Loch Ballygrant and Loch Allallaidh in the south east where a stone causeway leading out to two adjacent islands is visible beneath the surface of the water.[29][63]
History
Dál Riata
By the sixth century AD Islay, along with much of the nearby mainland and adjacent islands, lay within the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata with strong links to Ireland. The widely accepted opinion is that Dál Riata was established by Gaelic migrants from Ulster, displacing a native Brythonic culture (such as the Picts), but some scholars claim that the Gaels in this part of Scotland were indigenous to the area.[65] Dál Riata was divided into a small number of regions, each controlled by a particular kin group; according to the Senchus fer n-Alban ("The History of the Men of Scotland"), it was the Cenél nÓengusa for Islay and Jura.
In 627, the son of a king of the Irish
There is evidence of another kin group on Islay – the Cenél Conchride, supposedly descended from a brother of the legendary founder of Dál Riata, king
Norse influence and the Kingdom of the Isles
The ninth-century arrival of Scandinavian settlers on the western seaboard of the mainland had a long-lasting effect, beginning with the destruction of Dál Riata. As is the case in the Northern Isles, the derivation of place names suggests a complete break from the past. Jennings and Kruse conclude that although there were settlements prior to the Norse arrival "there is no evidence from the onomasticon that the inhabitants of these settlements ever existed".[69] Gaelic continued to exist as a spoken language in the southern Hebrides throughout the Norse period, but the place name evidence suggests it had a lowly status, possibly indicating an enslaved population.[70]
Consolidating their gains, the Norse settlers established the Kingdom of the Isles, which became part of the crown of Norway following Norwegian unification. To Norway, the islands became known as Suðreyjar (Old Norse, traditionally anglicised as Sodor, or Sudreys), meaning southern isles. For the next four centuries and more this Kingdom was under the control of rulers of mostly Norse origin.
Godred also became
Following Godred's death, the local population resisted Norway's choice of replacement, causing
Somerled
In the mid 12th century, a granddaughter of Godred Crovan's married the ambitious
Somerled built the sea fortress of Claig Castle on an island between Islay and Jura, to establish control of the Sound of Islay. On account of the Corryvreckan whirlpool to the north of Jura, the Sound was the main safe sea route between the mainland and the rest of the Hebrides; Claig Castle essentially gave Somerled control of sea traffic. Following Somerled's 1164 death, the realm was divided between Godred's heirs, and Somerled's sons,[76][77][78] whose descendants continued to describe themselves as King of the Sudreys until the 13th century. Somerled's grandson, Donald received Islay, along with Claig Castle, and the adjacent part of Jura as far north as Loch Tarbert.
Nominal Norwegian authority had been re-established after Somerled's death, but by the mid 13th century, increased tension between Norway and Scotland led to a series of battles, culminating in the
Scottish rule
Lords of the Isles
By this point, Somerled's descendants had formed into three families – the heirs of Donald (the
The Macruari territories were eventually inherited by
Initially, their power base was on the shores of
The
In 1462, the last and most ambitious of the Lords,
James ordered Finlaggan demolished, its buildings razed, and the coronation stone destroyed, to discourage any attempts at restoration of the Lordship.[94][95][Note 8] When Martin Martin visited Islay in the late 17th century he recorded a description of the coronations Finlaggan had once seen.[Note 9]. John was exiled from his former lands, and his former subjects now considered themselves to have no superior except the king. A charter was soon sent from the Scottish King confirming this state of affairs; it declares that Skye and the Outer Hebrides are to be considered independent from the rest of the former Lordship, leaving only Islay and Jura remaining in the comital unit.
16th and 17th centuries
However, when
The situation was soon complicated by the
Martin Martin recorded that Sir Hugh Campbell of Caddell was the king's steward of Islay in the late seventeenth century.[107]
British era
18th and 19th centuries
At the beginning of the 18th century much of the population of Argyll was to be found dispersed in small clachans of farming families[108] and only two villages of any size, Killarow near Bridgend and Lagavulin, existed on Islay at the time.[109] (Killarow had a church and tolbooth and houses for merchants and craft workers but was razed in the 1760s to "improve" the grounds of Islay House.)[109] The agricultural economy was dependent on arable farming including staples such as barley and oats supplemented with stock-rearing. The carrying capacity of the island was recorded at over 6,600 cows and 2,200 horses in a 1722 rental listing.[110]
In 1726 Islay was purchased by
A defining aspect of 19th-century Argyll was the gradual improvement of transport infrastructure.
Islay remained with the Campbells of Shawfield until 1853 when it was sold to James Morrison of Berkshire, ancestor of the third Baron Margadale, who still owns a substantial portion of the island.[113] The sundering of the relationship between the landowners and the island's residents proved consequential. When the estate owners realised they could make more money from sheep farming than from the indigenous small farmers, wholesale Clearances became commonplace. Four hundred people emigrated from Islay in 1863 alone, some for purely economic reasons, but many others having been forced off the land their predecessors had farmed for centuries. In 1891 the census recorded only 7,375 citizens, with many evictees making new homes in Canada, the United States and elsewhere. The population continued to decline for much of the 20th century and today is about 3,500.[3][117][118]
In 1899, counties were formally created, on shrieval boundaries, by
World wars
During
During
Economy
The mainstays of the modern Islay economy are agriculture, fishing, distilling, and tourism.[128]
Agriculture and fishing
Much of Islay remains owned by a few non-resident estate owners; sheep farming and the few dairy cattle herds are run by tenant farmers.[128] The island's web site indicates that some cultivation is also being done while some areas of high moorlands include estates for shooting deer. Some bogs are cut for fuel used by a few distilleries and some homeowners. The southeast and eastern areas of Islay also have some plantations growing coniferous trees.[129]
Islay has some fine wild brown trout and salmon fishing[130] and in September 2003 the European Fishing Competition was held on five of the island's numerous lochs; this was "the biggest fishing event ever to be held in Scotland".[131] Sea angling is also popular, especially off the west coast and over the many shipwrecks around the coast.[131] There are about 20 commercial boats with crab, lobster and scallop fishing undertaken from Port Askaig, Port Ellen and Portnahaven.[132][133]
Distilling
Islay is one of five
The oldest record of a legal distillery on the island refers to Bowmore in 1779 and at one time there were up to 23 distilleries in operation.
In general, the whiskies from this island are known for "pungent peaty, smoky and oily flavours, with just a hint of salty sea air and seaweed" because of the use of peat and the maritime climate, according to one report.[143] The island's own web site is more specific. Distilleries in the south make whisky which is "medium-bodied ... saturated with peat-smoke, brine and iodine" because they use malt that is heavy with peat as well as peaty water. Whisky from the northern area is milder because it is made using spring water for a "lighter flavoured, mossy (rather than peaty), with some seaweed, some nuts..." characteristic.[144]
Tourism
Some 45,000 summer visitors arrive each year by ferry and a further 11,000 by air.[145] The main attractions are the scenery, history, bird watching and the world-famous whiskies.[146] The distilleries operate various shops, tours and visitor centres,[147] and the Finlaggan Trust has a visitor centre which is open daily during the summer.[148]
Golf is available on the 116-year-old Machrie golf course now owned by Gavyn Davies and his wife Susan Nye, Baroness Nye; the course was redesigned and reopened in 2017. (The adjoining Macrhie Hotel, with 47 bedrooms, was recently rebuilt.)[149] Walkers and cyclists appreciate the 210 kilometres of coastline. Bird watchers should also be satisfied.[150]
The web site
According to a July 2018 report, some summer days see nearly 6,000 tourists on the island and over 15,000 during the Feis Ile whisky festival in May. Those are very high numbers for an island with approximately 3,200 residents. That has led to some concern that the unique flavour of Islay is being negatively affected.[152] Still, there are no large hotels on the island yet, with tourist accommodation provided by guest houses, B&Bs, small hotels such as the Port Charlotte Hotel and the Harbour Inn at Bowmore,[150] self catering cottages and a youth hostel. Two campsites are available; one of them can accommodate motorhomes.[153][154]
Renewable energy
The location of Islay, exposed to the full force of the North Atlantic, has led to it being the site of a pioneering, and Scotland's first,
In March 2011 the largest tidal array in the world was approved by the Scottish Government with 10 planned turbines predicted to generate enough power for over 5,000 homes. The project will be located in the Sound of Islay which offers both strong currents and shelter from storms.[156]
Transport
Many of the roads on the island are single-track with passing places. The two main roads are the
Caledonian MacBrayne operate regular ferry services to Port Ellen and Port Askaig from Kennacraig, taking about two hours. Ferries to Port Askaig also run on to Scalasaig on Colonsay and, on summer Wednesdays, to Oban. The purpose-built vessel, MV Finlaggan entered service in 2011.[158] ASP Ship Management Ltd operate a small car ferry on behalf of Argyll & Bute Council from Port Askaig to Feolin on Jura.[159] Kintyre Express will begin operating passenger only services between Port Ellen and Ballycastle in Northern Ireland from Fridays to Mondays through June, July and August.
There are various lighthouses on and around Islay as an aid to navigation. These include the Rinns of Islay light built on Orsay in 1825 by Robert Stevenson,[160] Ruvaal at the north eastern tip of Islay constructed in 1859,[161] Carraig Fhada at Port Ellen, which has an unusual design,[162] and Dubh Artach, an isolated rock tower some 35 km (22 mi) northwest of Ruvaal.
Other activities
Since 1973 the Ileach has been delivering news to the people of Islay every fortnight and was named community newspaper of the year in 2007.
Infrastructure
Telecommunications
A 16 miles (26 km) submarine telegraph cable was laid in July 1871 between Ardenistle near Port Ellen on Islay and Kintyre using the SS Robert Lowe.[169] The schooner Catherine and Mary of Leith arrived at the end of July with poles, wires and other equipment to extend the telegraph throughout the island.[170] but there was a delay in starting work. It was reported in September 1871 that Lieutenant Turner, provisional engineer with six Royal Engineers had just commenced operations to lay a line from Port Ellen to Port Askaig which was scheduled to be completed within 3 months.[171] The telegraph office opened in Port Ellen for business on 12 December 1871.[172] A branch line from Bridgend to Bowmore was completed in January 1872[173] and telegraph offices in Bowmore and Port Askaig opened on 1 April 1872.
In 1935 a submarine cable 17 miles (27 km) long was laid from Glencardock Point on Kintyre to Port Ellen. The first telephone exchange was built in Port Ellen and 200 miles of telephone wires erected across the island. The first call was made on 19 September 1935 when Mr A. Kerr Murray of the Scottish Western District of the Post Office Telephone Department inaugurated the trunk service in Port Ellen with a call to Provost A. MacEachran of Campbeltown. To meet the cost of providing the service a fee of 6d was charged in addition to the ordinary trunk charge.[174] Expansion of the service took place in 1936 with the first automatic exchange opening in Bowmore on 23 September and at Kidalton on 24 September[175] and in 1937 in Port Charlotte and Port Askaig.[176]
Electricity
The earliest records of the use of electricity on Islay are from 1894 when the
In 1937 it was reported in the Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser of 22 May 1937 that on Coronation Day in Bowmore through the ingenuity of Mr Allan Cameron, chemist, part of the village was floodlit for two nights by electricity from his private plant. This was a source of great admiration and attraction in a village which depends almost entirely on paraffin for light.[178]
In January 1945 the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board began a survey of Islay to provide electricity. This showed that the generating plant at RAF Bowmore would prove suitable for temporary use in providing supplies in the early stages of a distribution scheme for the island. The Air Ministry agreed and the Board purchased the whole of the Bowmore plant.[179]
In September 1948 the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board switched on the first supply of electricity in Bowmore. Forty houses were connected to the local network which was supplied from a diesel engine.[180] Another 50 premises including the church were connected shortly afterwards and the distribution line from Bowmore to Port Ellen was also under construction.
In 1961 Islay was connected to the mainland with a cable which was submarine for 6 miles from the mainland to Jura and then again for 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from Jura to Islay. The project also involved 42 miles (68 km) of overhead lines.[181]
Gaelic language
Islay has historically been a very strong Gaelic-speaking area. In both the 1901 and 1921 censuses, all parishes in Islay were reported to be over 75 per cent Gaelic-speaking. By 1971, the Rhinns had dropped to 50–74 per cent Gaelic speakers and the rest of Islay to 25–49 per cent Gaelic speaker overall.[14] By 1991 about a third of the island's population were Gaelic speakers.[182] In the 2001 census this had dropped to 24 per cent, which, while a low figure overall, nonetheless made it the most strongly Gaelic-speaking island in Argyll and Bute after Tiree, with the highest percentage recorded in Portnahaven (32 per cent) and the lowest in Gortontaoid (17 per cent), with the far north and south of the island being the weakest areas in general.[14]
The Islay dialect is distinctive. It patterns strongly with other Argyll dialects, especially those of Jura, Colonsay and Kintyre.[183] Amongst its distinctive phonological features are the shift from long /aː/ to /ɛː/, a high degree of retention of long /eː/, the shift of dark /l̪ˠ/ to /t̪/, the lack of intrusive /t̪/ in sr groups (for example /s̪ɾoːn/ "nose" rather than /s̪t̪ɾoːn/)[184] and the retention of the unlenited past-tense particle d' (for example, d'èirich "rose" instead of dh'èirich).[185] It sits within a group of lexical isoglosses (i.e. words distinctive to a certain area) with strong similarities to the southern Scottish Gaelic and Ulster Irish dialects. Examples are dhuit "to you" (instead of the more common dhut),[186] the formula gun robh math agad "thank you" (instead of the more common mòran taing or tapadh leat but compare Irish go raibh maith agat),[187] mand "able to" (instead of the more common urrainn)[188] or deifir "hurry" (instead of the more common cabhag, Irish deifir).[189]
Religion
Associated with various Islay churches are cupstones of uncertain age; these can be seen at Kilchoman Church, where the carved cross there is erected on one, and at Kilchiaran Church on the Rhinns. In historic times some may have been associated with pre-Christian wishing ceremonies or pagan beliefs in the "wee folk".[190]
The early pioneers of Christianity in Dál Riata were
Media and the arts
Islay was featured in some of the scenes of the 1954 film The Maggie,[202] and the 1942 documentary "Coastal Command" was partly filmed in Bowmore.[203]
In 1967–68, folk-rock songwriter and singer Donovan included "Isle of Islay" in his album, A Gift from a Flower to a Garden, a song praising the pastoral beauties of the island.[Note 12] "Westering Home" is a 20th-century Scottish song about Islay written by Hugh S. Roberton, derived from an earlier Gaelic song.[205][206]
In the 1990s the BBC adaptation of
In 2000, Japanese author Haruki Murakami visited the island to sample seven single malt whiskies on the island and later wrote a travel book called If our language were whisky.
Wildlife
Islay is home to many species of wildlife and is especially known for its birds. Winter-visiting
A population of several thousand
Notable natives
- Glenn Campbell (born 1976), Scottish political reporter for the BBC, was brought up on Islay and attended Islay High School.[215]
- John Francis Campbell (1821-1885), authority on Scottish folklore and joint inventor of the Campbell–Stokes recorder. The son of Daniel Campbell of Shawfield, his father's bankruptcy prevented him inheriting the Islay estate. There is, however, a monument commemorating him at Bridgend.[216]
- Alistair Carmichael (born 1965), the Liberal Democrat Deputy Chief Whip, was born on Islay to hill-farming parents. He has represented Orkney and Shetland at Westminster since 2001.[217]
- Donald Caskie (1902–1983) was born on Islay. He became known as the "Tartan Pimpernel" for his exploits in France during World War II.[218]
- Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Mac Dhunlèibhe) (1808-1870), an important figure in 19th-century Scottish Gaelic literature and chronicler in verse of the Highland Clearances upon Islay, was born upon the Gartmain farm near Bowmore.[220]
- David MacIntyre (1895-1967) from Portnahaven, recipient of the Victoria Cross.[221]
- Bank of New York, was born in Kildalton in 1731.[222]
- Bernard MacLaverty (born 1942), Irish author who lived on the island prior to moving to Glasgow.[223]
- Defence Secretary. In 1999 he was made Lord Robertson of Port Ellen.[224]
- Chief Scientific Adviser in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[225]
See also
- List of islands of Scotland
- Lewisian complex
- Scottish island names
- Snowball Earth
- Timeline of prehistoric Scotland
References
Notes
- Skye as it is a bridged island and includes South Uist as fourth on the grounds that it is connected to other islands such as Benbecula and North Uist by causeways that give it a large area.[11] Rick Livingstone’s Tables provide all the relevant area data although the information is not ranked.[12] Ireland is the largest of the islands surrounding Great Britain and Angleseythe sixth largest.
- ^ Mac an Tàilleir (2003) suggests that "if this is a Gaelic name it may be 'flank shaped'."[19]
- ^ Banrìgh Innse Gall is literally "Queen of the islands of the foreigners" and Banrìgh nan Eilean means "Queen of the islands".
- ^ At the time this Ahrensburgian flint was the oldest find in Scotland[53] but a subsequent discovery at Biggar predates it by over a millennium.[54]
- ^ Various locations have been suggested for the battle, including west of the Rinns and north of Rubh' a' Mhail. Marsden (2008) concludes that a location at the north end of the Sound of Islay is most likely.[76]
- ^ Loch Finlaggan has two main islands. Eilean Mòr was probably an early Christian centre and was fortified in the 13th and 14th centuries.[90][91]
- British Commonwealth, bears the title Lord of the Isles within Scotland.[96]
- ^ Martin wrote of the "isle Finlagan", that it is "famous for being once the court in which the great Macdonald, King of the Isles, had his residence; his houses, chapel, etc., are now ruinous. His guards de corps, called Lucht-taeh, kept guard on the lake side nearest to the isle; the walls of their houses are still to be seen there. The High Court of Judicature, consisting of fourteen, sat always here; and there was an appeal to them from all the Courts in the isles: the eleventh share of the sum in debate was due to the principal judge. There was a big stone of seven feet square, in which there was a deep impression made to receive the feet of Macdonald; for he was crowned King of the Isles standing in this stone, and swore that he would continue his vassals in the possession of their lands, and do exact justice to all his subjects: and then his father’s sword was put into his hand. The Bishop of Argyll and seven priests anointed him king, in presence of all the heads of the tribes in the isles and continent, and were his vassals; at which time the orator rehearsed a catalogue of his ancestors, etc."[97]
- ^ With regard to the castles of Islay Monro wrote: "In this iyle there is strenths castells; the first is callit Dunowaik, biggit on ane craig at the sea side, on the southeist part of the countery pertaining to the Clandonald of Kintyre; second is callit the castle of Lochgurne, quhilk is biggit ill ane iyle within the said fresche water loche far fra land, pertaining of auld to the Clandonald of Kintyre, now usurped be M’Gillayne of Doward. Ellan Forlagan, in the middle of Ila, ane faire iyle in fresche water.[100]
- ^ The structure was built for Sir Hugh Campbell of Cawdor and is now used as a hotel.[105] It is a Category A listed building.[106]
- marijuana and that "I had to leave, I had to get away from the publicity, so I took a plane north to Scotland, and on a northern island I found the peace, and I wrote this song."[204]
Footnotes
- ^ "Map of Scotland in Scots - Guide and gazetteer" (PDF).
- ^ a b Gammeltoft 2007, p. 487
- ^ a b c d e f Haswell-Smith 2004, p. 41
- ^ Haswell-Smith 2004, p. 42
- ^ 2011 census.
- ^ a b c National Records of Scotland (15 August 2013). "Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands" (PDF). Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two) (PDF) (Report). SG/2013/126. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ National Records of Scotland. "Table KS101SC – Usual Resident Population, all people; Settlement/Locality 2010; Port Ellen". Scotland's Census 2011. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. From the main page select Results, Standard Outputs, year 2011, table KS101SC,area type locality 2010. On the map click Bowmore and Port Ellen for comparison.
- ^ a b Newton 1995, p. 11
- ^ Newton 1995, p. 20
- ^ Newton 1995, p. 31
- ^ Haswell-Smith 2004, p. 502
- ^ Rick Livingstone’s Tables of the Islands of Scotland (pdf) Argyll Yacht Charters. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ^ Caldwell 2011, p. 58
- ^ a b c Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2004) 1901–2001 Gaelic in the Census Archived 7 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (PowerPoint) Linguae Celticae. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- ^ Caldwell 2011, p. 91
- ^ Watson (1994) p. 37
- ^ Watson (1994) p. 45
- ^ Watson (1994) p. 85-86
- ^ a b c Mac an Tàilleir 2003, p. 67
- ^ "Atlas of Scotland 1654 – ILA INSVLA – The Isle of Ila". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ "Atlas of Scotland 1654 – IVRA INSVLA – The Isle of Jura". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ "Visitors" Archived 1 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Highlands and Islands Airports. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ Jennings & Kruse 2009a, pp. 83–84
- ^ King & Cotter 2012, p. 4
- ^ King & Cotter 2012, p. 6
- ^ King & Cotter 2012, pp. 34, 36–43
- ^ King & Cotter 2012, p. 31
- ^ Murray (1966) pp. 22–23
- ^ a b c d e f Get-a-map: Sheet 60 Islay (Map). Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ Murray (1966) p. 32
- ^ Newton 1995, p. 42
- ^ Murray (1966) p. 30
- ^ a b Caldwell 2011, p. xxv
- ^ S2CID 129740602. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
- ISBN 9781897799116. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
- ^ Gillen 2003, p. 65
- ^ Haswell-Smith 2004, p. 47
- ^ a b "Islay Geology" Archived 19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Islay Natural History Trust. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Strachan, R. A, Smith, M., Harris, A. L., Fettes, D. J. "The Northern Highland and Grampian Terranes" in Trewin 2002, p. 96
- . Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ "Jura Earthquake 3 May 1998". British Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ Keay & Keay 1994, p. 547
- ^ Mithen 2006, p. 197
- ^ Caldwell 2011, p. 4
- ^ a b "Regional mapped climate averages: W Scotland" Archived 4 August 2012 at archive.today. Met office. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ "UK mapped climate averages" Archived 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Met office. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
- ^ "Weather". Islayjura.com. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
- ^ Newton 1995, p. 9
- ^ "The 30 year average for Islay". Islay Info. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
- ^ Newton 1995, p. 12
- ^ "Climate Normals 1981–2010". Met Office.
- ^ Mithen 2006, pp. 197–98
- ^ Moffat 2005, p. 42
- ^ "Howburn Farm: Excavating Scotland’s first people" Current Archaeology. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ Kennedy, Maev (9 October 2015) "Swine team: pigs help uncover ice age tools on Scottish island" The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
- ^ "Ice Age tools found on Islay thanks to herd of pigs". (9 October 2015) BBC News Retrieved 11 October 2015.
- ^ Storrie (1997) p. 28
- ^ Jupp 1994, p. 10
- ^ Storrie (1997) p. 29
- ^ Jupp 1994, p. 11
- ^ Newton 1995, p. 26
- ^ Caldwell 2011, p. 17
- ^ a b Caldwell 2011, pp. 137–38
- ^ Armit, Ian "The Iron Age" in Omand (2006) pp. 52–53
- ^ Woolf (2012) p. 1, referring to Ewan Campbell, Saints and Sea-Kings: the First Kingdom of the Scots, (Edinburgh, 1999) pp. 11–15; "Were the Scots Irish?‟, Antiquity 75 (2001) pp. 285–92.
- ^ a b Caldwell (2011) pp. 21–22
- ^ Rodger 1997, p. 5
- ^ a b c Graham-Campbell & Batey 1998, p. 89
- ^ Jennings & Kruse 2009b, p. 140
- ^ Jennings & Kruse 2009a, p. 86
- ^ a b Duffy 2004, Godred Crovan (d. 1095)
- ^ MacDonald 2007, p. 62
- ^ Duffy 1992, p. 108
- ^ Woolf (2005) p. 13
- ^ Islay, Carragh Bhan, Canmore, retrieved 1 August 2013
- ^ a b Marsden (2008) p. 84
- ^ Caldwell (2011) p. 31
- ^ Gregory 1881, pp. 9–17
- ^ Hunter 2000, pp. 110–111
- ^ Woolf, Alex "The Age of the Sea-Kings: 900–1300" in Omand (2006) pp. 108–09
- ^ Gregory 1881, p. 24
- ^ Gregory 1881, pp. 26–27
- ^ Lee 1920, p. 82
- ^ a b c Oram, Richard "The Lordship of the Isles, 1336–1545" in Omand (2006) pp. 124–26
- ^ a b Hunter 2000, p. 127
- ^ Oram, Richard "The Lordship of the Isles, 1336–1545" in Omand (2006) p. 123
- ^ Caldwell (2011) p. 38
- ^ Casey, Dan: Finlaggan and the Lordship IslayInfo.com Retrieved 5 October 2010.
- ISBN 0-236-40048-7; pp. 66–67
- ^ Caldwell (2011) p. 169
- ^ Caldwell (2011) p. 20
- ^ David Ross (10 May 2007). "Gaelic documents may return north". The Herald. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ Oram, Richard "The Lordship of the Isles, 1336–1545" in Omand (2006) p. 132
- ^ Caldwell (2011) p. 59
- ^ Caldwell, David (April 1996) "Urbane savages of the Western Isles". British Archaeology. No 13. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-9502612-1-8
- ^ Martin 1703, p. 240, Jurah
- ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 328.
- ^ Caldwell 2011, p. 61
- ^ a b Monro 1774, pp. 12–13, 55. Ila
- ^ Caldwell 2011, pp. 62–64
- ^ Haswell-Smith 2004, pp. 42–43
- ^ Caldwell 2011, p. 68
- ^ Caldwell 2011, pp. 66, 74
- ^ "Islay House | Hotel Accommodation | Isle of Islay, Scotland". islayhouse.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Islay House (Category A Listed Building) (LB12142)". Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- ISBN 9781780275468
- ^ Morrison, Alex "Rural Settlement: an Archaeological Viewpoint" in Omand (2006) p. 110
- ^ a b Caldwell 2011, pp. 75–76
- ^ Caldwell 2011, p. 70
- ^ "(14) - Towns > Glasgow > 1787 - Reprint of Jones's directory; or, Useful pocket companion for the year 1787 - Scottish Directories - National Library of Scotland".
- ^ "Campbell, Daniel (1671?–1753)" Dictionary of National Biography (1904). Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ a b Caldwell 2011, p. 79
- ^ Duncan, P. J. "The Industries of Argyll: Tradition and Improvement" in Omand (2006) p. 151
- ^ Duncan, P. J. "The Industries of Argyll: Tradition and Improvement" in Omand (2006) pp. 152–4
- ^ Duncan, P. J. "The Industries of Argyll: Tradition and Improvement" in Omand (2006) pp. 156–57
- ^ "The Clearances on Islay in the 1800s" IslayInfo. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Highland Clearances". Cranntara. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b Campbell, Glenn (1 May 2018). "The Scottish island that buried America's dead". BBC News. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Baird 1995, pp. 57–58
- ^ Baird 1995, pp. 80–83
- ^ "The Oa Peninsula" Archived 20 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. IslayInfo. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ [1] CWGC Cemetery report, Kilchoman Military Cemetery.
- ^ "No 119 Squadron RAF" Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. RAF Commands. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "422 Faces". Castle Archdale, Northern Ireland Coastal Command. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "Islay, Saligo, Chain Home and Type 7000 Chain Radar Station". Scotland's Places. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "Islay, Kilchirian, Radar Station". Canmore. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ a b Caldwell (2011) p. 95
- ^ "Islay Facts and Figures - An overview of the island". www.islayinfo.com.
- ^ "Fishing on Islay – Where to catch Brown Trout". IslayInfo. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Isle of Islay" Archived 16 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Fishing-Argyll. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ Newton 1995, p. 82
- ^ "Islay and the Sea – Geography and History". IslayInfo. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "The Scotch Whisky Regulations 2009". The National Archives. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Islay's 11th Whisky Distillery Gets the Green Light | WhiskyCast". whiskycast.com. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ Newton 1995, p. 32
- ^ "Whisky Regions & Tours" Archived 26 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Scotch Whisky Association. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Islay Whisky" information-britain.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ^ "Home". Islay Whisky. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Kilchoman Scotch Whisky Distillery". ScotchWhisky.net. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ a b Newton 1995, p. 33
- ^ a b "Port Charlotte Distillery" Archived 28 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. IslayInfo. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Islay Distilleries - Whisky Tours, Tastings & Map". www.visitscotland.com.
- ^ "Islay Malt Whisky and Islay Whisky Distilleries Map". www.islayinfo.com.
- ^ Keay & Keay 1994, p. 548
- ^ "The Isle of Islay". Visit Scotland. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Islay Malt Whisky & Islay Distilleries". IslayInfo. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Visit Finlaggan" Archived 30 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Finlaggan Trust. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "The Machrie Golf Links - Top 100 Golf Courses of Scotland". www.top100golfcourses.com.
- ^ a b Beaumont, Stephen (29 September 2007). "Beyond the single malt Scotch". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ "THE 10 BEST Islay Sights & Landmarks". Tripadvisor.
- ^ "Insight: Visitor numbers drive Highlands into tourist trap". www.scotsman.com.
- ^ "Islay Ultimate Online Guide - Isle of Islay Queen of the Hebrides". www.islayinfo.com.
- ^ "Hotels".[permanent dead link]
- ^ Tom Heath. "The Construction, Commissioning and Operation of the LIMPET Wave Energy Collector" (PDF). Wavegen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
- ^ "Islay to get major tidal power scheme" (17 March 2011) BBC Scotland. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
- ^ "Islay Travel and Local Transport Information". IslayInfo. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "MV Finlaggan" (PDF). Caledonian MacBrayne. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "Travelling to Islay & Jura". Visit Islay Jura. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "Rinns of Islay". Northern Lighthouse Board. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ "Ruvaal". Northern Lighthouse Board. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ Newton 1995, p. 16
- ^ "Shetland Times Retains Newspaper of the Year Award". Highland Council. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "Islay & Jura Council for Voluntary Service – Bowmore" Archived 2 August 2012 at archive.today Firstport. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Ales from the Isle of Malts". Islay Ales. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "An open door to Gaelic language and culture" Archived 21 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Ionad Chaluim Chille Ìle. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "About Us". Iomairt Chille Chomain. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
- ^ "Iomairt Chille Chomain" Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. DTA Scotland. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
- ^ "Telegraph Extension in the West Highlands". John o’Groat Journal. Scotland. 13 July 1871. Retrieved 28 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Islay. Telegraphy". Greenock Telegraph and Clyde Shipping Gazette. Scotland. 1 August 1871. Retrieved 28 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "A Canal through Kintyre". The Scotsman. Scotland. 20 September 1871. Retrieved 28 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "New Scotch Telegraph Offices". Greenock Telegraph and Clyde Shipping Gazette. Scotland. 13 December 1871. Retrieved 29 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Port-Ellen - Local Notes". Greenock Telegraph and Clyde Shipping Gazette. Scotland. 26 January 1872. Retrieved 28 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Islay now on the 'phone". Aberdeen Press and Journal. Scotland. 20 September 1935. Retrieved 16 October 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Telephone Improvement in Islay". Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser. Scotland. 17 October 1936. Retrieved 16 October 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Phone services to Western Isles". Aberdeen Press and Journal. Scotland. 30 November 1937. Retrieved 16 October 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Enterprise in Islay". Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser. Scotland. 3 February 1894. Retrieved 28 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Isle of Islay. Bowmore". Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser. Scotland. 22 May 1937. Retrieved 28 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Highland Electric Schemes". Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser. Scotland. 15 December 1945. Retrieved 28 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Electricity Switched on in Islay". Oban Times and Argyllshire Advertiser. Scotland. 25 September 1948. Retrieved 28 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Power Line for Islay". The Scotsman. Scotland. 19 April 1961. Retrieved 28 September 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Boost for Islay Gaelic centre" (11 September 2001) Scottish Government. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Grannd 2000, pp. 61–65
- ^ Grannd 2000, pp. 14, 73, 54–55, 139, 59, 146, 51, 134
- ^ Grannd 2000, p. 135
- ^ Grannd 2000, pp. 17, 78
- ^ Grannd 2000, pp. 22, 86
- ^ Grannd 2000, pp. 26–27, 94
- ^ Grannd 2000, pp. 33, 107
- ^ Morris, Ronald W. B. (1969) "The Cup-and-Ring Marks and Similar Sculptures of Scotland: a Survey of the Southern Counties, Part II." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 100 pp. 53, 55, 63
- ^ Fisher, Ian "The early Christian Period" in Omand (2006) p. 71
- ^ Newton 1995, p. 37
- ^ "Kildalton Great Cross" RCAHMS. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ "Archaeology Notes on Kilnave". RCAHMS. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ Fisher, Ian "The early Christian Period" in Omand (2006) p. 82
- ^ Fisher, Ian "The early Christian Period" in Omand (2006) p. 83
- ^ Bridgland, Nick "The Medieval Church in Argyll" in Omand (2006) p. 86
- ^ a b Bridgland, Nick "The Medieval Church in Argyll" in Omand (2006) pp. 88–9
- ^ Caldwell 2011, pp. 68–69
- ^ Newton 1995, pp. 20–21
- ^ "Churches and Services on the Isle of Islay." IslayInfo. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ The Maggie Imdb. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ "Filming locations for "Coastal Command"". IMDb. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "Isle of Islay" Donovan Unofficial. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "Westering Home". Scottish Poetry Library. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "Westering Home". Celtic Arts Center. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "Springwatch". BBC. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "Mid-Argyll, Kintyre & Islay". Visit Scotland. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "Time Teak: Series 2". Channel 4. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Birdwatching on Islay" Archived 19 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Scottish Ornithologists' Club/Scottish Bird News. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ "Islay and Jura". Naturetrek. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ "Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians" Archived 2 August 2012 at archive.today. Islay Natural History Trust. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ "Islay Wildlife Records – Moths and Butterflies Index" Archived 4 August 2012 at archive.today. Islay Natural History Trust. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ "Islay Wildlife Records – Flowering plants Index" Archived 2 August 2012 at archive.today. Islay Natural History Trust. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ "Meet presenter Glenn Campbell". BBC News. 2 March 2003. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ Haswell-Smith 2004, p. 43
- ^ "Alistair Carmichael" Archived 1 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine Scottish Liberal Democrats. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ "Our man in Marseilles". (27 December 2001) Edinburgh. The Scotsman. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- ^ Edited by Donald E. Meek (2019), The Wiles of the World Caran an t-Saohgail: Anthology of 19th-century Scottish Gaelic Verse, Birlinn Limited. Page 478.
- ^ "Grave Location For Holders of the Victoria Cross in the City Of Edinburgh" Archived 25 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine. Prestel. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ "McDougall, Alexander, (1731–1786)". United States Congress. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ "Biography". Bernard MacLaverty. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
- ^ "NATO Secretary General (1999–2003) The Rt. Hon. Lord Robertson of Port Ellen". Who is who at NATO?. NATO. 6 January 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- ^ "Sir William Stewart Doctor of Science". Edinburgh Napier University. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
General references
- Baird, Bob (1995). Shipwrecks of the West of Scotland. Glasgow: Nekton Books. ISBN 978-1-897995-02-0.
- Caldwell, David H. (2011). Islay, Jura and Colonsay: A Historical Guide. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-961-9.
- Duffy, Seán (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052–1171". JSTOR 30007421.
- —— (2004). "Godred Crovan (d. 1095)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Gammeltoft, Peder (2007). "Scandinavian Naming-Systems in the Hebrides—A Way of Understanding how the Scandinavians were in Contact with Gaels and Picts?". In Ballin-Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; Williams, Gareth (eds.). West over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Leiden: Brill.
- Gillen, Con (2003). Geology and landscapes of Scotland. Harpenden: Terra Publishing. ISBN 978-1903544099.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-0641-2.
- Grannd, Seumas (2000). The Gaelic of Islay: A Comparative Study. Scottish Gaelic Studies Monograph Series 2. Department of Celtic, University of Aberdeen. ISBN 978-0-9523911-4-2.
- Gregory, Donald (1881). The history of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland, from A.D. 1493 to A.D. 1625, with a brief introductory sketch, from A.D. 80 to A.D. 1493 (2nd ed.). London; Glasgow: Hamilton, Adams & Co.; Thomas D. Morison.
- Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
- ISBN 978-1-84018-376-4.
- Jennings, Andrew; Kruse, Arne (2009a). "One Coast-Three Peoples: Names and Ethnicity in the Scottish West during the Early Viking period". In Woolf, Alex (ed.). Scandinavian Scotland – Twenty Years After: The Proceedings of a Day Conference held on 19 February 2007. St John's House Papers No 12. St. Andrews: University of St. Andrews, Committee for Dark Age Studies. pp. 75–102. ISBN 978-0-9512573-7-1.
- ——; —— (2009b). "From Dál Riata to the Gall-Ghàidheil". Viking and Medieval Scandinavia. 5: 123–149. .
- Jupp, Clifford (1994). The History of Islay: From earliest times to 1848. Port Charlotte: Museum of Islay Life. ASIN B0000COS6B.
- Keay, John; Keay, Julie, eds. (1994). ISBN 978-0-00-255082-6.
- King, Jacob; Cotter, Michelle (2012). Place-names in Islay and Jura. Perth: Scottish Natural Heritage.
- Lee, Henry James (1920). History of the clan Donald, the families of MacDonald, McDonald and McDonnell. New York: Polk and Company.
- Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003). "Ainmean-àite" [Placenames: Faddoch – Jura] (PDF). www.scottish.parliament.uk/gd/visitandlearn/40900.aspx (in Scottish Gaelic and English). Pàrlamaid na h-Alba / Parliament of Scotland. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
- MacDonald, R. Andrew (2007). Manx kingship in its Irish Sea setting, 1187–1229: King Rognvaldr and the Crovan dynasty. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2.
- Martin, Martin (1703). A Description of The Western Islands of Scotland (1st ed.). London: Andrew Bell.
- Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice: a global human history, 20,000–5000 BC. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01570-8.
- Moffat, Alistair (2005). Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London: Thames & Hudson.
- Monro, Donald (1774) [1773]. "A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland, Called Hybrides". A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland, Called Hybrides (and other works). Edinburgh: William Auld. Date of composition without publishing is 1549. Date of first independent publication is 1582.
- Murray, W. H. (1966). The Hebrides. London: Heinemann.
- Newton, Norman (1995). Islay. Devon: David & Charles PLC. ISBN 978-0-907115-90-8.
- Omand, Donald (ed.) (2006) The Argyll Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-480-5
- Rodger, N. A. M. (1997). The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain. Vol. One 660–1649. London: Harper Collins.
- Storrie, Margaret (1997). Islay: Biography of an Island. Colonsay: House of Lochar. ISBN 978-0-907651-03-1.
- Trewin, Nigel H. (2002). The Geology of Scotland (4th ed.). Bath: The Geology Society. ISBN 978-1862391260.
- ISBN 1-84158-323-5. First published 1926.
- Woolf, Alex (2012) "Ancient Kindred? Dál Riata and the Cruthin". St Andrews University. Academia.edu. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
External links
- Map sources for Islay
- "Isle of Islay". Islay Info. 2014. Provides additional information on the demographics and culture of Islay and the Hebrides.
- "The Islay Natural History Trust". Port Charlotte, Islay: The Natural History Centre. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2009. Provides additional detailed information on the terrain and the species inhabiting niches on Islay.
- Van Ells, Mark D. (13 June 2013). "Isle of Islay: Cliffs Prove Deadly in WWI Shipwrecks". Stars & Stripes. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2014. Specialized information on the maritime hazards of the coastline.