Ismail Ibn Sharif
Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف | |
---|---|
'Alawi dynasty | |
Father | Sharif ibn Ali |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif (
The reign of Moulay Ismail marked a high watermark for Moroccan power. His military successes are explained by the creation of a strong army, originally relying on the '
Ismail controlled a fleet of corsairs based at Salé-le-Vieux and Salé-le-Neuf (now Rabat), which supplied him with European Christian slaves and weapons through their raids in the Mediterranean and all the way to the Black Sea. He established significant diplomatic relations with foreign powers, especially the Kingdom of France, Great Britain, and Spain. Often compared to his contemporary, Louis XIV, due to his charisma and authority, Moulay Ismail was nicknamed the 'bloody king' by the Europeans due to his extreme cruelty and exaction of summary justice upon his Christian slaves. He is also known in his native country as the "Warrior King".
He also made Meknes his capital and undertook the construction of an enormous citadel and palace complex next to its old city which included several grand residences, gardens, monumental gates, mosques, and more than forty kilometers of walls. He died following a sickness. After his death, his supporters became so powerful that they controlled the country, enthroning and dethroning the sultans at will.
Biography
Background, early life, and accession to power
Born in 1645 at
According to Al-Istiqsa, his mother was M'barka bint Yarg (d. 1668), a Haratin slave from the Saharan Mghrafa tribe who is said to have been from the Oudayas.[5][6] She was reportedly given as a concubine to Sharif ibn Ali by Sidi Ali Bou Dmia , who was holding him in captivity under ransom.[5][7] This remains contested, as the Mghrafa tribe were rarely enslaved and Sharif ibn Ali was not known to have concubines.[8]
After the death of the
Three rulers preceded Ismail ben Sharif: his father, Moulay Sharif, then his two half-brothers respectively Sidi Mohammed and Moulay Rachid. As the first sovereign of the 'Alawi dynasty from 1631, Moulay Sharif succeeded in keeping Tafilalt outside the authority of the Dila'iya.[L 3] He abdicated in 1636 and his eldest son, Sidi Muhammad ibn Sharif succeeded him. Under the latter's reign, the 'Alawi realm expanded into the north of the country, to Tafna and the Draa river and managed to capture the city of Oujda.[alN 2] His half-brother, Moulay Rashid rebelled against him and managed to kill him on 3 August 1664, in a battle on the plain of Angad (near Oujda).[ArcI 2] Moulay Ismail chose to support Rashid and was rewarded by being appointed governor of Meknes. There, Moulay Ismail devoted himself to the region's agriculture and commerce, in order to increase his wealth,[L 4] while Moulay Rashid reigned as Sultan of Tafilalt and then as Sultan of Morocco after his conquest of Fez on 27 May 1664.[ArcI 2] Rashid further entrusted Ismail with military control of the North of Morocco and made him Khalifa (viceroy) of Fez in 1667, while he fought in the south of Morocco. Rashid conquered the Dila'iya in 1668 and then took two years to overcome rebels at Marrakesh before he broke into the city in 1669.[10]
On 6 April 1670, in the presence of his brother Sultan Moulay Rashid, Moulay Ismail celebrated his first marriage at Fez to the daughter of a Sa'adi prince.[alN 3] On 25 July, he put to death sixty brigands from Oulad Djama, by crucifying them on the wall of the Borj el-Jadid in Fez.[alN 4] While Rashid continued his campaigns against the independent tribes of the High Atlas, he was killed on 9 April 1672 at Marrakesh, after falling off his horse. On 13 April,[alN 1] after he had learned of Rashid's death, Moulay Ismail rushed to Fez, where he took possession of his brother's treasury and then proclaimed himself Sultan of Morocco on 14 April 1672, at the age of twenty-six.[L 4][alN 1][L 5] This proclamation occurred around 2 pm and a grand ceremony followed.[alN 1] The whole population of Fez, including the nobles, intellectuals, and sharifs swore to be loyal to the new sovereign, as did the tribes and cities of the kingdom of Fez, who sent embassies and presents to him. Only Marrakesh and the region around it did not send an embassy. Ismail fixed his capital at Meknes, on account of the water supply and climate of the town.[alN 5]
Difficult early reign
After seizing power, Moulay Ismail faced several rebellions: most significant was the revolt of his nephew Moulay Ahmed ben Mehrez, son of Moulay Murad Mehrez, then the rebellions of his brothers, including Harran ibn Sharif, who assumed the title of King of Tafilalt. The Tetouan warlord Khadir Ghaïlan also resisted Sultan Ismail, along with several tribes and religious groups.[L 6]
When the news of Rashid's death reached Sijilmassa, Ahmed ben Mehrez rushed to Marrakesh, in order to have himself proclaimed sultan. The tribes of Al Haouz, the Arabs of Souss, and the inhabitants of Marrakesh joined him and he was able to assume control of the area. He rallied the southern tribes and was proclaimed sultan at Marrakesh. In response, Moulay Ismail launched a campaign against his nephew on 27 April 1672.[alN 6] Ismail was victorious as a result of his artillery. He entered the city of Marrakesh and was recognized as sultan there on 4 June 1672.[L 6][alN 6][ArcI 3] Ahmed suffered a bullet wound and fled into the mountains.[L 4] Ismail pardoned the inhabitants of Marrakesh and reorganized the city's defenses.[L 7] He then went back to Fez to collect his brother Rashid's coffin and inter it in the mausoleum of Sheikh Ali ibn Herzouhm, before returning to Meknes on 25 July 1672.[alN 6]
Moulay Ismail arranged the organisation of the empire and distributed goods to the soldiers of his army in preparation for an expedition into the
On returning to Meknes, Moulay Ismail continued construction work and built several palaces.[H 1] He was disturbed once more by his nephew Ahmed ben Mehrez, who seized Marrakesh sometime after May 1673.[L 8][11][12] When Ismail learned of it in 1674, he first launched a campaign against the Arab tribes of the Angad region who were engaging in banditry. He severely defeated the Sgoûna tribe and then put in place the preparations for a major campaign against his nephew. Ismail marched at the head of his army into the Tadla region and encountered Ahmed ben Mehrez's army at Bou Agba, near Oued El Abid. Ismail was victorious over his nephew's army and killed its commander, Hida Ettouïri. Ahmed was chased by his uncle all the way to Marrakesh, where he entrenched himself. Ismail besieged the city and took it by force in 1674, forcing Ahmed to flee to the province of Drâa. The sultan then led a number of operations against the Chaouia tribes.[H 1] In this same year, the Sanhaja of the High and Middle Atlas revolted and massacred the envoys of the Sultan, after having refused to pay tribute. Moulay Ismail launched the first expedition and attempted to dislodge them from the mountain strongholds where they had entrenched themselves.[Arc 1] The sultan's troops were repulsed by a force of 8,000 Berber infantry and 5,000 Berber cavalries. A second expedition followed, and this time the Sultan's forces inflicted a heavy defeat on the rebels, seizing substantial booty.[Arc 2]
In 1675, with the help of the inhabitants of Taroudant, Ahmed secretly returned to Marrakesh, expelled the royal army, and reoccupied the city.[L 9] Ismail placed Marrakesh under siege once more. The fighting was bloody, with very high casualties on both sides, especially in June 1676.[alN 8] Ahmed eventually had to flee the city on 26 June 1677, heading for Souss.[alN 9] This time, Ismail violently sacked the city as punishment for supporting Ahmed.[L 6][L 9][12][13]
While still at Marrakesh, Ismail learned that Ahmed ben Abdellah ad-Dila'i, grandson of
Stabilisation of the empire
Between 1678 and 1679, Moulay Ismail attempted an expedition over the
Around the end of Ramadan 1678–1679, Ismail's three brothers, Harran, Hashem, and Ahmed, and three of his cousins revolted with the help of the Sanhaja confederation of Aït Atta and the tribes of the Toudra and Dadès valleys. Moulay Ismail launched a massive expedition and seized Ferkla, Gueria, Toudra, and Dadès in quick succession. The rebel tribes abandoned their oases and fled into the Jbel Saghro in the eastern Anti-Atlas. With a large army, Ismail fought a difficult battle in the Jbel Saghro on 3 February 1679.[alN 14][L 6] The heavy casualties included Moussa ben Ahmed ben Youssef, commander of the Moroccan army, and 400 soldiers from Fez. It was a partial failure. The battle was ended by an agreement in which the rebel tribes granted the people of Tafilalt free passage back to Marrakesh through the Saharan rebel tribes' territory and promised future aid against the Christians.[Arc 4] On their return journey, a blizzard struck the force as it crossed the Atlas at Telwet or Elglâoui on the Jbel Ben Deren, destroying nearly three thousand tents, part of the army, and the booty.[Arc 4] In a fury, Moulay Ismail executed his vizier in order to avenge those who had been traveling with him, even though the vizier had had nothing to do with this catastrophe.[alN 14][L 9]
A plague struck around this time that killed several thousand people, mainly in the plain of Rharb and Rif.[L 9][17][18]
After he had achieved the unification of Morocco, Moulay Ismail decided to end the Christian presence in the country. He first launched a campaign to recapture the city of
In 1681, while the siege of Tangiers was still ongoing, Moulay Ismail sent part of his army under the command of Omar ben Haddou El-Bottoui to conquer the city of La Mamora.[20] This city had been occupied by the Spanish in the period of chaos in Morocco after 1614. Ismail besieged the city, which had no water source, and captured it, along with all the Spaniards in the city, who numbered 309.[alN 15] Caid Omar had told the Spaniards that they would not be sold into slavery if they surrendered unconditionally "Although they would be captives they would spend their days without working, until the first redemption." However Moulay Ismaïl saw no reason to honor Kaid Omar's promises and had no intention of allowing the captives from al-Mamurah to be redeemed so they, including fifty "poor girls and women", were forced to walk to Meknes as booty along with their possessions, arms and artillery (88 bronze cannons, 15 iron cannons, fire-pots, muskets, and gunpowder) which Germain Mousette wrote was "more than he had in the rest of his kingdom".[21] The city was renamed al-Mahdiya.[22] Omar ben Haddou died of the plague on his return journey and was replaced by his brother Ahmed ben Haddou.[alN 16]
While his generals were undertaking these operations, Moulay Ismail was focused on stabilising the country. After an expedition to the Cherg region against the Beni Amer, he learned that Ahmed ben Mehrez had made yet another agreement with the Turks in Algiers. He also learned that the Turkish army was approaching Tafna and had already reached the territory of the Beni Snassen . Ismail immediately sent a large force to the south of the country to face Ahmed and prepared an expedition against the Ottomans, which did not end up taking place because the Turkish army withdrew.[alN 16] He then marched south to confront his nephew at Souss in 1683. A battle took place there in April. After twenty-five days of fighting, Ahmed fled to Taroudant and entrenched himself there. Another battle on 11 June 1683 cost more than 2,000 lives. Ahmed and Ismail were themselves wounded. The clashes continued until Ramadan.[alN 17] Moulay Ismail undertook two expeditions that succeeded in pacifying several Berber regions.[alN 18][alN 19]
While Moulay Ismail was occupied with these tribes in the Atlas, Ahmed ben Mehrez forged an alliance with Moulay Harran in order to destabilise Ismail's empire. When Moulay Ismail learned, in 1684/5, that the two rebels had taken control of Taroudant and its hinterland, he immediately set out to besiege the city. Ahmed went out with a group of slaves to visit a sanctuary and was confronted by some members of the Zirâra tribe, who were soldiers of Ismail. Although they did not recognise him, the Zirâra attacked him, sparking a short battle, which ended with the death of Ahmed. The sultan's soldiers only realised who he was after his death around the middle of October 1685. Ismail ordered that he be given a funeral and buried.[alN 20][12] Moulay Harran continued the resistance until April 1687, when he fled into the Sahara. The population of Taroudant was massacred and the city was repopulated with Rifans from Fez.[H 2] Many of Ismail's military commanders had lost their lives in this war,[alN 20] but after this date, no one else challenged the power of the Sultan. The war between Ahmed and Ismail had come to an end after thirteen years of fighting.[L 6]
Moulay Ismail now prepared a strong army, estimated at 30,000-50,000 men,[C1927 1] under the command of Ali ben Abdallah Er-Riffi[L 12] and Ahmed ben Haddou El-Bottoui, to seize the city of Larache, which had been under Spanish control since 1610.[L 13] The Sultan, who announced his plan in 1688, forced the Spaniards to fortify the city heavily, with 200 cannons and 1500-2000 men.[C1927 1] The campaign began on 15 July 1689 and the siege began in August.[L 12] The Moroccan army eventually took the city on 11 November 1689, at an estimated cost of 10,000 dead. The Moroccans captured 1,600 Spanish soldiers including 100 officers and 44 cannons. The Spanish army lost 400 soldiers in the battle.[C1927 2] A prisoner exchange was arranged at a rate of one officer for ten Moroccans, one hundred officers were exchanged for a thousand Moroccan prisoners. The rest of the Spanish garrison remained in captivity, as slaves in Meknes, except for those who converted to Islam.[C1927 3] To celebrate the triumph Moulay Ismaïl issued an edict banning the wearing of black shoes because the Spanish were said to have introduced the custom into Morocco when they first acquired Larache in 1610. The mufti of Fez was so elated by the victory he wrote,
How many infidels at dusk have had their heads severed from their bodies! How many were dragged away with the death rattle in their throats?! For how many throats have our Lance's been as necklaces? How many lance tips were thrust into their breasts![citation needed]
Shortly after Larache was conquered, Ismail sent Ahmed ben Haddou to besiege Assilah. Exhausted, the Spanish garrison evacuated the city by the sea and the Moroccan army occupied the town in 1691.[L 13]
In 1692–3, Moulay Ismail organised a very large expedition against the last unconquered tribes. These were the Sanhaja Brâbér tribes, Berbers in Fêzzâz, a region in the western part of the Middle Atlas. These tribes formed the last pocket of the
The sultan had not left a single tribe of the Moroccan Maghreb with either horses or weapons. Only the Black Guard, the Oudaias, the Ait Imour (a guich tribe), and the Rifans, while the Fezzans began a holy war against Ceuta[alN 22]
The Guerouans learned this the hard way. Some men of this tribe who carried out raids in the upper course of the Ziz River, on the road to Sijilmassa, drew the attention of Moulay Ismail. He ordered the caid Idrassen Ali ben Ichchou El-Qebli to massacre them. In Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri's Al-Istiqsa, it is reported that Moulay Ismail provided 10,000 horsemen to Ali ben Ichchou, the caid of the Zemmour and Bni Hakem tribes and told him "I do not want you to return until you have fallen upon the Gerrouans and unless you bring back to me a heads for each man here." So they left to kill as many of the Guerouans as possible and to pillage their encampments. He offered 10 mithqals to anyone who brought back an additional head. In the end, they collected 12,000. The Sultan was very happy with this and extended Ali ben Ichchou's command to include the Aït Oumalou and Aït Yafelmâl territories, which had just been conquered.[alN 23]
... that the vast extent of the Sharifan Empire is a single unit from the Mediterranean to the Senegal river. The people who live there, from the north to the south, are Moors who pay the Gharama to the Sultan.
At its height, the Moroccan army contained 100,000[L 14] to 150,000 black soldiers in the Black Guard,[Arc 6] as well as thousands more in the Guich of the Udaya,[L 11] European renegades and vassal tribes which received land and slaves in exchange for providing soldiers.[L 1]
Later reign and death
The rest of Moulay Ismail's reign was marked by military setbacks and family problems relating to the succession. In May 1692, Moulay Ismail sent his son Moulay Zeydan with a large army to attack Ottoman Algeria. He was defeated by the Algerians who counter-attacked and advanced as far as Fez.
Ismail attempted to besiege the city of Ceuta with an army of 40,000 soldiers, but the strength of Spanish resistance meant that the siege dragged on.[L 15][34] Part of Ismail's army also besieged Melilla from 1694 to 1696, but the city's fortifications were too much for them.[L 15] In spring 1701, Moulay Ismail launched another expedition against Algeria. The Moroccan forces advanced to the Chelif River before they were intercepted by the Algerian army in Chediouïa. With a force of 10,000-12,000 men, the Algerian army managed to defeat the 60,000 soldiers of the Moroccan army.[L 14] The Moroccan army suffered a heavy defeat and fell into disarray. Moulay Ismail himself was wounded and barely escaped. The heads of 3,000 Moroccan soldiers and 50 Moroccan leaders were brought to Algiers.[H 5] In 1702, Moulay Ismail gave his son Moulay Zeydan an army of 12,000 men and instructed him to capture the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera. The Moroccans razed the Spanish fortress, but failed to retain la Isleta.[L 16] Meanwhile, the English admiral, George Rooke joined in the siege of Ceuta, blockading the port in 1704.[L 15]
Between 1699 and 1700, Moulay Ismail divided the provinces of Morocco between his children. Moulay Ahmed was given responsibility for the province of Tadla and a force of 3,000 Black Guards. Moulay Abdalmalik was entrusted with Draâ province, with a kasbah and 1,000 cavalry. Moulay Mohammed al-Alim received Souss and 3,000 cavalries. Moulay El-Mâmoun commanded Sijilmasa and received 500 cavalry. When he died, he was replaced two years later by Moulay Youssef. Moulay Zeydan received command of Cherg (East), but he lost it after the Ottomans attacked and Ismail made peace with them.[alN 24] He was then replaced by Moulay Hafid. This division of the realm provoked jealousy and rivalry between Ismail's sons, which sometimes degenerated into open clashes. In one of these, Moulay Abdelmalek was defeated by his brother, Moulay Nasser, who took control of the whole of Draâ.[alN 25] Moulay Sharif was appointed governor of Draâ by his father in place of Abdelmalek and succeeded in retaking the region from Nasser.[alN 26]
In response to the intrigues, slanders, and opposition of Lalla Aisha Mubarka, who wanted her son Moulay Mohammed Zeydan to succeed his father as Sultan, Ismail's eldest son Moulay Mohammed al-Alim revolted in Souss and took control of Marrakesh on 9 March 1703. When Moulay Zeydan arrived with an army, Mohammed al-Alim fled to Taroudant. His brother besieged the place and captured it on 25 June 1704, and took him to Oued Beht on 7 July.[alN 26] Mohammed al-Alim was harshly punished by his father, who amputated one hand and one arm, executing both the butcher who refused to spill Mohammed al-Alim's blood on the grounds that he was a Sharif, and the one who agreed to do it.[L 17] He subsequently eliminated a caid of Marrakesh who had been responsible for Moulay Mohammed al-Alim's acquisition of the city, with exceptional violence.[C1903 1] Moulay al-Alim committed suicide at Meknes on 18 July, despite precautions that his father had put in place to prevent this.[alN 27] On learning of the atrocities which Moulay Zeydan had committed at Taroudant, especially the massacre of the city's inhabitants,[alN 26] Moulay Ismail organised for him to be murdered in 1708, having his wives smother him when he was black-out drunk.[L 17] Moulay Nasser also revolted in Souss, but was eventually killed by the Oulad Delim, who remained loyal to Moulay Ismail.[alN 28]
made agreements solely in order to receive presents, denying whatever they had proposed once he had gotten what he wanted.
Marriages, concubines, and children
Moulay Ismail was a serial polygamist.
A partial restoration of Moulay Ismail's descent through his wives and slave concubines is listed below. His first recorded marriage took place in 1670, the order of his nuptials are unclear after his first recorded spouse. Posterity did not remember many of the full names of his wives. And in accordance with Muslim traditions, slave concubines do not have a last name, they are renamed at the time of their conversion to Islam. Their birth names were not subject to meticulous safeguarding, which is why few of these women are identifiable by their birth name. The descendants of his wives who have a full name or biography are listed first, then those of his wives who do not have a full name, then a partial list of his descendants through his slave concubines:
- A daughter of a Saadi prince,[65] married on April 5, 1670, at Dar Ben Chegra in Fez. According to Al Zayani it was during the month of Shawwal,[66] while Ahmad ibn Khalid an-Nasiri states it took place 14 of Dhu al-Qadah[65] 1080 in Islamic calendar. The wedding probably took place between the two dates thus March to April 5, 1670, AD, as royalty often had 7 days wedding.[67] Whether they had issue is not stated.
- A daughter of Cheick Al-Lawati[68] who was the widow of his half-brother Sultan Moulay Rashid. She is from the oriental Rif region, her father was Cheick of his Arab Maqil or Berber tribe.[69][70] The wedding happened after April 9, 1672, but his date of marriage is unclear. Whether they had issues is not stated.
- Lalla Ma'azuza Malika. In the late 1720s John Braithwaite member of the British consulate in Morocco explains that Ma'azuza was not so much in the favors of Moulay Ismail.[79] Their sons were Sultan Moulay Abdalmalik, Moulay Abd al Rahman and Moulay Hussein.[80]
- .
- Lalla Alwa Benabiz.[85] They had ten children seven sons and three daughters,[85] one of them is Moulay Ṣafā (Muley Spha),[85] he was Thomas Pellow's first master.
- Lalla Aouda Doukalia, date of wedding unknown. Her surname might suggest origins from the Doukkala tribe. Their children were Sultan Al-Mustadi, Moulay Bi'nassir, another Moulay Hussein, and other unnamed children.[86]
- Princess Nassira el-Salwi bint Mohammed el-Heyba[87][88] originally from Brakna, married the latter either in 1678/9[89][90] or in 1690.[88] Whether they had descendants is not indicated.
- Lalla Halima Al Sufyaniyah,[91] married around 1707 (Thomas Pellow accounts of her favorite son aged 8 circa 1715). She is from the Doukkala region and is the daughter of Cheikh Ali bin Hussein of Bani Sweid, from the Sufiyan tribe of Hilali Arab origins. Her son was Moulay Zeydan Seghir[60] (born c. 1707).[91]
- Lalla Um'el'Iz Tabba'a,[92] date of wedding and origins unknown. Her son was another Moulay Abdallah.[60]
- Abhar Doukalia,[80] she is the mother of Mussa al-Hadi.[80]
- Fatima Ouardighiya,[80] her son is a third son named Abdallah.[80]
- Zahra al-Malikiya,[93] she is the mother of Al-Ishwa and Al-Cheick Saghir.[93]
- Mask'al'Juyub Soufiyania,[93] she is the mother of Abd al-Malik.[93]
- Rahma al Salaouia.[93] she is a native of Salé, her son is Mohammed.[93]
- Fidah Doukalia,[93] she is the mother of Abdallah Boumnad.[93]
- Maria al-Aljaa,[93] she is the mother of Moulay Binaser and Al-Mu'atamid.[93]
- Sounah al-Dir'iyah,[93] she is the mother of Al-Walid al Mouthalath.[93]
- Ruqiya al-Saidiya[93] (not Sa'adiya), she is the mother of Mohammed.[93]
- Um'el'Saad Malikiya,[93] her sons are Al Harran and Mehrez.[93]
- Jamila al-Malikiya,[94] She is the mother of Moulay Moustada.[94]
Below the name Chaouia means an origin from Chaouia, a geographical area which can also be a tribe. A large number of Moulay Ismail's wives were designated as "Chaouia". Listed below is the descendants he had with his wives, of which only a part of their names are recorded: their tribal origins or their first name. It is unsure wheteher the women whom only their first name is given were all born free Muslims. The fact that only their first name is retained may indicate slave status, therefore lacking a family name or tribal affiliation. His numerous descendants include:
- Lalla Amina and her full brother Sidi Mohammed: their mother is Chaouia.[95]
- Prince Suleiman al Kabir: his mother is Chaouia.[95]
- Sultan Sidi Mohammed and another daughter named Amina: their mother is Chaouia.[95]
- Rachid, Binaser and Binaser: their mother is Hayaniya.[95]
- Abdel Karim, Harran, Hicham, Fadel and Lalla Sakina: their mother's name is Abla.[95]
- Al Mouktadir: his mother is Doukalia.[95]
- Abi Marwan du Sous and Abu Faris: their mother's name is Haniya.[95]
- Abu Kacim: his mother is Za'ariye.[95]
- Abdeslam, Mohammed al Dayf,[95][96] Mohammed Al Mustadi,[96] Abbas,[96] Mohammed Al Muntasir,[96] Mohammed Al Rashid, Sulaiman, Mohammed Telgui, Mohammed Al Mouhtadi, Mohammed Al Walid, Hassan and Idris:[95] their mother is Talikiya.[95]
- Nasser: his mother is Marrakchiya,[95] meaning a native of Marrakesh.
- Fatoum (nickname for Fatima) and al-Fadil: their mother is Alja (umahu aljaa).[95]
- Moulay Abou Nasser: his mother is Dlimiya,[95] meaning from the Oulad Delim tribe.
- Hafid al Ikhlaf, Moulay Ali and Prince al-Mouhtadi (Who revolted in Salé during the reign of his brother Sidi Mohammed):[95] their mother is Chaouia.[95]
- Suleiman al Saghir and al-Taqaa: their mother is Malikiya.[95]
- Abdelhaq: his mother is Malikiya.[95]
- Khaled al-Hutha, al-Rachid al Kabir and Mohammed: their mother is from the Awlad Hmami tribe.[95]
- Mohammed al Habib: his mother's name is Zubaida.[95]
- Sultan Moulay Zine El Abidine, Jaafar and Moussa: their mother is Chaouia.[93]
- Al-Mamune Saghir: his mother is Chaouia.[93]
- A second son named Idriss, al-Mehdi and Sitt al-Mulk:[93] their mother is Chaouia.[93]
- Asrur al-Safah, Mehrez, al-Mu'tedad and Mohammed al Gharfi: their mother is Chaouia.[93]
- Al Taher and Abd al Malik: their mother is Doukalia.[93]
- Al-Wallad and Sidi Issa Idriss: their mother is Shams al-Dhuha Chaouia.[93]
- Al-Cherif and al-Murtaja: their mother is Chaouia.[93]
- Said al Saghir: his mother is Hayania.[93]
- Abd al-Kadir: his mother is from the Awlad Asfir tribe.[93]
- Abd al-Mamun: his mother is Tadlaouia,[93] meaning a native of Tadla.
- Al-Walid al Kebir: his mother is Fulania, which means Fulani in Arabic.[93]
- Al-Mu'atamid: his mother is Malikiya.[93]
- Al-Hakim and al-Kebir: his mother is Doukaliya.[93]
- Moulay Moubarak: his mother is Doukaliya.[93]
- Abd al-Wahid: his mother is Malikiya.[93]
- Al-Salem, Haroun and Sitt al-Nafissa: their mother is Kawthar Chaouia.[93]
- Abu Faris ([father of Moulay Mehrez whose son Hassan and 25 other boys][93] the latter killed the sons of his brother Moulay Youssef in 1748 [1162 AH 60] and caused damage to his nephew Moulay Cherif ben Zine El Abidine),[93] al-Othmani and another son named Sidi Mohammed:[93] their mother is a native of Thaghr Azamour.[93]
- Abdallah and al-Talib: their mother is Kinawiya.[93]
- Othman al-Thani: his mother is Malikiya.[93]
- Taya: his mother is from the Awlad al-Haj tribe, an Arab tribe.[93]
- Al Mu'atasim and another daughter named Sitt al Mulk: their mother is Aljaa.[93]
- Al-Chérif and Lalla Safia: their mother is Chaouia.[93]
- Mohammed: his mother is Talikiya.[93]
- Suleiman: his mother is Jami'iya.[93]
- An unnamed daughter, Mu'awiya and al-Hassan: their mother's name is al-Bustan, she is a native of Debdou.[93]
- Al-Qaim: his mother's name is Khalia.[94]
- Moulay Abu Marwan and Youssef: their mother is Em'nebhiye,[94] from the Mnebha tribe.
- Al-Muktafi: his mother is Dukaliya.[94]
- A second son named Abd-el Rahman: his mother is Chaouia.[94]
- Abd-el Rahman al Muthalath: his mother is Malkiya[94] (not to be confused with the spelling Malikiya).
- A fourth son named Abdallah: his mother is Hasiniya.[94]
- Al Mu'tamid al Saghir: his mother is Chaouia.[94]
- Mohammed al-Aqra' and Suleiman: their mother is from the Sufiyan tribe.[94]
- Mohammed: his mother is BoukhariyaAbid al-Bukhari).
- Moulay Taleb: his mother's name is Malika.[95]
Many of his concubines are only fragmentary documented. As concubines, they were slave captives, sometimes from Europe. Here is list of children he had with some of his slave concubines from the harem, as well as the details known about their mother:
- Moulay Mohammed Alim and Moulay Cherif:[95] their mother is al-Darah, a Spanish slave concubine.[95][73] She was his favorite and Moulay Ismail educated himself their son Moulay Mohammed Alim, his once favorite son. Around 1702, Al-Darah tragically died strangled by Moulay Ismail whom Lalla Aisha had made believe she had betrayed him.[73]
- Cheick al-Kabir: his mother is a slave concubine designated as ama.[95]
- Daoud: his mother is a slave concubine designated as ama.[93]
- Al-Said: his mother is a slave from the Awlad Sidi ben Issa tribe[93] who was offered as a slave concubine to Moulay Ismaïl.[93]
- Abd-al Hadi al Kabir, Abd-al Hadi Saghir: their mother is a slave concubine designated as ama.[93]
- Youssef Saghir: his mother is a slave concubine designated as ama.[93]
- A son, born to an English slave concubine Lalla Balqis (born 1670).[97] She was captured by Barbary pirates in 1685, at the age of fifteen, while traveling with her mother to the Barbados. She was sold at the slave market in Morocco and given as a gift to the sultan. Converted to Islam under the name Balqis and included in his harem, she was one of Moulay Ismail's favorites. She became a privileged and influential concubine. Her influence in the harem was so well known that she was among the harem women who received diplomatic gifts from the British ambassador Charles Stewart during his visit to Meknes in 1721.
An Irish woman by the name Mrs. Shaw, was at one point in her life a slave concubine of Moulay Ismail. She was brought to his harem after having been enslaved and was made to convert to Islam when the Sultan wished to have intercourse with her, but was manumitted and married off to a Spanish convert when the Sultan grew tired of her. The Spanish convert being very poor, she was described by contemporary witnesses as reduced to beggary,[97][98] before she was helped by John Russell, the British consul general.[99][100]
Legacy
History of Morocco |
---|
After nearly a century of difficulty and division, Morocco had experienced peace under Moulay Ismail, who had pacified all parts of the country. His reign is considered a golden age in the country's history, during which it experienced, security, tranquility, and order. The historian Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri, who recorded the whole history of Morocco in this period, declared:
The evildoers and troublemakers no longer knew where to shelter, where to seek refuge: no land wanted to bear them, no sky would cover them.[alN 34]
— Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri, Kitab Al-Istiqsa
Moulay Ismail accomplished the political reunification of the whole country, the formation of its main military force - the Black Guard or Abid al-Bukhari, as well as the Jaysh al-Rifi, and recaptured several coastal cities from the Europeans. He had considerably extended Moroccan territory,[alN 35] and undertook an extraordinary amount of construction.[alN 36]
After Moulay Ismaïl's death at the age of eighty (or around ninety by the 1634 birthdate) in 1727, there was another succession battle between his surviving sons. His successors continued with his building program, but in 1755 the huge palace compound at Meknes was severely damaged by
Ismail ibn Sharif is mentioned in chapter 11 of
See also
- History of North Africa
- History of Morocco
- Anglo-Moroccan alliance
- List of people with the most children
Bibliographic sources
Henry de Castries (1903)
- ^ Castries 1903, p. 20.
- ^ Castries 1903, p. 17
- ^ a b Castries 1903, p. 18
- ^ Castries 1903, p. 24.
- ^ Castries 1903, p. 22.
- ^ a b Castries 1903, p. 34.
- ^ a b Castries 1903, p. 31.
- ^ Castries 1903, p. 32
- ^ Castries 1903, p. 29.
- ^ Castries 1903, p. 30.
- ^ Castries 1903, p. 27
- ^ Castries 1903, p. 28
Al-Nasiri (1906)
- ^ a b c d al-Nasiri 1906, p. 60.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, pp. 20 & 36.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 53.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 54.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 59.
- ^ a b c al-Nasiri 1906, p. 61.
- ^ a b al-Nasiri 1906, p. 62.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 65.
- ^ a b c d e al-Nasiri 1906, p. 66.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 70.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 71.
- ^ a b c al-Nasiri 1906, p. 79.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 76.
- ^ a b al-Nasiri 1906, p. 80.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 84.
- ^ a b al-Nasiri 1906, p. 85.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 86.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 88.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 90.
- ^ a b al-Nasiri 1906, p. 91.
- ^ a b al-Nasiri 1906, p. 107.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 109.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 119.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 122.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 123.
- ^ a b c al-Nasiri 1906, p. 124.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 125.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 131.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 132.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 183.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 74.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 77.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 68.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 135.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 138.
- ^ al-Nasiri 1906, p. 139.
Moroccan archives (1912)
- ^ Archives marocaines, volume XVIII 1912, p. 1.
- ^ a b Archives marocaines, volume XVIII 1912, p. 8.
- ^ Archives marocaines, volume XVIII 1912, p. 10.
- ^ Archives marocaines, volume XVIII 1912, p. 63.
Hamet (1923)
- ^ a b Hamet 1923, p. 339.
- ^ Hamet 1923, p. 348.
- ^ a b c Hamet 1923, p. 350.
- ^ a b Hamet 1923, p. 349.
- ^ a b Hamet 1923, p. 351.
- ^ Hamet 1923, p. 354.
Henry de Castries (1927)
- ^ a b Castries 1927, p. 269.
- ^ Castries 1927, pp. 280–281.
- ^ Castries 1927, p. 376.
Moroccan archives (1931)
- ^ Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931, p. 21.
- ^ a b Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931, p. 22.
- ^ Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931, p. 20.
- ^ a b Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931, p. 23.
- ^ Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931, p. 25.
- ^ Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931, p. 19.
- ^ a b c Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931, p. 24.
- ^ Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931, p. 26.
- ^ Archives marocaines, volume XXVIII 1931, p. 28.
Other works
- ^ a b c d Bensoussan 2012, p. 67
- ^ a b c L'Économiste, p. 4.
- ^ Marchat 2013, p. 49.
- ^ a b c d Audiffret 1821, p. 376
- ^ Abitbol 2009, p. 233.
- ^ a b c d e f Ogot 1998, p. 174.
- ^ Ben Ahmed Ezziâni 1886, p. 24.
- ^ Ben Ahmed Ezziâni 1886, p. 26.
- ^ a b c d e Audiffret 1821, p. 377.
- ^ Ben Ahmed Ezziâni 1886, p. 27.
- ^ a b c Ogot 1998, p. 175.
- ^ a b Figueras et Joulia Saint-Cyr, p. 195.
- ^ a b Ogot 1998, p. 176.
- ^ a b c Audiffret 1821, p. 378.
- ^ a b c d e Rézette, p. 41.
- ^ Rézette, p. 43.
- ^ a b c d e f Audiffret 1821, p. 379.
- ^ Braithwaite, p. 2.
- ^ Braithwaite, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Braithwaite, p. 5.
- ^ Bensoussan 2012, p. 69.
- ^ Moüette, p. 150.
- ^ a b Bensoussan 2012, p. 68.
- ^ a b Marchat 2013, p. 50.
- ^ a b Marchat 2013, p. 51.
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Abdallah went to ... Oued Noun, where he stayed for more than two years with his maternal uncles, the Moâfera.
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in the month of chaoual he married his brother Moulay Ismail
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Checq Loüety ... although the king furthermore married his daughter, widow of his brother
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Lalla Aisha is her real name, and she was one of the jawaris (slave concubine) of Moulay Rachid, brother of Sultan Moulay Ismail. The Sultan bought her and married her from among the beautiful women ...
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- ^ Braithwaite, John (1729). The History of the Revolutions in the Empire of Morocco: Upon the Death of the Late Emperor Muley Ishmael; Being a Most Exact Journal of what Happen'd in Those Parts in the Last and Part of the Present Year. With Observations Natural, Moral and Political, Relating to that Country and People. J. Darby and T. Browne. p. 18.
had routed the Army commanded by Muley Ally the Emperor's Brother by the same Mother
- ^ John Braithwaite (2018). The History of the Revolutions in the Empire of Morocco: Upon the Death of the late Emperor Muley Ishmael. Gale Ecco, Print Editions. p. 2.
- ^ a b c d e Abd al-Rahman ibn Zaydan, Abd al-Rahman. "تحميل كتاب المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل ابن الشريف 4098 PDF". www.noor-book.com (in Arabic). p. 392. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
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Muley Spha, one of his favourite sons (a sad villain), born of his wife Alloabenabiz by whom he had in all ten children, viz., seven sons and three daughters
- 'iismaeil bin alsharif) (in Arabic). Casablanca: الطبعة الأولى, مطبعة "إديال". الدار البيضاء. p. 392.
and Sultan Mostadi and his full brothers Bi'nassir and al-Hussein as well as other unnamed siblings, their mother is Aouda Doukalia
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and the Brakna among whom, yet, he took a wife in the person of En-Nassira Es-Salwi, daughter of the Emir Mohamed el Hayba Ould Nogmach
- ^ a b Pellow, Thomas. The adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, mariner (PDF). p. 140.
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...he and his favourite Queen Hellema Hazzezas (in English the beloved) ...her favourite son Muly Zidan, a youth of about eight years of age
- ^ "Queens who ruled Morocco: Um'el'Iz Tabba'a". فبراير.كوم | موقع مغربي إخباري شامل يتجدد على مدار الساعة (in Arabic). 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
Um'el'Iz ... one of the wives of sultan moulay ismail, who had the same place as sultana zidana and...
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax Abd al-Rahman ibn Zaydan, Abd al-Rahman (1993). المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل ابن الشرف (in Arabic). Casablanca. p. 393.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k ibn Zaydan, Abd al-Rahman (1993). المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل ابن الشريف (in Arabic). Casablanca. p. 394.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x ibn Zaydan, Abd al-Rahman (1993). المنزع اللطيف في مفاخر المولى إسماعيل ابن الشريف (in Arabic). Casablanca. p. 392.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d "?". geni_family_tree. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ a b Bekkaoui, Khalid., White women captives in North Africa. Narratives of enslavement, 1735-1830, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2010, p.26
- ^ Braithwaite, John, The history of the revolutions in the Empire of Morocco, upon the death of the late Emperor Muley Ishmael; being a most exact journal of what happened in those parts in the last and part of the present year. ... Written by Captain Braithwaite, ... With a map of the country, engraved by Mr. Senex., printed by J. Darby and T. Browne, London, 1729
- ^ Braithwaite, John (1729). The History of the Revolutions in the Empire of Morocco: Upon the Death of the Late Emperor Muley Ishmael; Being a Most Exact Journal of what Happen'd in Those Parts in the Last and Part of the Present Year. With Observations Natural, Moral and Political, Relating to that Country and People. James and John Knapton, Arthur Bettesworth, Francis Fayram, John Osborn and Thomas Longman, and Charles Rivington. p. 191.
- ^ Archives, The National. "The Discovery Service". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
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Henry, Marguerite (2006). King of the Wind: The Story of the Godolphin Arabian. Aladdin: Reissue edition. pp. 48, 50. ISBN 978-1-4169-2786-0.
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- Figueras, Garcia; Saint-Cyr, Joulia (1973). Larache: datos para su historia en el siglo XVII [ISBN 84-500-6144-X.
- Rézette, Robert, ed. (1976). The Spanish enclaves in Morocco.
- Braithwaite, John, ed. (1729). The History of the Revolution in the Empire of Morocco upon the Death of the late Emperor Muley Ishmael.
- Mouette, Germain (2010). The travels of the Sieur Mouette, in the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco, during his eleven years captivity in those parts. ISBN 978-1-140-97129-0.
- Les Alaouites, Mohammed VI: Une dynastie, un règne (pdf), Les documents de L'Économiste (in French), Casablanca: L'Économiste, 2009
Further reading
- Windus, John (1725). A journey to Mequinez; the residence of the present emperor of Fez and Morocco. On the occasion of Commodore Stewart's embassy thither for the redemption of the British captives in the year 1721 (1 ed.).
- Blunt, Wilfrid (1951). Black Sunrise: The Life and Times of Mulai Ismail, Emperor of Morocco 1646-1727.
- Mercer, Patricia (1977). "Palace and Jihād in the Early 'Alawī State in Morocco." Journal of African History.
- Abum-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period.
- Pennell, C.R. (2000). Morocco Since 1830.
- Kamian, Bakari (2001). Des Tranchés de Verdun à l'église Saint Bernard.
- Vitkus, Matar, Daniel J., Nabil I. (2001). Piracy, Slavery, and Redemption: Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England
- El Hamel (2013). Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam. Cambridge University Press.