Isoflurane
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Trade names | Forane, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | FDA Professional Drug Information |
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Routes of administration | Inhalation |
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Isoflurane, sold under the brand name Forane among others, is a
Side effects of isoflurane include a
Isoflurane was approved for medical use in the United States in 1979.[4][7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8][9]
Medical uses
Isoflurane is always administered in conjunction with
Mechanism of action
Similar to many general anesthetics, the exact mechanism of the action
General anaesthesia with isoflurane reduces plasma endocannabinoid AEA concentrations, and this could be a consequence of stress reduction after loss of consciousness.[23]
Adverse effects
Isoflurane can cause a sudden decrease in blood pressure due to dose-dependent peripheral vasodilation. This may be specially marked in hypovolemic patients.[13]
Animal studies have raised safety concerns of certain general anesthetics, in particular
Elderly
Biophysical studies using
Physical properties
Molecular weight |
184.5g/mol[27] | ||
atm ): |
48.5 °C[27] | ||
Density (at 25 °C): | 1.496 g/mL[27] | ||
MAC : | 1.15 vol % | ||
Vapor pressure: | 238 mmHg | 31.7 kPa | (at 20 °C) |
295 mmHg | 39.3 kPa | (at 25 °C) | |
367 mmHg | 48.9 kPa | (at 30 °C) | |
450 mmHg | 60.0 kPa | (at 35 °C)[27] | |
Water solubility | 13.5 mM | (at 25 °C)[28] | |
Blood:gas partition coefficient : |
1.4 | ||
Oil:gas partition coefficient: | 98 |
It is administered as a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-optical isomers.[29] Isoflurane has a boiling point of 48.5 - 49 °C (119 - 120 °F).[27] It is non-combustible but can give off irritable and toxic fumes when exposed to flame.[27]
History
Together with enflurane and halothane, Isoflurane began to replace the flammable ethers used in the pioneer days of surgery; this shift began in the 1940s to the 1950s.[30] Its name comes from being a structural isomer of enflurane, hence they have the same empirical formula.[31]
Environment
The average lifetime of isoflurane in the atmosphere is 3.2 years, its global warming potential is 510 and the yearly emissions add up to 880 tons.[32]
Veterinary use
Isoflurane is frequently used for
References
- ^ "Isoflurane Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 2 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ a b c d e "Isoflurane 100% Inhalation Vapour, Liquid - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 29 October 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "Forane- isoflurane inhalant". DailyMed. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ISBN 9780323263528. Archivedfrom the original on 2016-12-20.
- ISBN 9781107681309. Archivedfrom the original on 2016-12-20.
- ^ "Forane: FDA-Approved Drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
- ISBN 978-0-7817-5126-1. Archivedfrom the original on 2016-05-09.
- PMID 4730162.
- S2CID 195331061.
- ^ PMID 30422552.
- ^ "How does anesthesia work?". Scientific American. February 7, 2005. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016.
- PMID 1326046.
- PMID 9952156.
- PMID 1331405.
- PMID 10683198.
- S2CID 14269792.
- PMID 1318010.
- S2CID 26993898.
- ^ "Protein kinases A and C phosphorylate..." www.diagnosticpathology.eu. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- PMID 20525978.
- ^ from the original on 2009-03-09.
- PMID 19116131.
- PMID 17456811.
- ^ a b c d e f "Isoflurane". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- PMID 1391078.
- PMID 24801074.
- PMID 18292690.
- S2CID 24183480.
- .
- PMID 1585568.
- ^ "Isoflurane-Vet 100% w/w Inhalation vapour, liquid". www.noahcompendium.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
External links
- "Isoflurane". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- U.S. patent 3,535,388 - 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether
- U.S. patent 3,535,425 - 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether as an anesthetic agent