Israel–Hamas war
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An
The war began when Hamas-led militant groups
Since the start of the Israeli invasion, over 40,000 Palestinians in Gaza
The war continues to have significant
Names
The topic is referred to with different names. Israel calls it the 'War of Iron Swords' (
Background
The
Since 2007, the
Since 2007, Israel and Hamas, along with other Palestinian militant groups based in Gaza, have engaged in conflict,[188][186][193] including in four wars in 2008–2009, 2012, 2014, and 2021.[194][195] These conflicts killed approximately 6,400 Palestinians and 300 Israelis.[196][107][181] In 2018–2019, there were large weekly organized protests near the Gaza-Israel border, which were violently suppressed by Israel, whose forces killed hundreds and injured thousands of Palestinians by sniper fire.[197][198] Soon after the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis began, Hamas' military wing, the Al-Qassam Brigades, started planning the 7 October 2023 operation against Israel.[199][200] According to diplomats, Hamas had repeatedly said in the months leading up to October 2023 that it did not want another military escalation in Gaza as it would worsen the humanitarian crisis that occurred after the 2021 conflict.[191]
Hamas officials stated that the attack was a response to the
Events
7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel
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- Approximate situation on 7–8 October
- A blood-stained floor in the aftermath of the Nahal Oz attack
- Aftermath of Hamas rocket hit on the maternity ward of Barzilai Medical Center
- Satellite view of widespread fires in Israeli areas surrounding the Gaza Strip
- Footage of Israeli soldiers securing the area after the Re'im music festival massacre
The attacks took place during the Jewish holidays of
Hamas employed tactics such as using aerial drones to disable Israeli observation posts,
Militants killed civilians at
The 7 October attack was described as "an intelligence failure for the ages"[238] and a "failure of imagination" on the part of the Israeli government.[239] A BBC report on the intelligence failure commented that "it must have taken extraordinary levels of operational security by Hamas".[240] Israeli officials later anonymously reported to Axios that the IDF and Shin Bet had detected abnormal movements by Hamas the day before the attack, but decided to wait for additional intelligence before raising the military's alert level. They also did not inform political leaders of the intelligence reports.[241]
A briefing in The Economist noted that "the assault dwarf[ed] all other mass murders of Israeli civilians", reasoning that "the last time before October 7th that this many Jews were murdered on a single day was during the Holocaust."[227] Hamas stated that its attack was a response to the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the expansion of
Initial Israeli counter-operation (October 2023)
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- Approximate situation on 9 October
- Aftermath of a Hamas rocket hit on the maternity ward of Barzilai Medical Center, a hospital in Ashkelon, Israel, on 8 October 2023
- Building in the Gaza Strip being destroyed by Israeli missiles
- Wounded child and man receive treatment on the floor at Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City
- Remains of the Sderot police station, following recapture by IDF
- Destruction of a residential building in Gaza by an Israeli airstrike
After the initial breach of the Gaza perimeter by Palestinian militants, it took hours for the IDF to start its counter-attack.
A subsequent Israeli investigation claimed that militants had been instructed not to run so that the air force would think they were Israelis.[231] This deception worked for some time, but pilots began to realize the problem and ignore their restrictions. By around 9:00 am, some helicopters started laying down fire without prior authorization.[231]
A July 2024 Haaretz investigation revealed that the IDF ordered the Hannibal Directive to be used, adding: "Haaretz does not know whether or how many civilians and soldiers were hit due to these procedures, but the cumulative data indicates that many of the kidnapped people were at risk, exposed to Israeli gunfire, even if they were not the target." At 7:18 a.m., an observation post reported someone had been kidnapped at the Erez crossing, close to the IDF's liaison office.[246]
At 6:40 p.m. military intelligence believed militants were intending to flee back to Gaza in an organized manner from near Kibbutz Be'eri, Kfar Azza and Kissufim. In response the army launched artillery at the border fence area, very close to some of these communities. Shells were also fired at the Erez border crossing shortly thereafter. The IDF said it was not aware of any civilians being hurt in these bombardments.[246] 14 hostages were in the house of Pessi Cohen at Kibbutz Be'eri as the IDF attacked it, with 13 of them killed.[246]
Former Israeli Air Force officer Colonel Nof Erez said: "This was a mass Hannibal. It was tons and tons of openings in the fence, and thousands of people in every type of vehicle, some with hostages and some without." ABC News (Australia) said that not only soldiers but also Israeli civilians were targeted, citing testimonies from two incidents at Kibbutz Be'eri and Nir Oz.[247]
Six months later the IDF released a review exonerating itself, but it left many at Kibbutz Be'eri unsatisfied and contradicted the testimony from one of the survivors, Yasmin Porat, who told Israel's Kan radio on 15 October that Hamas gunmen had not threatened the hostages and instead intended to negotiate with police for their safe return to Gaza. She said an Israeli police special unit had started the gun battle by firing upon the house, catching "five or six" kibbutz residents outside in "very, very heavy crossfire". In the interview, she was asked: "So our forces may have shot them?" "Undoubtedly," she replied."[247]
The attack appeared to have been a complete surprise to the Israelis.
On 9 or 10 October, Hamas offered to release all civilian hostages held in Gaza if Israel would call off its planned invasion of the Gaza Strip, but the Israeli government rejected the offer.[253]
The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war",[215] mobilized tens of thousands of army reservists,[213][218] and declared a state of emergency for areas within 80 kilometers (50 mi) of Gaza.[254] The Yamam counterterrorism unit was deployed,[255] along with four new divisions, augmenting 31 existing battalions.[205] Reservists were reported deployed in Gaza, in the West Bank, and along borders with Lebanon and Syria.[256]
Residents near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters".[218] The southern region of Israel was closed to civilian movement,[255] and roads were closed around Gaza[205] and Tel Aviv.[218] While Ben Gurion Airport and Ramon Airport remained operational, multiple airlines cancelled flights to and from Israel.[257] Israel Railways suspended service in parts of the country and replaced some routes with temporary bus routes,[258][259] while cruise lines removed the ports of Ashdod and Haifa from their itineraries.[260]
Israeli blockade and bombardment
Following the surprise attack, the
On 9 October, Defense Minister Gallant announced a "total" blockade of the Gaza Strip, cutting off electricity and blocking the entry of food and fuel, saying "We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly".
Evacuation of Northern Gaza
On 13 October, the IDF called for the evacuation of all civilians in
As a part of the order, the IDF announced a six-hour window from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. local time on 13 October, for refugees to flee south along specified routes within the Gaza Strip.[278] An explosion at 5:30 p.m. along one of the safe routes killed 70 Palestinians. Israel and Hamas blamed each other for the attack.[279]
The IDF said Hamas set up roadblocks to keep Gaza residents from evacuating south and caused traffic jams.[280] Israeli officials stated this was done to use civilians as "human shields", which Hamas denied.[281] A number of countries and international organizations condemned what they called Hamas's use of hospitals and civilians as human shields.[282]
17 October
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- A man carries the body of a Palestinian child killed during the shelling of 17 October 2023
- The impact crater
- Aftermath of Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
On 17 October, Israel bombed areas of southern Gaza.
The cause of the explosion at Al-Ahli Arab Hospital is contested. In the days after the blast, US, Canadian, French and UK defense and intelligence services concluded it was caused by an errant Palestinian rocket.[291] Channel 4 news cast doubt on Israeli claims of a misfired Hamas rocket being responsible for the blast.[292][293] The Associated Press,[294] CNN,[295] The Economist, The Guardian, and The Wall Street Journal[296] concluded a Palestinian missile was the most likely explanation for the blast. In late November, an analysis by Human Rights Watch indicated the evidence pointed to a misfired Palestinian rocket as the cause, but stated that further investigation was required.[297] Forensic Architecture's investigation, as reported by The New York Times, Bloomberg News, BBC News, and El País, disputed Israel's account, concluding instead that the blast was the result of a munition fired from the direction of Israel.[298] A second report by Forensic Architecture took into account the situated testimony of doctors, survivors, and journalists on the ground, as well as photogrammetry and 3D reconstruction, and gave additional credibility to the incident being an Israeli attack instead of a misfired Palestinian rocket.[299] In April 2024 The New Yorker, citing investigations from Earshot and Forensic Architecture, highlighted doubts about a Palestinian rocket involvement and noted the IDF's role in fostering uncertainty through misinformation.[300][301]
Invasion of the Gaza Strip until the truce (October–November 2023)
- Israeli soldiers preparing for the ground invasion of the Gaza Strip on 29 October
- Israeli military during ground operations on 31 October
- Israeli military during ground operations on 1 November
- Armored IDF D9R bulldozer around 16 November 2023
- Israeli tanks during operations on 31 October
On 27 October, the IDF launched a large-scale, multi-pronged ground incursion into parts of northern Gaza. The IDF was building up a force of over 100,000 soldiers in the cities of
| External videos | |
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 Gazan child speaks of having to carry a decapitated body after Israeli strike on Jabalia (via The Irish Times) |
On 31 October, Israel bombed a six-story apartment building in central Gaza, killing at least 106 civilians including 54 children in what Human Rights Watch called an "apparent war crime."[314] On 1 November, the first group of evacuees left Gaza for Egypt. 500 evacuees, comprising critically wounded and foreign nationals, would be evacuated over the course of several days, with 200 evacuees already waiting at the border crossing.[315] On the same day, the Jabalia refugee camp was bombed for a second time.[316][317]
On 3 November,
On 18 November Israeli strikes killed over 80 people in Jabalia refugee camp.[321] Israel also attacked a clearly marked Médecins Sans Frontières convoy, killing two aid workers.[322] On 22 November, Israel and Hamas reached a temporary ceasefire agreement, providing for a four-day pause[323] in hostilities to allow for the release of 50 hostages held in Gaza.[323][324] The deal also provided for the release of approximately 150 Palestinian women and children incarcerated by Israel.[324] The Israeli Prime Minister's Office stated Israel's intention to continue the war.[323][324]
Duration of the truce (November–December 2023)
Following the introduction of a Qatari-brokered
From 24 to 30 November, Hamas released hostages and Israel released prisoners. On 27 November, Qatar announced that an agreement between Israel and Hamas to extend the truce by two days had been reached.[325] Both Israel and Hamas accused each other of violating the truce on 28 November.[326] On 30 November, in a "last-minute agreement", Hamas released eight hostages in exchange for the release of 30 imprisoned Palestinians and a one-day truce extension.[327]
Resumption of hostilities (December 2023 – May 2024)
Continuation of operations in Northern Gaza (December 2023 – January 2024)
The truce expired on 1 December, as Israel and Hamas blamed each other for failing to agree on an extension. The disagreement centered on "how to define soldiers versus civilians and how many Palestinian prisoners Israel would release for its hostages".
Israel adopted a grid system to order precise evacuations within Gaza, released a map, and dropped leaflets with a QR code. The grid-based evacuation system was criticized as inaccessible and confusing due to the lack of electricity and internet connectivity in Gaza. Some evacuation instructions were vague or contradictory,[334][335] and Israel struck "safe" areas it had told people to evacuate to.[336][337][338]
Law experts said they had not seen significant changes in how Israel waged war, calling its warnings to civilians ineffective and saying it was unclear if anywhere in Gaza was safe.[339] Amnesty International said "US-made weapons facilitated the mass killings of extended families". Amnesty found no evidence of military targets at the sites of the strikes, or indication occupants were affiliated with Hamas, prompting it to request airstrikes be investigated as possible war crimes.[340] Decomposed babies were found in Al-Nasr Children's Hospital in north Gaza, two weeks after its forced evacuation.[341][342]
On 6 December Refaat Alareer, a prominent professor and writer in Gaza, was killed by an Israeli airstrike.[343] His poem, "If I Must Die" was widely circulated after his death.[344]
Advance into Central Gaza (December 2023 – February 2024)
In December, the IDF reported its troops had reached the centers of Khan Yunis, Jabalia, and Shuja'iyya.[345] Intensified bombing pushed Palestinian civilians south to Rafah.[346] On 7 December, Israel detained 150 men in the Gaza Strip, with dozens more detained on 10 December. According to Israel, the detentions followed a mass surrender of Hamas militants.[347][348] The New York Times reported that the statement about Hamas fighters surrendering was made after video and photos of "men stripped to their underwear, sitting or kneeling… with some bound and blindfolded" were seen on social media.[349]The Guardian reported that among those in the images were civilians, including a journalist. The ICRC said it was concerned and strongly emphasized humane and dignified treatment of those detained as well as international humanitarian law.[350] The BBC reported that a video of the apparent surrender of weapons was unclear on whether a man is "surrendering" weapons, or just moving them as instructed, suggesting it was performed for the camera rather than an authentic surrender, and it is unknown if the individuals are involved with Hamas, or the 7 October attack.[351] Haaretz reported that Israel believed about 10% of the people shown in the video were affiliated with Hamas, and despite public statements by Israel, this was not a "mass surrender" by Hamas.[352] Amnesty International described the treatment of those detained on 7 December as a violation of international law.[353]
On 8 December the Israeli Navy fired 20mm cannon rounds at UNRWA facilities in Rafah.[322]
On 13 December, the IDF said that, since it designated a humanitarian zone for civilians in the Gaza Strip on 18 October 116 rockets had been fired from there toward Israel, including 38 falling inside Gaza.[354] The Pentagon announced on 9 December that the Biden administration had authorized the sale of around 14,000 rounds of tank ammunition to Israel without congressional authorization, using emergency powers.[355] On 29 December, it did so again with $148 million worth of artillery shells and related items.[356]
On 15 December, the IDF announced it had killed three Israeli hostages by friendly fire. They "mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" during operations in Shuja'iyya.[132][357][358] The same day, an IDF tank fired at the Convent of the Sisters of Mother Teresa, displacing the 54 disabled people sheltering there and leaving some without respirators that they needed to survive. Later that day, an IDF sniper killed two women sheltering in the compound. Pope Francis condemned the attack, calling it "terrorism."[322]
Withdrawal from Northern Gaza (January–February 2024)
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On 1 January 2024, Israel withdrew from neighborhoods in North Gaza.[359] On 7 January, the IDF conducted a targeted missile strike on a car carrying Al Jazeera journalists Hamza Dadouh and Mustafa Thuraya; they and their driver were killed.[360]
Rocket attacks on Israeli cities by Hamas decreased during this period with attacks on New Year's Eve and 29 January 2024.[361][362] On 8 January, an Israeli tank fired at a MSF facility housing 100 aid workers and their families, killing a 5-year-old girl.[322] On 15 January, Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant said the most intense fighting in the north of the Gaza Strip had ended, and a new phase of low-intensity fighting was about to begin.[363] On 13 January, an Israeli tank fired at a convoy of Paltel repair workers returning to Rafah from the Paltel central offices in Khan Yunis. Two were killed. The job they completed and the route they took were pre-approved by COGAT.[364]
By 18 January, the IDF stated that Hamas had begun to rebuild its armies in formerly occupied parts of North Gaza and that their fighting strength had been significantly restored. The IDF had previously said that Hamas control over North Gaza was "dismantled" without providing any evidence.[365] An Israeli airstrike hit a residential compound housing aid workers with the International Rescue Committee and Medical Aid for Palestinians in Al-Mawasi. Because of the destruction of the compound, six frontline medical workers had to leave their posts and IRC and MAP surgeons were forced to suspend their work at Nasser Hospital.[322]
On 22 January 24 IDF soldiers died in the deadliest day for the IDF since the invasion began. Of these, 21 died when Palestinian militants fired an RPG at a tank, causing adjacent buildings that soldiers were rigging to demolish to collapse prematurely.[366][367][368]
On 29 January, Israeli forces killed Hind Rajab and six of her family members when the car they were driving was struck by an Israeli tank and machine gun fire. The IDF later killed two rescue workers who attempted to retrieve Rajab from her family's car.[369] The Red Crescent released the audio from Rajab's phone call with rescue workers, causing international outrage over her death.[370] On 31 January, Israeli forces bombed the offices of the Belgian development agency Enabel, completely destroying the building, after Belgium announced earlier that day that it would not suspend funding for UNRWA.[322]
Preparations for the attack on Rafah (February–March 2024)
During February to early May 2024, Israeli preparations to invade Rafah became a dominant issue in Israeli officials' public rhetoric. On 12 February, Israel started a bombing campaign on Rafah.[371] On 5 February, Israeli gunboats shelled a clearly marked UNRWA convoy, forcing UNRWA to suspend its operations for almost 3 weeks, affecting 200,000 people.[322] On 15 February, The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times reported that Egypt was building a refugee camp for over 100,000 people south of Rafah, surrounded by five-meter-high concrete walls.[372][373] Mohamed Abdel-Fadil Shousha, governor of North Sinai Governorate, denied these rumors in a statement published by Al Arabiya.[374] On 20 February 2 family members of MSF staff were killed when Israel shelled a clearly marked MSF shelter.[322]
On 29 February, over
By 6 March, Israel had completed a new road in Gaza running from east to west. The IDF reported the road was an "active logistical route, constantly maintained". It was intended to be used for mobilization of troops and supplies, to connect and defend IDF positions on al-Rashid and Salah al-Din streets, and prevent people in the south Gaza Strip from returning to the north.[381] On 9 March, an Anera employee and his six-year-old son were killed along with several neighbors when their home was hit by an airstrike.[322]
Second raid on al-Shifa Hospital and withdrawal from southern Gaza (March–April 2024)
Israeli forces raided al-Shifa hospital again between 18 March and 1 April. The IDF clashed with Hamas in the area.
According to the IDF, senior Hamas leaders were killed during the hospital fighting.[390] Survivors of the events reported that workers in Gaza's civil government were receiving their salaries at the hospital before it was raided, and that claims of militants organizing on hospital grounds were not supported by evidence.[391] The IDF said it killed 200 people in and around the hospital. Time Magazine said it provided "no evidence that all were militants."[392] The Gaza media office reported that Israeli forces had killed 400 Palestinians around the hospital, and rendered the medical facility out of use, according to Reuters.[393] Photos of the hospital after Israeli withdrawal showed its "walls blown out and frame blackened" by fire.[394] Hundreds of bodies were found on hospital grounds, with Palestinian witnesses describing massacres.[395] According to a Forensic Architecture report, Israeli forces desecrated makeshift burial grounds within the hospital compound and buried Palestinians killed during the second invasion in mass graves using military bulldozers.[396]
On 10 March, a deputy Hamas military commander, Marwan Issa, was reportedly killed in an airstrike.[397] On 23 March, 19 Palestinians were killed by the IDF while waiting for humanitarian aid at the Kuwait roundabout in Gaza City.[398] On 25 March, the UN Security Council passed a resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, to last for the remainder of Ramadan. The US abstained; all other delegates voted in favor.[399] IDF activities in the Gaza Strip remained unchanged following adoption of the resolution.[400] On 28 March, the IDF shot and killed two unarmed men in central Gaza, before burying them in sand with bulldozers.[401] The Council on American-Islamic Relations called for a UN investigation into the "heinous war crime."[402]
On 1 April, seven aid workers from World Central Kitchen, including British, Polish, Australian, and Irish nationals, were killed in an Israeli airstrike south of Deir al-Balah.[403][404][405] World Central Kitchen said their vehicles were clearly marked and their location known to Israel. World Central Kitchen, ANERA and Project HOPE suspended their operations in Gaza. 240 tons of aid from World Central Kitchen was not distributed due to its withdrawal.[404][406] On 4 April, Israel opened the Erez Crossing for the first time since 7 October after US pressure.[407]
On 7 April, Israel withdrew from the south Gaza Strip, with only one brigade remaining in the Netzarim Corridor in the north.[408] Palestinians displaced from that city began to return from the south of the Gaza Strip.[409] Israel planned to initiate its ground offensive in Rafah around mid-April, but postponed to consider its response to the Iranian strikes on Israel.[410] On 25 April, Israel intensified strikes on Rafah ahead of threatened invasion.[411][412] On 5 May, Hamas launched a rocket attack from Rafah towards Kerem Shalom, killing 3 Israeli soldiers.[413]
Beginning of the Rafah offensive (May–July 2024)
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- Top: Israeli Merkava tanks at the Rafah Border Crossing
- Middle: The Givati Brigade in eastern Rafah
- Bottom: The Nahal Brigade in eastern Rafah
On 6 May, the IDF ordered civilians in eastern Rafah to evacuate to
Israel ordered a series of airstrikes on Rafah, while the Israeli war cabinet voted to invade Rafah.[420][421] Later that day, the IDF entered the outskirts of Rafah and approached the Rafah Crossing and Egyptian border.[420][422][423] On 7 May, the IDF seized control of the Gaza side of the Rafah Crossing bordering Egypt.[424][425] Haaretz reported that as talks continued, Israel committed to Egypt and the US that it would limit fighting to the Rafah Crossing and transfer control of the area to an American security company. However, the State Department and White House denied any knowledge of this commitment.[426] The previous week, the US had paused a shipment of bombs to Israel over concerns about the offensive.[427] On 11 May, the IDF ordered more residents to evacuate eastern and central Rafah.[428] By 15 May, an estimated 600,000 had fled Rafah and another 100,000 from the north, according to the United Nations.[429] On 24 May, the International Court of Justice ruled that "Israel must immediately halt its military offensive, and any other action in the Rafah Governorate, which may inflict on the Palestinian group in Gaza conditions of life that could bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part."[169][430]
On 24 May, the
| Al Jazeera video of the Al-Awda School massacre | |
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| External video | |
| Video of the July 9 air strike and its aftermath taken by a football spectator who was filming the game. Contains graphic images of severe injury.[440] |
On 6 June, Israel
Continued operations throughout Gaza (July 2024 – present)
On 13 July, at least 90 people were killed and 300 were injured in
Second and third battles of Khan Yunis (22 July – 30 August)
On 22 July, the IDF began
Polio vaccination campaign
On 16 August, a 10-month-old contracted Gaza's first case of polio in 25 years.[478] Polio vaccinations began on 31 August at Nasser Hospital.[479][480] On 4 September, World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that vaccinations would continue at "four fixed sites in central Gaza for three more days".[481] On 6 September, the Gaza Health Ministry said that Israel was hindering polio vaccinations by refusing to coordinate the entry of medical teams into the southern Gaza Strip.[482] On 9 September, UN staff working with the polio vaccination campaign were detained by Israeli soldiers in northern Gaza, who held them at gunpoint and damaged UN vehicles with bulldozers.[483] On 16 September, Lazzarini said that first phase of polio vaccination was a success and it reached 90% of the children.[484] On 12 October, the WHO was able to begin its vaccination campaign in Central Gaza despite strikes on al-Aqsa Hospital.[485][486][487] Strikes on the Mufti school in Nuseirat also delayed the distribution of polio vaccines.[488] On 17 October, the vaccination campaign in central Gaza was completed.[489] On 23 October, vaccinations in northern Gaza were postponed due to Israeli bombardment, mass displacement and lack of access.[490] On 2 November, the WHO began its vaccination campaign in northern Gaza. An Israeli quadcopter fired on the Sheikh Radwan clinic, injuring six people. The IDF denied responsibility for the attack.[491][492] On 6 November, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus announced that polio vaccination campaign in northern Gaza was completed a day prior. He said that up to 10,000 children could not be reached for receiving a second dose and added that "efforts will continue to reach more children through regular health services".[493]
Ground operation in Rafah
On 1 September, Israel bombed a school sheltering displaced Palestinians, killing 11 people.
Attacks in central Gaza
An Israeli airstrike on a UNRWA-run school-turned-shelter in Nuseirat refugee camp killed at least 18 people.[501][38][502] In September, an Israeli strike on a home in Nuseirat refugee camp killed 10 Palestinians.[503][504] An Israeli air strike on Zeitoun school in Gaza City killed at least 21 Palestinians.[505][506][507] Israel returned 88 bodies to Gaza in a container truck, providing no personal or location information where the victims had been killed. Nasser Hospital health officials refused to bury the bodies until they were identified.[508] An Israeli strike on a school-turned-shelter in Jabalia killed at least 15 Palestinians.[509][510] Israeli forces bombed two houses on the Nuseirat camp, killing at least 13 people.[511][512]
In October,
In November, Israeli bombardment in Deir Al-Balah, the Nuseirat refugee camp and Al-Zawayda killed 47 Palestinians and injured dozens of people.[528] An Israeli strike on the entrance of a school serving as shelter for displaced people in the Nuseirat refugee camp killed at least 14 Palestinians.[529] An Israeli strike on a car in Khan Yunis killed 10 people.[529] An Israeli strike on a school serving as shelter for displaced people in the Al-Shati refugee camp killed 12 people.[530][531] An Israeli drone strike on a small cafe in Israeli designated humanitarian zone in al-Mawasi, Khan Yunis killed 11 people and injured dozens of people.[532][533] Israeli air strikes killed at least 20 Palestinians in Nuseirat refugee camp.[534] An Israeli strike on a group of Palestinians waiting for aid killed 12 people and injured several others.[535] An Israeli airstrike on Abu Assi School used for housing displaced families in Al-Shati refugee camp killed at least 10 people and wounded at least 20 others.[536][537]
In December, an Israeli air strike targeted a home in Nuseirat refugee camp that was evacuated before the strike, killing at least 26 Palestinians and injuring over 60 others in nearby houses.
Siege of Jabalia (5 October – present)
On 8 October, the IDF began to
In October, Israeli strikes on Jabalia killed at least 152 people. Strikes included the bombardment of Jabalia refugee camp on 6 October,[552] Al-Yemen Al-Saeed Hospital on 9 October,[553] an evacuation center in the western part of Jabalia on 10 October,[554] a multistory building on 11 October,[555][556] a food distribution center on 14 October,[557] the al-Faluja area on 15 October,[558] the UNRWA-run Abu Hussein school on 17 October,[559][560][561] and houses in the vicinity of Nassar Junction on 18 October.[562][563][564]
Strikes on Jabalia in November killed at least an additional 95 people. Strikes included the bombardment of a house on 7 November,[565] another house on Old Gaza Street on 10 November,[566][567][568][569] a strike on another home on 13 November,[570] shelling on 14 November,[571] and a strike in Jabalia al-Balad on 20 November.[572][573]
On 10 December, the IDF said that it killed 10 Hamas operatives who were involved in the killing of three Israeli soldiers and injuring of 12 others in Jabalia one day prior in an air strike.[574]
Killing of Yahya Sinwar
On 16 October, IDF ground forces killed Yahya Sinwar in a shootout in Tal as-Sultan.[575] The conscript soldiers who participated in the shootout were initially unaware that one of the militants they had killed was Sinwar, and he was identified the following day by his dental records.[576] Sinwar's death while participating in ground battles alongside a small group of militants ran counter to the Israeli defense establishment's assumptions that he would be hiding underground, surrounded by hostages. There were no hostages in Sinwar's vicinity at the time of his death,[577] and no civilian casualties were reported.[578] Joe Biden urged Israel to end the war citing victory as a result of Sinwar's death.[579]
Generals' plan
On 13 October, senior IDF officials told Haaretz that the government was not seeking to revive hostage talks and that political leadership was pushing for the annexation of parts of the Gaza Strip.[580] In the later weeks of October, Israel's siege on North Gaza intensified and daily aid shipments dropped significantly. Eyewitnesses reported the shelling of hospitals, razing of shelters, and abductions of men and boys by the Israeli military, leading to speculation that Israel had decided to implement a plan by a group of retired generals to turn the northern Strip into a closed military zone and declare all who refuse to leave as combatants.[581] On 19 October, Israel bombed al-Awda Hospital in Jabalia and Kamal Adwan and the Indonesian hospitals in Beit Lahiya.[582] The IDF continued its encirclement of Jabalia by sending tanks to Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun and issuing evacuation orders to residents. Israeli Colonel Ehsan Daxa was killed on 20 October during fighting in Jabalia when his tank squadron was hit with explosive devices.[583] Civilian sources also told Mondoweiss that on 20 October, Israel detained over 700 people at the UN-run Abu Hussein school in Jabalia camp. The army then forced the detainees to huddle together in a ditch and made each person stand in front of a camera that scanned their faces, revealing detailed personal information about them. Suspected members or relatives of members were taken to an unknown location and may have been executed.[584] On 24 October, an IDF attack destroyed at least 10 residential buildings in the al-Hawja residential area inside the Jabalia refugee camp. According to an assessment by Gaza Civil Defense, 150 people were killed or injured.[585] Gaza's civil defense ministry said that since the start of Israel's siege of north Gaza, at least 770 people had been killed there in total.[586] On 25 October, Gaza Civil Defense said that an Israeli drone strike on a group of Palestinians receiving aid near Shati refugee camp killed 12 people.[587] The WHO said it had lost contact with Kamal Adwan hospital that night, and UN human rights chief Volker Türk called recent developments in North Gaza the "darkest moment" in the war so far. In his statement, Türk invoked the international obligation to prevent genocide, marking a departure from UN hesitancy to use that word regarding the war.[588] Food aid to Gaza reached a new low in October at an average of 30 trucks per day, or less than 6% of the daily pre-war average.[589] Residents of northern Gaza have said no aid has reached its cities since 5 October.[590]
Israeli strikes on Beit Lahia in October killed at least 270 people. Israel struck several homes and a multistory building on 20 October,[591][592][593] a residential area on 26 October,[594] a building housing displaced people on 27 October,[595] a residential building on 29 October where over 100 people were killed,[596][597][598] and another residential area the same day,[599][600] as well as a market on 30 October.[601]
An Israeli airstrike on the UN-run Asmaa school sheltering displaced families in Al-Shati refugee camp killed at least 11 people and injured several others.[602][603][604] On 1 November, two Israeli strikes on buildings in northern Gaza killed 84 Palestinians.[605] The UN warned that the situation had become "apocalyptic" and that "The entire Palestinian population in North Gaza is at imminent risk of dying from disease, famine and violence".[606] On 2 November, UNICEF said that over 50 children were killed in Israeli strikes in Jabalia in the past two days.[607] On 5 November, Israeli Brigadier General Itzik Cohen told reporters that "there is no intention of allowing the residents of the northern Gaza Strip to return" and that no food aid had entered northern Gaza because there were "no more civilians left".[590] On 7 November, the IDF said that it killed an estimated 50 militants in Jabalia and Beit Lahia and killed a number of militants in Rafah one day prior.[608] On 9 November, the IDF said that its 162nd Division killed dozens of militants in Jabalia in the past day.[609] On 12 November, aid in Gaza fell to its lowest level in 11 months despite a US ultimatum that it be restored.[610]
In November, Israeli strikes on Beit Lahia killed at least 248 people. Strikes hit a home on 4 November,[611] a building serving as a shelter on 6 November,[612] a multi-story building on 17 November,[613][614][615] a home near Kamal Adwan Hospital on 18 November,[616] a residential neighborhood near Kamal Adwan on 20 November,[617][618][619] and another residential building on 29 November.[620][621] Hamas said an additional 112 people were killed in Israeli attacks on 22 November.[622]
Attacks on Gaza City in November killed at least 58 people. Targets included the Sheikh Radwan neighborhood on 20 November,[623] al-Tabin school on 27 November,[624][625][626] a home in the Abu Iskandar neighborhood on 29 November,[627][628] and Al-Hurreya School, which served as a shelter for displaced people, on 26 November.[629][630][631]
On 16 November, PIJ said it destroyed an Israeli army vehicle in Beit Lahia.[613] On 23 November, Hamas said an Israeli hostage had been killed in northern Gaza in an area where Israel was operating. On 24 November, Israel issued a new wave of evacuation orders, triggering another round of displacements in Jabalia.[632] UNRWA said that Israel had rejected nine attempts to deliver aid to north Gaza in the month of November and obstructed an additional 82 attempts; they added that the survival conditions were diminishing for the 60,000 to 70,000 civilians remaining in north Gaza.[633] On 30 November, more than 40 people were killed in an Israeli air raid on the Tel al-Zataar area of Jabalia which caused the collapse of a six-story building and trapped several others under the rubble.[634][635][636] Al-Aqsa TV journalist Mamdouh Qanita was killed by an Israeli quadcopter in Gaza City.[637] On 1 December, an Israeli strike on a home in Beit Lahia killed 25 people.[638][639] Mahmoud Almadhoun, a chef who founded the Gaza Soup Kitchen, was targeted and killed by an Israeli quadcopter near Kamal Adwan hospital.[640] On 3 December, an Israeli strike on a residential building in Beit Lahia killed 12 people.[641] On 4 December, two consecutive Israeli strikes in Israeli designated humanitarian safe zone of al-Mawasi killed at least 21 Palestinians, injured at least 28 others.[642][643][644] Four multi-story buildings collapsed as a result of an Israeli strike in the Sheikh Radwan neighborhood of Gaza City, killing at least 25 people, injuring many others.[645][646][647] On 5 December, an Israeli strike on a residential building in Beit Lahia killed 15 people.[648] Israeli Army Radio announced that soldiers killed approximately 20 militants during fighting in Beit Lahia in the previous day.[649] On 6 December, Israeli shelling around the Kamal Adwan Hospital killed at least 33 people and dozens were injured.[650][651] On 9 December, an Israeli strike hit people who lined up for buying flour in Rafah, killing 10 people.[652] An Israeli air strike on a building in northern Gaza sheltering a displaced family from Beit Lahia and Jabalia killed 22 people.[653] On 10 December, an Israeli airstrike on a multi-floored building in Beit Hanoun killed at least 10 people and wounded dozens of others.[654] On 11 December, an Israeli strike on a residential building in Beit Lahia, in the vicinity of Kamal Adwan Hospital killed at least 22 people.[655][656][657] On 12 December, two Israeli strikes on an aid convoy killed 13 people and wounded at least 30 people, including several of them seriously.[658][659][660]
Interference with aid deliveries in central Gaza
After several incidents of aid convoys at the occupied Kerem Shalom crossing being looted by armed gangs, an internal UN memo concluded that gangs in Israeli occupied areas of Gaza "may be benefiting from a passive if not active benevolence" or "protection" from the IDF. WHO teams were shot at by Israeli forces during several attempts to clear an alternative route for aid convoys, leading to allegations that the IDF was deliberately steering convoys into the path of the looters.[661]
On 16 November, 98 out of 109 food trucks carrying UN aid from Kerem Shalom crossing were
Other confrontations
 | It has been suggested that this section be merged into Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present). (Discuss) Proposed since November 2024. |
Hezbollah in southern Lebanon and the Houthi movement in Yemen have launched limited attacks against Israel, raising fears of a wider regional military conflict. Iranian-backed militias in Iraq and Syria have also traded attacks with the US and IDF.[673] Israel has bombed targets in and around Damascus throughout the war,[674][675][676] with an attack on the Iranian embassy in Damascus on 1 April leading to a direct Iranian response.[677] Iran launched a series of retaliatory airstrikes on Israel.[677][678] Over 100 Palestinians have been killed in confrontations with Israeli soldiers and settlers in the West Bank since 7 October. Settler violence has been heavily criticized by the IDF.[679][680]
West Bank and Israel
Amnesty International released a report[681] on 5 February 2024 stating that Israel is carrying out unlawful killings in the West Bank and displaying "a chilling disregard for Palestinian lives" and that Israeli forces are carrying out numerous illegal acts of violence that constitute clear violations of international law.[682][683]
Even before the war, 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank in 20 years. Violence in the West Bank has increased since the war began with more than 607 Palestinians and over 25 Israelis killed.[684][685] At the same time, Israeli settler violence further increased to around 1,270 attacks, against 856 for all of 2022.[686] About 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced by settlers since 7 October and almost half of clashes have included "Israeli forces accompanying or actively supporting Israeli settlers while carrying out the attacks" according to a U.N. report.[687] According to the West Bank Protection Consortium, since the 7 October attacks six Palestinian communities have been abandoned due to the violence.[688]
By 10 October, confrontations between Palestinians and Israeli forces had left 15 Palestinians dead, including two in East Jerusalem.[689] On 11 October, Israeli settlers attacked the village of Qusra, killing four Palestinians. A 16-year-old child was fatally shot by the IDF in Bani Na'im, while another person was shot dead by the IDF near Bethlehem.[690] On 12 October, two Palestinians were killed after Israeli settlers interrupted a funeral procession for Palestinians killed in prior settler attacks and opened fire.[691][692][693]
On 18 October, protests broke out over the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, with clashes reported in
On 22 October, Israel
On 20 April 14 Palestinians were killed in clashes during an Israeli raid in the West Bank. Palestinian sources identified one of the victims as a militant,[700] while Israel said that 14 gunmen were killed.[701]
In July 2024, Israeli authorities approved the seizure of 12.7 square kilometers of land in the occupied West Bank. According to Peace Now, this was the largest single appropriation approved since the 1993 Oslo accords."[702] On 4 July, Israeli authorities approved plans for almost 5,300 new houses in occupied West Bank.[703]
On 7 August, Wafa reported that Israeli forces destroyed the regional headquarters of Fatah in the Balata Camp.[704][705]
On 14 August, the Israeli government approved new settlements in the occupied West Bank.[706][707]
On 28 August, Israel launched
On 3 October, an Israeli
On 13 November, Smotrich said that with Donald Trump's victory in the 2024 United States presidential election, Israel was "a step away" from "sovereignty in Judea and Samaria." Later comments by Mike Huckabee, chosen by Trump as the next ambassador to Israel, corroborated the possibility of an Israeli annexation of the West Bank.[718]
Israeli settlements
Israeli settlers have taken advantage of the ongoing war to expand settlement activity supported by a far-right Israeli government,[719][686][720] including land seizure and large scale settlement plans.[721] In 2024, Israeli land seizures exceeded the combined total of the previous 20 years.[722]
Attacks in Israel
During the war, civilians in Israel have been subjected to intermittent killings and other violence. For example, on 30 November, two Palestinian gunmen killed three and wounded eleven Israeli civilians at a bus stop on the Givat Shaul Interchange in Jerusalem. Hamas claimed responsibility.[723] On 16 February 2024, a Palestinian gunman shot and killed two Israeli civilians and injured four others in Kiryat Malakhi, Israel. The shooter was killed by an off-duty IDF reservist at the scene.[724] On 12 April a 14-year-old Israeli shepherd was killed and on 16 April two Palestinians were killed by Israeli settlers in Aqraba.[725] On 13 May, at the Tarqumiya checkpoint, a convoy of trucks carrying food supplies to Gaza was attacked by Israeli settlers, who damaged the trucks and threw supplies on the ground.[726]
Israeli prisons and detention camps
Israel has increased its administrative detention of Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza, as well as Palestinian citizens of Israel, since the start of the war. Administrative detention was already at a 20-year high before October 2023.[727] More than 11,000 Palestinians are held in Israeli jails, not counting detainees taken from Gaza during the war.[728] At least 60 Palestinians have died in Israeli detention since 7 October.[729]
In December 2023, a military base at Sde Teiman in the Negev Desert was converted to a detention camp by the IDF. Whistleblowers and detainees reported beatings and torture of Palestinian detainees at the camp, as well as amputations of limbs due to injuries sustained from handcuffing, medical neglect, arbitrary punishment and sexual abuse. Prisoners have been coerced to make confessions that they are members of Hamas.[730][731][732] After conditions in the camp came to light in May 2024, the Supreme Court of Israel held a hearing and the IDF began transferring 1,200 of the prisoners to Ofer Prison.[733] Detainees have reported severe instances of violence during transfers between prisons.[729][734]
Several Palestinian healthcare workers have been abducted from Gaza hospitals during sieges by Israeli forces.[734] On 5 December, Israeli forces abducted the adult men present at Al-Awda hospital and took them to Sde Teiman camp. Dr. Adnan Al-Bursh was detained and later died in Israeli custody.[735] In March, Israeli forces abducted Khaled Alser, lead author of the first Lancet paper on trauma among Gazan ER patients and doctors, from Nasser Hospital. As of 31 August, he remains in detention and his whereabouts are unknown.[736]
Al-Araby TV correspondent Mohammed Arab was abducted from the Gaza strip in March 2024 and transferred to Ofer prison in July. After reports of his treatment were leaked to al-Araby, he was beaten, threatened and tortured. According to Arab's testimony, prison guards used dogs and fire extinguishers to enact sexual violence on other prisoners.[728]
In July 2024, military police raided Sde Teiman to arrest ten soldiers "suspected of the serious sexual abuse" of a Palestinian detainee. Itamar Ben-Gvir and other members of the Otzma Yehudit party condemned the arrests.[730] Supporters of the arrested soldiers including Ben Gvir, Amihai Eliyahu, Zvi Sukkot, and Nissim Vaturi stormed Sde Teiman that night in protest. Hours later, protestors broke into Beit Lid where the soldiers were being held.[737]
On 7 October 2024, American journalist Jeremy Loffredo and three other international and Israeli journalists were detained at a checkpoint in the West Bank on suspicion of "assisting an enemy in war" for their reporting on the October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel. The journalists' cameras and phones were confiscated. Loffredo was released after four days in detention, and barred from leaving the country until 20 October.[738]
Lebanon
A
Clashes
On 8 October, Hezbollah launched an artillery attack on Israeli positions in Shebaa Farms; this was met with immediate retaliation.[740][741] Skirmishes have occurred every day since, spilling over to the occupied Golan Heights.[742][117] more than a million people in Lebanon and over 96,000 more in Israel have been displaced.[743][744][739] On 13 October, Reuters journalist Issam Abdullah was killed by Israeli tank fire while reporting on the border skirmishes.[745] The inability of Israelis to return to settlements and homes in the north of the country led to Antony Blinken stating that Israel had effectively "lost sovereignty in the northern quadrant of its country".[746] On 27 July 2024, the Majdal Shams attack occurred, killing 12 children in the Golan Heights area.[747][748] The attack, which Israel and the US said was carried out by Hezbollah, marked an escalation in hostilities and opened discussion about a broader war with Lebanon. Hezbollah denied responsibility for the attack.[749]
Escalation
While the Biden administration publicly urged Israel to reach a negotiated solution with Hezbollah, senior white house officials including
On 27 September, the IDF
Invasion
On 1 October, the IDF confirmed that it was conducting a "limited, localized" ground operation into southern Lebanon.
Yemen and the Red Sea
On 3 December, the Houthis said that they had attacked two ships, the Unity Explorer and Number 9 in order "to prevent Israeli ships from navigating the Red Sea".[846][847] Any ship destined for Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". Saree announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser Tzachi Hanegbi called this development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to prevent this" otherwise, the country would "act in order to remove this naval siege".[848]
On 19 July, a Houthi drone strike killed one person and wounded 10 near the US embassy in Tel Aviv.
Iraq
Since November 2023, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq has claimed responsibility for drone and missile attacks against targets within Israel in retaliation for Israeli attacks on Palestinian civilians in Gaza. The group stated it would continue to "strike enemy strongholds". Strikes were recorded in Eilat,[855] the Dead Sea coastline,[856][857] the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights,[858] the Karish rig,[859] Haifa Bay,[860] Ashdod,[861] Kiryat Shmona,[862] Tel Aviv,[863][864] and in Elifelet.[865]
In late January, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq announced it had entered its second phase of operations which included blockading the Mediterranean maritime routes to Israeli ports and disabling the ports.[861] Since then, the group has launched joint military operations on Israel with the Houthis targeting ships in Haifa port.[866][867]
On 3 October 2024, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq launched a kamikaze drone attack on a military base in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, killing two IDF soldiers and injuring 24 others.[868] By late October, the Iraqi resistance had launched drones on an average of around five times a day. In one 24-hour period in October, the ISI launched eight drones at Israel.[869]
Syria
There have been numerous attacks claimed by or blamed on Israel since the start of the war in Gaza. In roughly the first year of the war, Israel struck Syria more than 220 times, killing 296 people.
Iran
On 24 November 2023, a suspected Iranian drone attacked the CMA CGM Symi, owned by
In December, the US military was reportedly looking to build a maritime task force to protect trade against Iranian harassment.[893]
On 23 December, a suspected Iranian drone attacked the Israel-affiliated oil tanker MV Chem Pluto in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Gujarat. The attack did not harm any of its 20 crew members, but caused a fire that was extinguished. The vessel was reportedly carrying Saudi oil to Mangalore, India.[894]
On 13 April 2024, the
On 31 July, Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh was assassinated in Tehran, where he had traveled to attend the inauguration of President Masoud Pezeshkian. Iranian media said an Israeli strike took place at 02:00 and targeted a residence for war veterans in North Tehran, where Haniyeh was staying.[897]
Iranian strikes on Israel
On 13 April, following an Israeli airstrike on its consulate building in Damascus, Syria on 1 April,[898] Iran launched Operation True Promise,[899] a series of retaliatory airstrikes on Israel,[677][678] attacking the country from Iranian soil for the first time.[900]
On 1 October 2024, Iran began firing missiles at Israel in at least two waves,[901][902] with sirens being heard across the country. Explosions were heard overhead across Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.[901] The IDF confirmed over 100 missiles were fired by Iran.[903]
Israeli response
On 12 October, the United States authorized the deployment of
Casualties
As of 3 December 2024[update], over 46,000 people (44,502 Palestinian[917] and 1,706 Israeli)[924] have been reported killed in the Israel–Hamas war, including 134–146 journalists and media workers,[927] 120 academics,[928] and over 224 humanitarian aid workers, including 179 employees of UNRWA.[929] In Nov 2024, the UN published its analysis covering only victims verified from at least three independent sources over 6 months span between Nov 2023 and April 2024 found that 70% of Palestinian deaths in Gaza are women and children.[916]
The majority of casualties have been in the Gaza Strip. The Gaza Health Ministry (GHM) total casualty count is the number of deaths directly caused by the war. The demographic breakdown is a subset of those individually identified.[33][930] On 17 September 2024, the GHM published the names, gender and birth date of 34,344 individual Palestinians whose identities were confirmed. This reflects over 80% of the casualties reported so far; of these, 60% were not men of fighting age.[33] The GHM count does not include those who have died from "preventable disease, malnutrition and other consequences of the war".[931] An analysis by the Gaza Health Projections Working Group predicted thousands of excess deaths from disease and birth complications.[932] According to a PCPSR report, over 60% of Gazans have lost family members since 7 October 2023.[933][934]
According to a letter sent to President Joe Biden, Vice President Kamala Harris, and others on 2 October 2024 by 99 American healthcare workers who have served in the Gaza Strip since 7 October 2023, based on the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification standards and cited in a study from the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University, the most conservative estimate that they could calculate based on the available data was at least 62,413 deaths in Gaza from starvation (most of them young children) and at least 5,000 deaths from lack of access to care for chronic diseases.[935][936][937]
The
According to the Israeli Ministry of Defense's Rehabilitation Division, about 1,000 soldiers are wounded every month.[942] On 14 August 2024, the ministry predicted that it would have to account for 100,000 disabled IDF veterans by 2030 due to the war.[943] In November 2024, Hamas said it killed 20 armed young men from local Bedouin tribes who were stealing humanitarian aid.[944]
Humanitarian crisis
The
Heavy bombardment by Israeli airstrikes caused catastrophic damage to Gaza's infrastructure, further deepening the crisis. Direct attacks on telecommunications infrastructure by Israel, electricity blockades, and fuel shortages caused the near-total collapse of Gaza's largest cell network providers.[953][954][955] Lack of internet access has obstructed Gazan citizens from communicating with loved ones, learning of IDF operations, and identifying both the areas most exposed to bombing and possible escape routes.[953] The blackouts impeded emergency services, making it harder to locate and access the time-critical injured,[953] and have impeded humanitarian aid agencies and journalists.[953] By December 2023, 200,000 Gazans (approximately 10% of the population) had received internet access through an eSIM provided by Connecting Humanity.[956]
The Gaza Health Ministry reported over 4,000 children killed in the war's first month.[957] UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated that Gaza had "become a graveyard for children."[ah][960][961] Indirect Palestinian deaths are expected to be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of healthcare infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe places for civilians to flee to, and reduction in UNRWA funding, with one Lancet study stating that the death toll in Gaza, including future deaths indirectly caused by the war, might exceed 186,000.[962][963]
Scale of destruction
The scale and pace of
The Guardian reported that the scale of destruction has led international legal experts to raise the concept of domicide, which it describes as "the mass destruction of dwellings to make [a] territory uninhabitable".[965] In October 2024, after monitoring and analyzing Israel's war conduct in Gaza for more than a year, Forensic Architecture published a cartographic map platform detailing Israel's campaign in Gaza titled "A Cartography of Genocide", accompanied by an 827-page text report that concludes that "Israel's military campaign in Gaza is organised, systematic, and intended to destroy conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure".[979]
War crimes
A UN Commission to the Israel–Palestine conflict stated that there is "clear evidence that war crimes may have been committed in the latest explosion of violence in Israel and Gaza, and all those who have violated international law and targeted civilians must be held accountable."[980][981][982] On 27 October, a spokesperson for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) called for an independent court to review potential war crimes committed by both sides.[983]
The International Criminal Court (ICC) confirmed that its mandate to investigate alleged war crimes committed since June 2014 in the State of Palestine extends to the current conflict.[984][985] On 20 May, ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan announced his intention to seek arrest warrants against Hamas leaders Yahya Sinwar, Mohammed Deif and Ismail Haniyeh and Israeli leaders Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant, for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity during the war.[986][987][988] On 21 November, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Netanyahu, Gallant, and Deif for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity.[989][990][991]
On 7 June 2024, both Israel and Hamas were added to the list of shame, an annex attached to an annual report submitted by the UN Secretary-General documenting rights violations against children in armed conflict. While past reports accused Israel of grave rights violations against children, the country was never included in the annex.[992][993][994]
On 19 June 2024, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory presented a detailed report to the United Nations Human Rights Council covering the war from 7 October to 31 December 2023, affirming that both Hamas and Israel committed war crimes and that Israel's actions also constituted crimes against humanity.[995] In a second report, the Commission found that Israel had carried out a policy of destroying Gaza's healthcare system.[996][997]
The June report found that the military wing of Hamas and six other Palestinian armed groups were responsible for the war crimes of intentionally directing attacks against civilians, murder or willful killing, torture, inhuman or cruel treatment, destroying or seizing the property, outrages upon personal dignity, and taking hostages, including children.[998][999] In relation to IDF operations and attacks in Gaza, the commission concluded that Israeli authorities are responsible for the war crimes of starvation as a method of warfare, murder or willful killing, intentionally directing attacks against civilians and civilian objects, forcible transfer, sexual violence, torture and inhuman or cruel treatment, arbitrary detention and outrages upon personal dignity. It also found that Israel committed numerous crimes against humanity, including carrying out the extermination of Palestinians and gender persecution targeting Palestinian men and boys.[1000][1001][1002] The commission said that they had submitted 7,000 pieces of evidence to the ICC related to crimes committed by Israel and Hamas, as part of the International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine.[1003]
In another report published in October 2024, the commission accused Israel of "committing war crimes and the crime against humanity of extermination with relentless and deliberate attacks on medical personnel and facilities" as well as accusing the IDF of deliberately killing and torturing medical personnel, targeting medical vehicles, and restricting patients from leaving Gaza. The report also addressed the detention of Palestinians in Israeli military camps and facilities, finding that thousands of child and adult detainees, many arbitrarily detained, faced widespread abuse, including physical and psychological violence, rape and other forms of sexual and gender-based violence, and conditions amounting to torture, highlighting that deaths resulting from such abuse or neglect constituted war crimes and violations of the right to life. Israel refused to cooperate with the investigation, contending that it had an "anti-Israel" bias.[997][1004]
On 5 December 2024, Amnesty International published a report concluding that Israel was committing genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.[1005][1006]
Diplomatic impact
The war sparked a
Negotiations have focused on the possibility of a ceasefire, with Egypt and Qatar serving as negotiation mediators between Israel and Hamas.[1013][1014] The United Nations Security Council passed resolution 2728 in March 2024, demanding an immediate ceasefire and the unconditional release of hostages for the month of Ramadan.[1015][1016]
Following talks mediated by China, on 23 July 2024, Palestinian groups including Hamas and Fatah reached an agreement to end their divisions and form a unity government for Gaza, which they announced in the Beijing Declaration.[1017]
At the UNGA, Saudi Arabia announced a global alliance to seek a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Norwegian Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide said almost 90 countries were at the launch of The Global Alliance for the Implementation of a Palestinian State and a Two-State Solution.[1018][1019][1020] On 29 September, Saudi Arabia said they would send aid to the Palestinian Authority, $60 million in six installments according to a senior PA official. The aid is seen as means of keeping the PA solvent and keeping the push for a two state solution alive notwithstanding Israeli financial restrictions.[1021]
Reactions
Israel
The Israeli government's response to the
Settler expansions and officials' remarks heightened unrest, leading to protests in Israel. The Knesset's law criminalizing "terrorist materials" consumption drew criticism.[1022]
In an interview to the Wall Street Journal on 25 December, Netanyahu said that Israel's objectives were to "destroy Hamas, demilitarize Gaza and deradicalize the whole of Palestinian society".[1023] There was broad support in Israeli society for military operations in Gaza.[1024][1025] Public opinion poll conducted in December 2023 by the Israel Democracy Institute found that 87% of Jewish Israelis supported the war in Gaza.[1026]
Palestinian territories
Initially, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas asserted the Palestinian people's right to self-defense against the "terror of settlers and occupation troops"[1027] and condemned the orders by Israel for residents to evacuate north Gaza, labeling it a "second Nakba".[1028] Later, Abbas rejected the killing of civilians on both sides, and said that the Palestinian Liberation Organization was the sole representative of the Palestinian people.[1029]
International
 | This section needs to be updated. (May 2024) |
Significant geopolitical divisions emerged during the war. Much of the Western world provided strong diplomatic and military support to Israel,[1030] including the United States,[1031] United Kingdom,[1032] and Germany[1033] although the strong support of Western governments is "at odds with the attitudes of Western publics which continue to shift away from Israel." Hugh Lovatt of the European Council on Foreign Relations says that during the Cold War, Israel sided with the West against the Arab countries supported by the Soviets, and Western leaders generally see Israel "as a fellow member of the liberal democratic club" and that this partially "explains the continued strong Western support for Israel – which has now largely become reflexive".[1030] At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly condemned its conduct on 7 October as terrorism, including a joint statement by the US, UK, France, Italy, and Germany.[1034]
In contrast, the Islamic world and much of the Global South denounced the actions of Israel and its allies, criticizing the "moral authority of the West" and alleging that it holds double standards surrounding human rights.[1030][1035] The double standards, in their view, is condemning an illegal occupation in Ukraine while standing firmly behind Israel that has occupied Palestinian lands.[1036] Bolivia has cut all ties with Israel as a result of the conflict, while Colombia and Chile recalled their ambassadors to the country.[311][1035]
The United States, United Kingdom, and Germany have supplied Israel with substantial military and medical aid.[1032][1037][1038]
The Israeli government's response prompted international protests, arrests, and harassment.[1039]
Evacuations of foreign nationals
Brazil announced a rescue operation of nationals using an air force transport aircraft.[1040] Poland announced that it would deploy two C-130 transport planes to evacuate 200 Polish nationals.[1041] Hungary evacuated 215 of its nationals from Israel using two aircraft on 9 October, while Romania evacuated 245 of its citizens, including two pilgrimage groups, on two TAROM planes and two private aircraft on the same day.[1042] Australia also announced repatriation flights.[1043] 300 Nigerian pilgrims in Israel fled to Jordan before being airlifted home.[1044]
On 12 October, the United Kingdom arranged flights for its citizens in Israel; the first plane departed Ben Gurion Airport that day. The government had said before that it would not be evacuating its nationals due to available commercial flights. However, most commercial flights were suspended.
Impacts
Regional impact
According to Daniel Byman and Alexander Palmer, the attack showcased the decline of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the rise of Hamas as a power center in Palestinian politics. They predicted the PLO's further decline if the status quo held.[1049] Laith Alajlouni wrote that the immediate effect of the Hamas offensive was to unite Hamas and PLO.[1050]
Amit Segal, chief political commentator for Israel's Channel 12, said that the conflict would test Benjamin Netanyahu's survival as prime minister, noting that past wars had toppled the governments of several of his predecessors such as that of Golda Meir following the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Menachem Begin following the 1982 Lebanon War, and Ehud Olmert following the 2006 Lebanon War.[1051] Citing the Israeli intelligence failure, which some observers attributed to the incumbent government focusing more on internal dissent, the judicial reform, and efforts to deepen Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories,[1052] some commentators criticized Netanyahu for putting aside the PLO and propping up Hamas,[1053] and described him as a liability.[1054][1055]
In an analysis by The Times of Israel, the newspaper wrote, "Hamas has violently shifted the world's eyes back to the Palestinians and dealt a severe blow to the momentum for securing a landmark US-brokered deal between Israel and Saudi Arabia."[1056] Andreas Kluth wrote in his Bloomberg News column that Hamas "torched Biden's deal to remake the Middle East", arguing that the deal that was being discussed between Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the US would have left Palestinians in the cold, so the group decided to "blow the whole thing up". He added that viewed from Gaza, things were only going to get worse, considering that Netanyahu's coalition partners opposed a two-state solution. He suggested they would prefer to annex the entirety of the West Bank, even at the expense of turning Israel into an apartheid state.[1057]
Economic impact
The Bank of Israel estimates that by 2025, the war will have cost the country US$67 billion, notwithstanding a $14.5 billion US aid package, part of the $22.76 billion the U.S. has so far allocated for military assistance.[1058][1059]
As early as 9 November 2023, the Bank of Israel reported that the drop in labor supply caused by the war was costing the Israeli economy $600 million a week, or 6% of weekly GDP. The bank also stated that the estimate did not include damage caused by the absence of Palestinian and foreign workers.[1060] In the final quarter of 2023, the Israeli economy shrank by 5.2% quarter-to-quarter due to labour shortages in construction and from the mobilization of 300,000 reservists.[1061] While Israel did still see economic growth of 2%, this was down from 6.5% growth in the year before the war. Consumer spending declined by 27%, imports declined by 42% and exports declined by 18%.
Israel's high-tech factories reported in December that recent bureaucratic obstacles with electronic imports from China had led to higher import costs and delayed delivery times.[1062] Israeli officials also reported that China had refused to send workers to their country during the war against the backdrop of a worker shortage in Israel's construction and farming sectors.[1063] China's actions were described as a de facto sanction.[1064][1062]
The 3,500-member Water Transport Workers Federation of India said it would refuse to operate shipments carrying weapons to Israel.[1065] The declaration came a few months after one Indian company halted production of Israeli police uniforms due to the war in Gaza.[1066]
About 9,855 Thai workers in the agricultural sector, 4,331 workers in the construction sector and 2,997 in the nursing sector left Israel following the 7 October attack. In addition, the prevention of 85,000 Palestinian workers from entering Israel created a shortage of about 100,000 foreign and Palestinian workers.[1067]
It has been calculated that the carbon cost in terms of climate impact of rebuilding Gaza would exceed the annual greenhouse emissions of 135 countries.[1068]
Media coverage
In reporting on the conflict, foreign media have limited access to Gaza and only in the presence of Israeli soldiers. Vox reported that the news organizations "have to submit all materials and footage to the IDF for review before publication".[1069] The conflict has also seen large numbers of journalists wounded or killed in action. On 14 December, CBS reported on a statement from the International Federation of Journalists that "the number of journalists killed in the past two months in the war in Gaza has surpassed the amount killed in the Vietnam War, which lasted two decades".[1070] Reporters Without Borders filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court under section 8.2.b of the Rome Statute, accusing Israel of committing war crimes against 8 journalists.[1071][1069] It also lodged a complaint against Hamas, under section 8.2.a of the Rome Statute for the killing of a reporter covering the 7 October attack.[1071] The Committee to Protect Journalists accused Israel of targeting journalists reporting from Gaza and their families, saying that in at least two cases, "journalists reported receiving threats from Israeli officials and Israel Defense Forces officers before their family members were killed".[1072]
See also
- Misinformation in the Israel-Hamas war
- Outline of the Israel–Hamas war
- List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
- List of wars involving Israel
- List of wars involving the State of Palestine
- Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2023
- Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2024
Notes
- ^ a b Activity outside the Gaza Strip is unconfirmed for PRC and PFLP-GC.
- ^ Lions' Den are only active in the West Bank.
- ^ See List of military aid to Israel during the Israel–Hamas war for more details
- ^ Acting leader of Hamas since the killing of Yahya Sinwar on 16 October 2024.
- ^ The assassination of Deif was claimed by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). However, it was denied by Hamas.
- ^ Fired by Netanyahu as defense minister on 5 November 2024.
- ^ The combined forces of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad add up to 37,000.[23][24] Estimates for Hamas alone are highly variable, from 20,000 to over 40,000.[25][26]
- ^ Including 169,500 active personnel[27] and 360,000 reservists[28]
- ^ Per United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: 493 (May 2024)[32]
Per the Gaza Health Ministry and Wafa: 997 (September 2024)[34] 1,057+ (December 2024)[35] - ^ Per the UN[36][37][38]
- ^ Per the Gaza Health Ministry[29] the number recorded killed is 44,875.[30][31]
The number of killed identified is 34,344, including:[32][33]- 13,737+ men
- 11,355+ children
- 6,297+ women
- 2,955+ elderly
- 79+ paramedics and 1,000+ medical staff[i]
- 251+ UN staff[j]
- 193+ journalists.[39][40]
Per Hamas
- ≤ 20% Hamas fighters (late April 2024)[41]
Per Israel:
- 36,000+ Palestinians killed (November 2024)[42]
Per US intelligence:
- ^ In addition to direct deaths, armed conflicts result in indirect deaths "attributable to the conflict". Mortality due to indirect deaths could be due to a variety of causes, such as infectious diseases.[49]
- ^
- Estimated 51,000 natural deaths, natural death rate has gone up from 3.5/1000 to 22/1000 (late June 2024).[52]
- At least 45 deaths confirmed due to starvation and malnutrition only and deaths were also confirmed due to dehydration,[53][54][55][56] but the true figure is likely to be far higher.[57][58]
- ^
Per International Committee of the Red Cross:
- Approximately 6,400.[59]
- 10,000 people are missing under rubble, mostly presumed dead.[60]
- ^ 106,454+ wounded[30][31][61]
- ^ Per the Palestinian Health Authority
- ^ * Per Palestinian Ministry of Education and Higher Education: Including 103 students (July 2024).[68]
- Per Al Jazeera English: Including 169+ children.[30]
- Per Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics[69]
- ^ Based in Israel proper (1967 borders).
- ^ Per Israel[72]
- ^ Per Israel
- ^ With 521 Hezbollah deaths confirmed as of 18 November 2024,[1] including 67 in Syria,[2] Archived 14 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine[3] a total of 449 were confirmed to have died in Lebanon
- ^ (per Hezbollah, Hamas, PIJ and Lebanese Health Ministry)[74]
- 449+ Hezbollah members in Lebanon[u] (including 2 Saraya personnel)[75]
- 40 Palestinian militants 25 killed (8 Oct 2023–31 March 2024; on the border),[4] 7 killed (2 Jan 2024; in Beirut),[5] 7 killed (3 April–15 June 2024; on the border),[6][7][8][9][10] and a Hamas official assassinated on 9 August,[76] total of 40 reported killed
- 20 Amal Movement members[77][78][79]
- 16 Islamic Group members[80][81][82]
- 3 Islamic Azz Brigades fighters[11]
- 43 Lebanese security forces members[83][84][85]
- 1 Eagles of the Whirlwind fighter[86]
- 984+ civilians (including 248+ children and 736+ women)[87][88][89][90]
- ^ (per Syrian Observatory for Human Rights)[95][96]
- 290 Iran-backed militiamen
- 83 Hezbollah fighters
- 78 Syrian soldiers
- 28 IRGC soldiers
- 10 unidentified people
- 68 civilians
- 232 Syrian refugees killed by Israeli Armed Forces[97]
- ^ Total is derived from taking the current number of killed in Gaza, the current number of killed in West Bank, the current number of militants killed inside Israel, the current number of killed in Lebanon and the current number of killed in Syria.
- ^ Per Israel
- ^ Including:
- 828 on October 7[98][99][100][101][102] (including 258 foreign or dual national citizens and 14+ hostages in Gaza)[103]
- 34 additional hostages in Gaza thought dead[102][104]
- 45 on the Lebanese border[105][106]
- 3 in Alexandria, Egypt
- 15 in the West Bank and Israel by 11 September 2024 (per OCHA oPt),[107] not including 1 mistakenly killed by Israeli forces in Jerusalem[108] and 9 killed by militants (2 near Ofra[109] and 7 in Tel Aviv),[110] bringing the total to 25 conflict-related deaths for the period
- 1 in Rafah, Gaza Strip[111]
- 8 in
- 3 in Allenby Bridge[114]
- 1 in Hadera[115]
- 1 in Afula by heart attack in Iranian missile attack[116]
- 828 on
- ^ Including:[117][118]
- 817 Israel Defence Forcesoldiers
- 68 Israel Police officers
- 10 Shin Bet personnel
- 817
- ^ including at least 12,000 soldiers (as of 8 December 2024)
- ^ Including:[121]
- <131 soldiers
- 120+ civilians[122][123]
- 32 children[124]
- 52 foreign or dual nationals
- 117 released or rescued[102]
- 71 confirmed dead by Israel[102][125] (71 dead claimed by Hamas)[126][127][128][129]
- 7 hostages mistakenly killed by IDF (confirmed by IDF)[130][131][132]
- 27 hostages killed by Hamas (claimed by Israel)[130]
- 70+ mistakenly killed by Israel (claimed by Hamas)[133]
- Between 50 (per US)[135] and 51 (per Israel) captives are still alive.[130][131][125]
- ^ Including Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.[3]
- ^ These casualty numbers exclude the invading Palestinian militants who died in the subsequent fighting with Israeli armed personnel.
- ^ 34,344 Palestinians of which have been fully identified as of 17 September 2024.
- ^ Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is reported to have backed changing the name of the war to 'Genesis,' evoking the biblical Book of Genesis.[174][175] A group of Israeli politicians supporting the name change seeks to "send the right message in the international arena" and supports 'Genesis' because of what they see as "its universality and association with a new reality, separating between darkness and light, good and evil, barbarism and civilization."[175] The plan has also been presented to National Unity Party leader Benny Gantz and Israel's Public Diplomacy Directorate.[175]
- ^ Israeli UN Ambassador Gilad Erdan responded directly to Guterres, stating, "Shame on [Guterres]... More than 30 minors – among them a 9-month-old baby as well as toddlers and children who witnessed their parents being murdered in cold blood – are being held against their will in the Gaza Strip. Hamas is the problem in Gaza, not Israel's actions to eliminate this terrorist organization."[958][959]
- ^ By December 2023, the percentage of buildings damaged or destroyed in Gaza exceeded Dresden and Cologne during World War II and approached the level of destruction seen in Hamburg.[968][970]
- ^ In northern Gaza, including Gaza City, the number of buildings damaged or destroyed is as high as 80 percent.[973]
- ^ In October 2024, The New York Times estimated 168,000 buildings in Gaza had been damaged or destroyed.[974]
References
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Around 100 American military personnel in total will be sent to operate the system – the first time US troops have been deployed in combat in Israel during the current crisis.
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as many as 37,000 Palestinians as suspected militants
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The "Lavender" system is designed to identify individuals suspected of being part of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), even targeting those with lower ranks for potential aerial bombardments. In the initial stages of the conflict, the military heavily relied on Lavender, leading to the system labeling up to 37,000 Palestinians as militants, along with their residences, for potential airstrikes.
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- ^ a b "Health Ministry In Hamas-run Gaza Says War Death Toll At 44,875". Barron's. Agence France-Presse. 12 December 2024.
- ^ a b "Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel – reported impact". UN OCHA. 29 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
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Israeli forces have killed 1,151 Palestinians working in Gaza's health sector [...] At least 165 of those killed were doctors, 260 nurses, 300 management and support personnel, 184 health associate professionals, 76 pharmacists and 12 other health workers.
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The Gaza Health Ministry says an Israeli quadcopter drone has killed Saeed Jouda, a top physician in the north of the territory. The ministry said the drone "shot directly" at Jouda while he was heading from Kamal Adwan Hospital to al-Awda Hospital, bringing the number of medics killed in the war to 1,057.
- ^ "Gaza has highest rate of child amputees anywhere in world: UN". Al Jazeera. 6 December 2024.
UNRWA – the UN's agency for Palestinian refugees – has released its latest assessment of the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip and the occupied West Bank: 251 UNRWA staff have been killed since Israel's war on the Palestinian territory was launched in October 2023.
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Gaza's Government Media Office has identified the victim as Maysara Ahmed Salah, a journalist with the local Quds News Network. It did not provide details about the circumstances of her death. It added that, with Salah's death, the number of journalists killed in Israeli attacks on Gaza since October 7, 2023, has risen to 192.
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In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2,375,259, this would translate to 7.9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip.
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The hospital's director, Dr Hussam Abu Safiya, has been giving us regular updates on the situation there. Here are his latest comments to Al Jazeera: An elderly man has died of starvation in the northern Gaza Strip.
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More than 10,000 people are estimated to be missing under rubble in Gaza, according to the Palestinian Civil Defense
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It added that 24,090 of the wounded in the war on Gaza have life-changing injuries, with 180 women giving birth every day.
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At least a quarter of those injured in Gaza have "life-changing injuries", the UN agency for Palestinian refugees (UNRWA) says. It cited the World Health Organization as saying that thousands have lost a limb in the past 14 months, since Israel launched its deadly offensive in the Strip, as a result of bombing and shelling. "Together with partners, UNRWA supports people with disabilities by providing assistive devices, mental health and psychosocial services, and rehabilitation," the agency said in a post on X.
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According to the organisation, between October 7, 2023 and October 15, 2024: 16,300 people have been imprisoned.
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- ^ הבקשה של פיקוד הדרום בלילה שלפני הטבח - והסירוב | פרסום ראשון
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Another 78 people were killed across Lebanon on Tuesday and 266 were wounded, according to the country's health ministry. This brings the death toll since the start of the war on Gaza and before the ceasefire early Wednesday to 3,961 people, it said, adding that 16,520 people were injured. At least 248 children and 736 women have been killed, with Tuesday's death toll mostly coming as a result of Israeli attacks on southern Lebanon. At least 222 health workers have been killed since October last year, with 330 others wounded and 94 hospitals impacted by attacks.
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The death toll from Israeli attacks across Lebanon since Monday has risen to 558, including 50 children and 94 women, according to Lebanon's Health Minister Firass Abiad. He added that at least 1,835 people were wounded in Israeli air raids that hit Beirut and southern Lebanon.
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These are the latest casualty figures issued by the Lebanese Health Ministry: At least 1,952 people have been killed since Israel escalated its attacks on Lebanon in mid-September. At least 2,546 people in Lebanon have been killed, including at least 140 children and 270 women, and 11,862 wounded since the start of Israeli-Hezbollah cross-border attacks in October last year.
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The newest figures bring the overall death toll since Israel on September 23 launched an intense air campaign in Lebanon to 1,356.
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