Television in Israel
Television in Israel refers to
Almost 75% of the population is subscribed to pay TV systems which are provided by cable service provider "
History
Early years of statehood
Upon its establishment in May 1948, Israel had one radio station, run directly by the government, which was a continuation of the
When Levi Eshkol assumed power as prime minister in June 1963, he started to promote the establishment of an Israeli TV channel. In 1964, he invited a team of experts from the European Broadcasting Union to submit their recommendations. In 1965, the Israeli Broadcasting Authority was established in order to distance the government from the everyday management and editorial decisions of the state-owned radio station. The government also passed a resolution stating that this new body will start TV broadcasts within two years.[2]
Inauguration
Television in Israel was finally introduced on 24 March 1966, though not by the IBA, but rather by the
Colour transmissions
Israeli television began operations when American and European stations were switching to full-scale colour transmissions, but Israel's state-controlled stations broadcast only in
Newscasts and other regular productions were filmed using black and white cameras. However many special productions ordered from private Israeli studios (in particular Herzliya Studios) were filmed and taped in colour. Furthermore, Israeli television bought the rights to many American and British TV series and movies (broadcast with Hebrew-Arabic subtitles). The result was a mixture of colour and black and white broadcasts, which encouraged traders to import colour TV sets, especially as TV stations in neighbouring Jordan and Egypt started colour transmissions in 1974.
The Israeli government considered the import of color televisions as a frivolous luxury that would increase social gaps. Therefore, the government ordered IBA and IETV to erase the colour from colour-taped telecasts by erasing the "
Based on information from owners of electric appliance stores, the report estimated that 90% of those who bought colour TV sets also bought the anti-mekhikon device, whose price ranged between IL2,500 and IL4,000 (a TV set itself cost IL40,000–50,000).[8]
The Israeli government allowed colour transmissions by the IBA in November 1977 when IBA provided live color coverage of
Public pressure on the issue of colour transmissions mounted, and in 1981 IBA and IETV were allowed to film their own regular productions in colour. This process took more than two years and reached the last stretch on 16 February 1983 when the main daily newscast was broadcast in colour for the first time.[12] According to Lapid's book, this first colour newscast was prepared secretly by some "enthusiastic workers" of IBA, in order to avoid industrial actions by the technicians' trade union, who demanded higher salaries for operating colour equipment. Lapid also mentions that the anti-mekhikon system cost IBA IL180 million yearly (approximately ₪64 million at 2011 prices). The IBA stopped filming in black and white on 10 May 1983.
Second channel
In 1978 the Israeli government appointed a special committee to explore the establishment of a second channel that would not be under the IBA supervision and would be financed by advertising, however the idea of commercial television was rejected by some parties in the ruling coalition. On 7 October 1986, Prof.
Multichannel services
Pirated television broadcasts via cables became very popular in the major cities of Israel during the late 80s. These were usually local cable television stations broadcasting illegally from private houses to subscribers, mainly films released on video tapes. These local stations vanished with the introduction of regulated cable television in 1989. By mid-1994, some 720,000 Israeli households were hooked up to cable television.[13]
Satellite television was introduced to Israel in 2000.
Technical standards
Generally speaking, most television distribution channels in Israel utilize the European
- The Israeli cable TV provider, HOT, uses DVB-C.
- The Israeli satellite TV provider, .
- Digital terrestrial television is transmitted using HD).
- Analog terrestrial television transmissions were switched off between 30 March 2011 and 13 June 2011. They have been operated using the PAL color standard.
- The Israeli TV CompanyOTT
Digital terrestrial television
In August 2009, Israel launched digital terrestrial broadcasts with the intention to phase out the analogue broadcast. Israel shut down analogue television services on 13 June 2011; the first nation in the Middle East to abandon analogue over-the-air broadcasting. In the early stage there was only single mux broadcast in SFN with five channels and later on a sixth TV channel was added and also a selection of public and regional radio stations. By mid-2017 an additional mux was introduced with five new TV channels in DVB-T2 standard, including IPBC's Hebrew channel "Kan 11" channel in HD.[15]
Languages
Israeli television broadcasts mainly in
In 2002, an Israeli Russian-speaking commercial channel was launched, named
State-managed stations
- Kan 11 (replaced Channel 1 and Channel 1 HD since May 15, 2017)
- Makan 33 (replaced Channel 33 since May 15, 2017)
- Kan Educational (Replaced Israeli Educational Television since August 15, 2018)
- Knesset Channel(The Parliament Channel; its operations are outsourced to private companies via competitive tender)
Public-commercial stations
- Keshet 12 (replaced Channel 2since November 1, 2017)
- Reshet 13 (replaced Channel 2since November 1, 2017)
- Channel 14
- Music 24(Israeli music and video clips), available only via Yes (satellite TV) and Hot (cable TV), both pay TV systems
- Channel 9, in Russian, available only via Yes (satellite TV) and Hot (cable TV), both pay TV systems
- Israel Plus International, in Russian, export version of the local channel
- Hala TV (Israeli Arabic language channel), available only via Yes (satellite TV) and Hot (cable TV), both pay TV systems
Most viewed channels
Position | Channel | Share of total viewing (%) |
---|---|---|
1 | Keshet 12 | 26.2 |
2 | Reshet 13 | 18.3 |
3 | Now 14 | 23.8 |
4 | Hot 3 | 4.1 |
5 | Kan 11 | 3.9 |
6 | Channel 9 | 3.5 |
7 | yes Drama | 3.3 |
8 | BBC Entertainment | 3.1 |
9 | Makan 33 | 2.0 |
10 | Keshet 12 News |
1.4 |
See also
- Timeline of the introduction of television in countries
- Haim Yavin
- Mabat LaHadashot
- Media of Israel
- Nakdimon Rogel
- i24news
- List of television channels in Israel
- Israeli Television Academy Awards
References
- ^ Pace helps Yes transition to advanced HD digital services in Israel
- ^ a b c Vinkler, Dana (Spring 2006). "Making an Israeli Television - Discussions Prior to the Establishment of Television in Israel, 1948-1968" (PDF). Kesher (in Hebrew) (34): 130–141 – via The Shalom Rosenfeld Institute for Research of Jewish Media and Communication, Tel Aviv University.
- ^ "Meyer Ben Ari Tells about the early days of Israeli Black & White television engineering"
- ^ "Good Evening from Jerusalem", Yossi Nahmias recaps the birth of Israeli television, Ynet, 29 April 2008
- ISBN 965-05-0995-X(in Hebrew).
- ISBN 978-965-07-1792-6), p. 239-241 (in Hebrew)
- ^ Report from 19 January 1979 by Leah Etgar on Yediot Aharonot's economic supplement ("HaLirot Shelkha"), partially cited in "The Future that was: Anti-Mekhikon", a historical review by Gal Mor, Ynet, 7 June 2004 (in Hebrew)
- ^ IL10,000 in January 1979 equal about NIS 7,000 in May 2011 prices, according to the calculator available at the website of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ Special Permit has been Given for Colour Television Transmissions Yesterday and Today, by Yosef Priel, Davar, 21 November 1977 (in Hebrew)
- ^ The News - in Black and White, Crime Dramas - in Colour, by Dalia Mazori, Maariv, 6 August 1979 (in Hebrew)
- ^ A Week of Colour on Television, from Washington, Jerusalem and Cairo, by Yosef Priel, Davar, 23 March 1979 (in Hebrew)
- ^ Mabat, February 16th 1983, First Edition in Color
- ^ a b Israeli Television and the National Agenda
- ^ Israeli TV Company
- ^ Israel DTV, IDAN+ official information webpage
- ^ Elaborated overview of the subject can be found in: Weissbrod, Rachel (2010). "Translation Studies and mass media research", in: Daniel Gile, Gyde Hansen and Nike K. Pokorn (ed.), Why Translation Studies Matters?, John Benjamins Publishing Co., Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
- ^ Arab channel receives license from Ministry of Communication, Moshe Kachalon, Ro'i Barak, Globes, 12 September 2011 (in Hebrew)
- ^ Official text of the January 2003 bid (in Hebrew)
- ^ Announcement of the Second Authority for Television and Radio (the regulating body), 24 November 2005 (in Hebrew)
- ^ Official press release by the Israeli Ministry of Communication (in Hebrew)
- ^ "The Arabic channel bid is launched - this time with significant alleviations Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine", Ofir Bar-Zohar, The Marker, 15 April 2010 (in Hebrew).