American Mafia
Founded | 1861[1] |
---|---|
Founding location | New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, New Orleans, Boston, and various other Northeastern and Midwestern cities in the United States |
Years active | Since the mid-19th century |
Territory |
|
Ethnicity | |
Membership | Over 3,000 members and associates[2] |
Activities | Arson, assault, drug trafficking, extortion,gambling, gunrunning, labor racketeering, loan sharking, money laundering, murder, prostitution, robbery, smuggling, theft |
Allies |
|
Rivals |
|
The American Mafia,[21][22][23] commonly referred to in North America as the Italian-American Mafia, the Mafia, or the Mob,[21][22][23] is a highly organized Italian American criminal society and organized crime group.
In North America, the organization is often colloquially referred to as the Italian Mafia or Italian Mob, though these terms may also apply to the separate yet related Sicilian Mafia or other organized crime groups in Italy, or ethnic Italian crime groups in other countries. The organization is often referred to by its members as Cosa Nostra (Italian pronunciation: [ˈkɔːza ˈnɔstra, ˈkɔːsa -], "our thing" or "this thing of ours") and by the American government as La Cosa Nostra (LCN). The organization's name is derived from the original Mafia or Cosa Nostra, the Sicilian Mafia, with "American Mafia" originally referring simply to Mafia groups from Sicily operating in the United States.
The Mafia in the United States emerged in impoverished Italian immigrant neighborhoods in New York's East Harlem (or "Italian Harlem"), the Lower East Side, and Brooklyn; also emerging in other areas of the Northeastern United States and several other major metropolitan areas (such as New Orleans[24] and Chicago) during the late 19th century and early 20th century, following waves of Italian immigration especially from Sicily and other regions of Southern Italy. Campanian, Calabrian and other Italian criminal groups in the United States, as well as independent Italian American criminals, eventually merged with Sicilian Mafiosi to create the modern pan-Italian Mafia in North America. Today, the Italian-American Mafia cooperates in various criminal activities with Italian organized crime groups, such as the Sicilian Mafia, the Camorra of Campania and the 'Ndrangheta of Calabria. The most important unit of the American Mafia is that of a "family", as the various criminal organizations that make up the Mafia are known. Despite the name of "family" to describe the various units, they are not familial groupings.[25]
The Mafia is currently most active in the
Terminology
The word mafia (Italian:
History
Origins: The Black Hand
The first published account of what became the Mafia in the United States dates to the spring of 1869. The
Mafia groups in the United States first became influential in the New York metropolitan area, gradually progressing from small neighborhood operations in poor Italian ghettos to citywide and eventually national organizations. "The Black Hand" was a name given to an extortion method used in Italian neighborhoods at the turn of the 20th century. It has been sometimes mistaken for the Mafia itself, which it is not. The Black Hand was a criminal society, but there were many small Black Hand gangs. Black Hand extortion was often (wrongly) viewed as the activity of a single organization, because Black Hand criminals in Italian communities throughout the United States used the same methods of extortion.[30]
Giuseppe Esposito was the first known Mafia member to emigrate to the United States.[26] He and six other Sicilians fled to New York after murdering eleven wealthy landowners, the chancellor and a vice-chancellor of a Sicilian province.[26] He was arrested in New Orleans in 1881 and extradited to Italy.[26]
From the 1890s to 1920 in New York City the Five Points Gang, founded by Paul Kelly, were very powerful in the Little Italy of the Lower East Side. Kelly recruited some street hoodlums who later became some of the most famous crime bosses of the century - such as Johnny Torrio, Al Capone, Lucky Luciano and Frankie Yale. They were often in conflict with the Jewish Eastmans of the same area. There was also an influential Mafia family in East Harlem. The Neapolitan Camorra was very active in Brooklyn. In Chicago, the 19th Ward was an Italian neighborhood that became known as the "Bloody Nineteenth" due to the frequent violence in the ward, mostly as a result of Mafia activity, feuds, and vendettas.
New Orleans was possibly the site of the first Mafia incident in the United States that received both national and international attention.
Prohibition era
On January 16, 1919,
In the early 1920s, fascist Benito Mussolini took control of Italy and waves of Italian immigrants fled to the United States. Sicilian Mafia members also fled to the United States, as Mussolini cracked down on Mafia activities in Italy.[38] Most Italian immigrants resided in tenement buildings. As a way to escape the poor lifestyle, some Italian immigrants chose to join the American Mafia.
The Mafia took advantage of prohibition and began selling illegal alcohol. The profits from bootlegging far exceeded the traditional crimes of protection, extortion, gambling, and prostitution. Prohibition allowed Mafia families to make fortunes.[39][40] As prohibition continued, victorious factions went on to dominate organized crime in their respective cities, setting up the family structure of each city. The bootlegging industry organized members of these gangs before they were distinguished as today's known families. The new industry required members at all different employment levels, such as bosses, lawyers, truckers, and even members to eliminate competitors through threat/force. Gangs hijacked each other's alcohol shipments, forcing rivals to pay them for "protection" to leave their operations alone, and armed guards almost invariably accompanied the caravans that delivered the liquor.[41][42]
In the 1920s, Italian Mafia families began waging wars for absolute control over lucrative bootlegging rackets. As the violence erupted, Italians fought Irish and Jewish ethnic gangs for control of bootlegging in their respective territories. In New York City,
The Commission
As an alternative to the previous despotic Mafia practice of naming a single Mafia boss as
The rise of power that the Mafia acquired during prohibition would continue long after alcohol was made legal again. Criminal empires which had expanded on bootleg money would find other avenues to continue making large sums of money. When alcohol ceased to be prohibited in 1933, the Mafia diversified its money-making criminal activities to include (both old and new): illegal gambling operations,
Meyer Lansky made inroads into the casino industry in Cuba during the 1930s while the Mafia was already involved in exporting Cuban sugar and rum.[49] When his friend Fulgencio Batista became president of Cuba in 1952, several Mafia bosses were able to make legitimate investments in legalized casinos. One estimate of the number of casinos mobsters owned was no less than 19.[49] However, when Batista was overthrown following the Cuban Revolution, his successor Fidel Castro banned U.S. investment in the country, putting an end to the Mafia's presence in Cuba.[49]
Las Vegas was seen as an "open city" where any family can work. Once Nevada legalized gambling, mobsters were quick to take advantage and the casino industry became very popular in Las Vegas. Since the 1940s, Mafia families from New York, Cleveland, Kansas City, Milwaukee and Chicago had interests in Las Vegas casinos. They got loans from the
Operating in the shadows, the Mafia faced little opposition from law enforcement. Local law enforcement agencies did not have the resources or knowledge to effectively combat organized crime committed by a secret society they were unaware existed.
The Mafia's involvement in the US economy
By the late 1970s, the Mafia were involved in many industries,
One of the most lucrative gains for the Mafia was through gas-tax fraud. They created schemes to keep the money that they owed in taxes after the sale of millions of dollars' worth of wholesale petroleum. This allowed them to sell more gasoline at even lower prices. Michael Franzese, also known as the Yuppie Don, ran and organized a gas scandal and stole over $290 million in gasoline taxes by evading the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and shutting down the gas station before government officials could make him pay what he owed. Franzese was caught in 1985.[53][54]
Labor racketeering helped the Mafia control many industries from a macroeconomic scale. This tactic helped them grow in power and influence in many cities with big labor unions such as New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit and many others. Many members of the Mafia were enlisted in unions and even became union executives. The Mafia has controlled unions all over the U.S. to extort money and resources out of big business, with recent indictments of corruption involving the New Jersey Waterfront Union, the Concrete Workers Union, and the
Restaurants were yet another powerful means by which the Mafia could gain economic power. A large concentration of Mafia-owned restaurants was in New York City. Not only were they the setting of many killings and important meetings, but they were also an effective means of smuggling drugs and other illegal goods. From 1985 to 1987, Sicilian Mafiosi in the U.S. imported an estimated $1.65 billion worth of heroin through pizzerias, hiding the cargo in various food products.[56][57]
Another one of the areas of the economy that the Mafia was most influential was
. Tourism in the city greatly increased through the 1960s and strengthened the local economy.The 1960s were also when the Mafia's influence in the Las Vegas economy began to dwindle, however.
The RICO Act
When the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO Act) became federal law in 1970, it became a highly effective tool in prosecuting mobsters. It provides for extended criminal penalties for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization. Violation of the act is punishable by up to 20 years in prison per count, up to $25,000 in fines, and the violator must forfeit all properties attained while violating the RICO Act.[61] The RICO Act has proven to be a very powerful weapon because it attacks the entire corrupt entity instead of individuals who can easily be replaced with other organized crime members.[26] Between 1981 and 1992, 23 bosses from around the country were convicted under the law while between 1981 and 1988, 13 underbosses and 43 captains were convicted.[48] Over 1,000 crime family figures were convicted by 1990.[61] While this significantly crippled many Mafia families around the country, the most powerful families continued to dominate crime in their territories, even if the new laws put more mobsters in jail and made it harder to operate.
A high-profile RICO case sentenced
On January 9, 2003, Bonanno crime family boss Joseph Massino was arrested and indicted, alongside Salvatore Vitale, Frank Lino and capo Daniel Mongelli, in a comprehensive racketeering indictment. The charges against Massino himself included ordering the 1981 murder of Dominick "Sonny Black" Napolitano.[64][65] Massino's trial began on May 24, 2004, with judge Nicholas Garaufis presiding and Greg D. Andres and Robert Henoch heading the prosecution.[66] He now faced 11 RICO counts for seven murders (due to the prospect of prosecutors seeking the death penalty for the Sciascia murder, that case was severed to be tried separately), arson, extortion, loansharking, illegal gambling, and money laundering.[67] After deliberating for five days, the jury found Massino guilty of all 11 counts on July 30, 2004. His sentencing was initially scheduled for October 12, and he was expected to receive a sentence of life imprisonment with no possibility of parole.[68] The jury also approved the prosecutors' recommended $10 million forfeiture of the proceeds of his reign as Bonanno boss on the day of the verdict.[69]
Immediately after his July 30 conviction, as court was adjourned, Massino requested a meeting with Judge Garaufis, where he made his first offer to cooperate.
In the 21st century, the Mafia has continued to be involved in a broad spectrum of illegal activities. These include murder, extortion, corruption of public officials, gambling, infiltration of legitimate businesses, labor racketeering, loan sharking,
Structure
The American Mafia operates on a strict hierarchical structure. While similar to its Sicilian origins, the American Mafia's modern organizational structure was created by Salvatore Maranzano in 1931. He created the
There are occasionally other positions in the family leadership. Frequently, ruling panels have been set up when a boss goes to jail to divide the responsibility of the family (these usually consist of three or five members). This also helps divert police attention from any one member. The family messenger and street boss were positions created by former Genovese family leader Vincent Gigante.
- Boss – The boss is the head of the family, usually reigning as a dictator, sometimes called the Don or "Godfather". The boss receives a cut of every operation. Operations are taken on by every member of the family and of the region's occupying family.[81] Depending on the family, the boss may be chosen by a vote from the caporegimes of the family. In the event of a tie, the underboss must vote. In the past, all the members of a family voted on the boss, but by the late 1950s, any gathering such as that usually attracted too much attention.[82] In practice, many of these elections are seen as having an inevitable result, such as that of John Gotti in 1986. According to Sammy Gravano, a meeting was held in a basement during which all capos were searched and Gotti's men stood ominously behind them. Gotti was then proclaimed boss.
- Underboss – The underboss, usually appointed by the boss, is the second in command of the family. The underboss often runs the day-to-day responsibilities of the family or oversees its most lucrative rackets. He usually gets a percentage of the family's income from the boss's cut. The underboss is usually first in line to become acting boss if the boss is imprisoned, and is also frequently seen as a logical successor.
- Consigliere – The consigliere is an advisor to the family and sometimes seen as the boss's "right-hand man". He is used as a mediator of disputes and often acts as a representative or aide for the family in meetings with other families, rival criminal organizations, and important business associates. In practice, the consigliere is normally the third-ranking member of the administration of a family and was traditionally a senior member carrying the utmost respect of the family and deeply familiar with the inner-workings of the organization. A boss will often appoint a trusted close friend or personal advisor as his official consigliere.
- Caporegime (or capo) – A caporegime (also captain or skipper) is in charge of a crew, a group of soldiers who report directly to him. Each crew usually contains 10–20 soldiers and many more associates. A capo is appointed by the boss and reports to him or the underboss. A captain gives a percentage of his (and his underlings') earnings to the boss and is also responsible for any tasks assigned, including murder. In labor racketeering, it is usually a capo who controls the infiltration of union locals. If a capo becomes powerful enough, he can sometimes wield more power than some of his superiors. In cases like Anthony Corallo they might even bypass the normal Mafia structure and lead the family when the boss dies.
- Soldier (Soldato in Italian) – A soldato or "soldier" is an inducted (or "made") member of the Mafia in general and an inducted member of a particular Mafia crime family, and traditionally they can only be of full Italian background (although today many families require men to be of only half Italian descent, on their father's side). Once a member is made he is untouchable, meaning permission from a soldier's boss must be given before he is murdered. When the books are open, meaning that a family is accepting new members, a made man may recommend an up-and-coming associate to be a new soldier. Soldiers are the main workers of the family, usually committing crimes like assault, murder, extortion, intimidation, etc. In return, they are given profitable rackets to run by their superiors and have full access to their family's connections and power.
- Associate – An associate is not a member of the Mafia, but works for a crime family nonetheless. Associates can include a wide range of people who work for the family. An associate can have a wide range of duties, from virtually carrying out the same duties as a soldier to being a simple errand boy. This is where prospective mobsters ("labor union delegate or businessman.[82] Non-Italians will never go any further than this, although many non-Italian associates of the Mafia, such as Meyer Lansky, Bugsy Siegel, Murray Humphreys, Mickey Cohen, Frank Rosenthal, Gus Alex, Bumpy Johnson, Frank Sheeran, Jimmy Hoffa, Jake Guzik, Sidney Korshak, Gerard Ouimette, Moe Dalitz and James Burke, wielded extreme power within their respective crime families and carried the respect of actual Mafia members.
Rituals and customs
The
A hit, or murder, of a made man must be approved by the leadership of his family, or retaliatory hits would be made, possibly inciting a war. In a state of war, families would "go to the mattresses," which means to prepare for a war or be prepared in a war-like stance. It was mainly derived from the film
List of Mafia families
The following is a list of Mafia families that have been active in the U.S. Note that some families have members and associates working in other regions as well. The organization is not limited to these regions. The Bonanno crime family and the Buffalo crime family also had influence in several factions in Canada including the Rizzuto crime family and Cotroni crime family,[95][96][97] and the Luppino crime family and Papalia crime family,[98][99] respectively.
- Bufalino crime family (Northeastern Pennsylvania)
- Chicago Outfit (Chicago, Illinois)
- Cleveland crime family (Cleveland, Ohio)
- Dallas crime family (Dallas, Texas)
- Northern New Jersey)
- Denver crime family (Denver, Colorado)
- Detroit Partnership (Detroit, Michigan)
- The Five Families (New York, New York)
- Kansas City crime family (Kansas City, Missouri)
- Los Angeles crime family (Los Angeles, California)
- Magaddino crime family (Buffalo, New York)
- Milwaukee crime family (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
- New Orleans crime family (New Orleans, Louisiana)
- Patriarca crime family (New England)
- Philadelphia crime family (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
- Pittsburgh crime family (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
- Rochester crime family (Rochester, New York)
- San Francisco crime family (San Francisco, California)
- San Jose crime family (San Jose, California)
- Seattle, Washington)
- St. Louis crime family (St. Louis, Missouri)
- Trafficante crime family (Tampa, Florida)
Cooperation with the U.S. government
During World War II
U.S. Naval Intelligence entered into an agreement with Lucky Luciano to gain his assistance in keeping the New York waterfront free from saboteurs after the destruction of the SS Normandie.[101] This spectacular disaster convinced both sides to talk seriously about protecting the United States' East Coast on the afternoon of February 9, 1942. While it was in the process of being converted into a troopship, the luxury ocean liner, Normandie, mysteriously burst into flames with 1,500 sailors and civilians on board. All but one escaped, but 128 were injured and by the next day the ship was a smoking hull. In his report, twelve years later, William B. Herlands, Commissioner of Investigation, made the case for the U.S. government talking to top criminals, stating "The Intelligence authorities were greatly concerned with the problems of sabotage and espionage…Suspicions were rife with respect to the leaking of information about convoy movements. The Normandie, which was being converted to war use as the Navy auxiliary Lafayette, had burned at the pier in the North River, New York City. Sabotage was suspected."[102]
Plots to assassinate Fidel Castro
In August 1960, Colonel Sheffield Edwards, director of the Office of Security of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), proposed the assassination of Cuban head of state Fidel Castro by Mafia assassins. Between August 1960 and April 1961, the CIA, with the help of the Mafia, pursued a series of plots to poison or shoot Castro.[103] Those allegedly involved included Sam Giancana, Carlos Marcello, Santo Trafficante Jr., and John Roselli.[104]
Recovery of murdered Mississippi civil rights workers
In 2007, Linda Schiro testified in an unrelated court case that her late boyfriend,
Law enforcement and the Mafia
In several Mafia families, killing a state authority is forbidden due to the possibility of extreme police retaliation. In some rare strict cases, conspiring to commit such a murder is punishable by death. Jewish mobster and Mafia associate
Kefauver Committee
In 1951, a U.S. Senate special committee, chaired by Democratic Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver, determined that a "sinister criminal organization" known as the Mafia operated around the United States. The United States Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce (known as the "Kefauver Hearings"), televised nationwide, captured the attention of the American people and forced the FBI to recognize the existence of organized crime. In 1953, the FBI initiated the "Top Hoodlum Program". The purpose of the program was to have agents collect information on the mobsters in their territories and report it regularly to Washington to maintain a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers.[108]
Apalachin meeting
The Apalachin meeting was a historic
Local and state law enforcement became suspicious when numerous expensive cars bearing license plates from around the country arrived in what was described as "the sleepy hamlet of Apalachin".[120] After setting up roadblocks, the police raided the meeting, causing many of the participants to flee into the woods and area surrounding the Barbara estate.[121] More than 60 underworld bosses were detained and indicted following the raid. Twenty of those who attended the meeting were charged with "Conspiring to obstruct justice by lying about the nature of the underworld meeting" and found guilty in January 1959. All were fined, up to $10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on appeal the following year.[why?] One of the most direct and significant outcomes of the Apalachin Meeting was that it helped to confirm the existence of a nationwide criminal conspiracy, a fact that some, including Federal Bureau of Investigation director J. Edgar Hoover, had long refused to acknowledge.[118][122][123]
Valachi hearings
Valachi murdered a man in prison who he feared mob boss, and fellow prisoner,
Soon after, Valachi decided to cooperate with the
Although Valachi's disclosures never led directly to the prosecution of any Mafia leaders, he provided many details of the
Commission Trial
As part of the
In the early 1980s, the Bonanno family were kicked off the Commission due to the
Eight of the nine defendants were convicted of racketeering on November 19, 1986[141]— the exception, Anthony Indelicato, was convicted instead of the 1979 murder of Carmine Galante[142]— and all were sentenced on January 13, 1987, as follows:[143][144]
In the early 1990s, as the Colombo crime family war raged, the Commission refused to allow any Colombo member to sit on the Commission[145] and considered dissolving the family.
2011 indictments
On January 20, 2011, the
In popular culture
Film
The film Scarface (1932) is loosely based on the story of Al Capone.[150]
In 1968,
Television
A 13-part miniseries by NBC called The Gangster Chronicles based on the rise of many major crime bosses of the 1920s and 1930s, aired in 1981.[152] The Sopranos was an award-winning HBO television show that depicted modern day American-Italian mob culture in New Jersey. Although the show is fictional, the general storyline is based on its creator David Chase's experiences growing up and interacting with New Jersey crime families.
Fat Tony in The Simpsons is described as "a mobster and the underboss of the Springfield Mafia".
Video games
The Mafia has been the subject of multiple crime-related video games. The
See also
- Atlantic City Conference
- The Corporation("Cuban mafia")
- D-Company ("Indian mafia")
- Havana Conference
- Jewish-American organized crime
- Irish-American organized crime
- African-American organized crime
- La Eme ("Mexican Mafia")
- Timeline of organized crime
- Triad ("Chinese mafia")
- Unione Corse ("Corsican mafia")
- Yakuza ("Japanese mafia")
- Bratva("Russian mafia")
- Sicilian Mafia
- Camorra
- Ndrangheta
- Sacra Corona Unita
Citations
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- ^ Butts, Edward, Outlaws of The Lakes – Bootlegging and Smuggling from Colonial Times To Prohibition. 2004.Toronto: Linx Images Inc. Pg 230
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Genovese maranzano.
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General and cited references
- Arlacchi, Pino (1988). Mafia Business: The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285197-7.
- Chubb, Judith (1989). "The Mafia and Politics", Cornell Studies in International Affairs, Occasional Papers No. 23.
- Critchley, David (2008). The Origin of Organized Crime: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931. New York: Routledge.
- Dainotto, Roberto M. (2015). The Mafia: A Cultural History. Princeton University Press. p. 239. .
- Dash, Mike. The First Family: Terror, Extortion and the Birth of the American Mafia. London, Simon & Schuster, 2009.
- Servadio, Gaia (1976). Mafioso: A History of the Mafia from Its Origins to the Present Day. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-436-44700-2.
Further reading
- Buccellato, James A. Early organized crime in Detroit : vice, corruption and the rise of the Mafia (2015) online
- OCLC 48978297.
- Dainotto, Roberto M. (2015). The Mafia: A Cultural History. New Haven, Conn.: Princeton University Press. .
- Fox, Stephen. Blood and Power: Organized Crime in 20th-Century America (William Morrow, 1989 )
- Gardaphe, Fred L. From wiseguys to wise men: the gangster and Italian American masculinities (2006) online
- Hortis, C. Alexander. The mob and the city : the hidden history of how the mafia captured New York (2014) online
- Reuter, Peter (Summer (Northern Hemisphere) 1995). "The Decline of the American Mafia" (Archive, Info page, Archive). National Affairs. No. 120. pp. 89–99.
- Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia (2010) {https://archive.org/details/mafiaencyclopedi00sifa_0 online]
Primary sources
- United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field Publication. 1959. Select Committee On Improper Activities In The Labor Or Management Field, United States. Congress. Senate (1957). Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor Or Management Field. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
Frank Zito Illinois.
- United States. Congress. Senate. Commerce (1972). Effects of organized criminal activity on interstate and foreign commerce. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (1980). Organized Crime and Use of Violence: hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (1988). Organized crime: 25 years after Valachi: hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs. Retrieved January 26, 2011. For sale by the Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, U.S. G.P.O., 1988.