Italian Canadians

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(Redirected from
Italian-Canadian
)
Italian Canadians
Italo-canadesi (
Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Other Italians, Sicilian Americans, Corsican Americans

Italian Canadians (

landed immigrants and non-permanent residents and their families living with them in Canada.[2] Residing mainly in central urban industrial metropolitan areas, Italian Canadians are the seventh largest self-identified ethnic group in Canada behind French, English, Irish, Scottish, German and Chinese Canadians
.

Italian immigration to Canada started as early as the mid 19th century. A substantial influx of Italian immigration to Canada began in the early 20th century, primarily from rural

fascist
connections.

A second wave of immigration occurred after the World War II, and between the early 1950s and the mid-1960s, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year, many of the men working in the construction industry upon settling. Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia was an influential port of Italian immigration between 1928 until it ceased operations in 1971, where 471,940 individuals came to Canada from Italy, making them the third largest ethnic group to immigrate to Canada during that time period. In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery, removing one of the primary incentives for emigration. The importance of the family unit of Italian Canadians has provided a central role in the adaptation of newer socioeconomic realities. In 2010, the Government of Ontario proclaimed the month of June as Italian Heritage Month, and in 2017, the Government of Canada also declared the month of June as Italian Heritage Month across Canada.

History

Italian immigrants lay cobblestones on King Street in Toronto, 1903
A grocery store owned by an Italian family in Little Italy, Montreal, 1910
Sign of Mirador, a restaurant in Montreal owned by an Italian immigrant, 1948

The first explorer to coastal North America was the Venetian

navvies in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[6] In 1904, 3,144 of the 8,576 seasonal Canadian Pacific Railway workforce were Italian men.[7] Italian workers in that period, as described by Lucy di Pietro, a manager of the Association for the Memory of Italo-Canadian Immigrants, were seen "as transients and judged, according to the stereotype, as warm-blooded people with violent and criminal dispositions." Italians were among the immigrants considered "undesirable," as expressed in Canada's first law concerning immigration, dating back to 1869. This law provided for certain categories of foreigners deemed more "desirable," precisely, for reasons of cultural affinity or stereotypes related to labor industriousness, favoring workers from Great Britain or Northern European countries. Italians were usually referred to by the nickname navvies, short for navigator,[8]
a term coined in England to refer to laborers and which from 1830 onwards was applied in a derogatory sense to those who worked on tunnel or railway construction in uncomfortable conditions.

A substantial influx of

Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Ottawa and Sherbrooke. Many also settled in mining communities in British Columbia (Trail),[13][14] Alberta (Crowsnest Pass),[15] Cape Breton Island (Inverness),[16] and Northern Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie and Fort William).[17]

This migration was largely halted after

restitution and promote education on Italian Canadian history [worth $2.5 million]", which was passed by the House of Commons on April 28, 2010;[20] Canada Post was also to issue a commemorative postage stamp commemorating the internment of Italian Canadian citizens,[21] however, Bill C-302 did not pass through the necessary stages to become law.[22] In 2021, prime minister Justin Trudeau formally apologized for the war internment of Italian Canadians, in the House of Commons.[23]

A second wave occurred after World War II when Italians, especially from the more southern regions,

Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947.[24] Between the early 1950s and the mid-1960s, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year,[9][25] surpassing those who went to the United States during the same period.[26] Between 1946 and 1967, more than 90 percent of Italian immigrants took advantage of the sponsorship system whereby they were admitted into Canada if sponsored by relatives residing in Canada that would assume the financial responsibility for them during their settlement period.[7] In 1948, relations between Canada and Italy were formalized through the opening of a Canadian embassy in Rome and an immigration office.[27] In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery, removing one of the primary incentives for emigration.[9] In 1967, the sponsorship system was restricted, instead basing immigrant selection on labour-market considerations, also decreasing the influx of Italian immigration.[7] 90 percent of the Italians who immigrated to Canada after World War II remained in Canada, and decades after that period, the community still had fluency in the Italian language.[28] There has been an overall decline in the use of the Italian language in Canada
since 2001.

Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia was an influential port of Italian immigration between 1928 until it ceased operations in 1971, where 471,940 individuals came to Canada from Italy, making them the third largest ethnic group to immigrate to Canada during that time period.[29]

The rapid growth of the metropolitan areas that had attracted Italian immigrants, created a strong demand for construction work, and by the 1960s, more than 15,000 Italian men worked in Toronto's construction industry, representing one third of all construction workers in the city at that time.

family unit of Italian Canadians has provided a central role in the adaptation of newer socioeconomic realities.[7] A mid-1960s study conducted in Montreal found that two in three Canadian-born Italians had their nearest relative living in the same building as them or within a five-minute walking distance, and that more than half of those sampled had chosen to buy a house in a given area due to familiarity and because relatives and other Italian Canadians lived in the vicinity.[7] 75 percent of Italians that immigrated after World War II were employed in low-income occupations, but by the mid-1980s, the children of immigrants had achieved a level of higher education comparable to the national average.[6] By the 1980s, 86 percent of Italian Canadians owned a home, compared to 70 percent of the general population.[6]

Canada thus began a multicultural policy that resulted in a strengthening of the identity of the different ethnic groups. Among them, the Italian one experienced a strong socio-cultural transformation due to multiple factors. As the mistrust caused by the fascist period ceased, Italians were able to improve their living conditions, with an increase in the social mobility of young Italian-Canadians. The second generation, better educated, began to abandon the manual jobs traditionally performed by their parents in favor of jobs for which a good level of education was necessary. Many of these young people began to speak English as their first language, moving away from the customs of their parents in a process of constructing their own specific Italian-Canadian identity, different from the category of "Italian citizens residing in Canada" or "population of Italian origin." Thus, a new identity profile was born that originated from the fusion of two cultures to become something else and evolve in its own way.[31]

In 2010, the Government of Ontario passed Bill 103 with royal assent proclaiming the month of June as Italian Heritage Month.[32] On May 17, 2017, the Minister of Canadian Heritage Mélanie Joly passed a unanimous motion, Motion 64, in the House of Commons to recognize the month of June as Italian Heritage Month across Canada — a time to recognize, celebrate and raise awareness of the Italian community in Canada, one of the largest outside of Italy.[33]

In 2019, Canada received the 11th highest number of Italian emigrants, and among non-European countries was the fourth highest after Brazil, the United States and Australia.[34] Compared to the past, the skills of migrants have changed as today there are many researchers, skilled workers and entrepreneurs. In 2018, more than half of the Italian citizens who moved abroad (53 percent) had medium-high educational qualifications: 33,000 high school graduates and 29,000 college graduates.[35][36] Highly qualified people are in demand in Canada in areas that are lacking in the territory, particularly in information and communication technologies.[37]

Demographics

Ethnicity

As of the 2021 census, 1,546,390 Canadian residents stated they had

Italian ancestry, comprising 4.3 percent of Canada's population, marking a 2.6 percent decrease from the 1,587,970 population of the 2016 census.[1]
From the 1,587,970, 671,510 were single ethnic origin responses, while the remaining 874,880 were multiple ethnic origin responses. The majority live in Ontario, over 900,000, (seven percent of the population), while over 300,000 live in Quebec (four percent of the population) — constituting for almost 80 percent of the national population.

Canadians of Italian ethnicity
Year Population (single and multiple
ethnic origin responses) 		% of total ethnic
population 		Population (single ethnic
origin responses) 		Population (multiple ethnic
origin responses) 		Total % change
1871[5]
 1,035 0.03% N/A N/A N/A
1881[5] 1,849 0.04% N/A N/A +78.6%
1901[5] 10,834 0.2% N/A N/A +485.9%
1911[38]
 45,411 0.6% N/A N/A +319.2%
1921[5]
 66,769 0.8% N/A N/A +47.0%
1931[5]
 98,173 0.9% N/A N/A +47.0%
1941[5]
 112,625 1.0% N/A N/A +14.7%
1951[5]
 152,245 1.1% N/A N/A +35.2%
1961[39] 459,351 2.5% N/A N/A +201.7%
1971[5] 730,820 3.4% N/A N/A +59.1%
1981[7]
 747,970 3.1% N/A N/A +2.3%
1991[40]
 1,147,780 4.1% 750,055 397,725 +53.5%
1996[41]
 1,207,475 4.2% 729,455 478,025 +5.2%
2001[42]
 1,270,370 4.3% 726,275 544,090 +5.2%
2006[43]
 1,445,335 4.6% 741,045 704,285 +13.8%
2011[44]
 1,488,425 4.5% 700,845 787,580 +3.0%
2016[45]
 1,587,970 4.6% 695,420 892,550 +6.7%
2021[1]
 1,546,390 4.3% 671,510 874,880 −2.6%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity by province and territory (1991–2006)
Province/territory Population (1991)[40] % of total ethnic population (1991) Population (1996)[41] % of total ethnic population (1996) Population (2001)[42] % of total ethnic population (2001) Population (2006)[43] % of total ethnic population (2006)
Ontario 701,430 7.0% 743,425 7.0% 781,345 6.9% 867,980 7.2%
Quebec 226,645 3.3% 244,740 3.5% 249,205 3.5% 299,655 4.0%
British Columbia 111,990 3.4% 117,895 3.2% 126,420 3.3% 143,160 3.5%
Alberta 61,245 2.4% 58,140 2.2% 67,655 2.3% 82,015 2.5%
Manitoba 17,900 1.6% 17,205 1.6% 18,550 1.7% 21,405 1.9%
Nova Scotia 11,915 1.3% 11,200 1.2% 11,240 1.3% 13,505 1.5%
Saskatchewan 8,290 0.8% 7,145 0.7% 7,565 0.8% 7,970 0.8%
New Brunswick 4,995 0.7% 4,645 0.6% 5,610 0.8% 5,900 0.8%
Newfoundland and Labrador 1,740 0.3% 1,505 0.3% 1,180 0.2% 1,375 0.3%
Prince Edward Island 665 0.5% 515 0.4% 605 0.4% 1,005 0.7%
Yukon 440 1.6% 545 1.8% 500 1.8% 620 2.0%
Northwest Territories 510 0.9% 525 0.8% 400 1.1% 610 1.5%
Nunavut N/A[note 1] N/A N/A N/A 95 0.4% 125 0.4%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity by province and territory (2011–2021)
Province/territory Population (2011)[44] % of total ethnic population (2011) Population (2016)[45] % of total ethnic population (2016) Population (2021)[1] % of total ethnic population (2021)
Ontario 883,990 7.0% 931,805 7.0% 905,105 6.5%
Quebec 307,810 4.0% 326,700 4.1% 316,320 3.8%
British Columbia 150,660 3.5% 166,090 3.6% 162,485 3.3%
Alberta 88,705 2.5% 101,260 2.5% 98,730 2.4%
Manitoba 21,960 1.9% 23,205 1.9% 22,835 1.8%
Nova Scotia 14,305 1.6% 15,625 1.7% 16,575 1.7%
Saskatchewan 9,530 1.0% 11,310 1.1% 10,830 1.0%
New Brunswick 7,195 1.0% 7,460 1.0% 8,250 1.1%
Newfoundland and Labrador 1,825 0.4% 1,710 0.3% 2,290 0.5%
Prince Edward Island 955 0.7% 1,200 0.9% 1,655 1.1%
Yukon 725 2.2% 915 2.6% 710 1.8%
Northwest Territories 545 1.3% 505 1.2% 445 1.1%
Nunavut 215 0.7% 175 0.5% 160 0.4%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity (greater than 10,000) by
census agglomeration
(1991–2006)
Metropolitan area Population (1991)[40] % of total ethnic population (1991) Population (1996)[41][47] % of total ethnic population (1996) Population (2001)[48] % of total ethnic population (2001) Population (2006)[49] % of total ethnic population (2006)
Toronto CMA[note 2]
 387,655 10.1% 414,310 9.8% 429,380 9.2% 466,155 9.2%
Montreal CMA
 163,830 9.2% 220,935 6.7% 224,460 6.6% 260,345 7.3%
Greater Vancouver 58,465 3.8% 64,285 3.5% 69,000 3.5% 76,345 3.6%
Hamilton CMA 51,320[note 3] 11.4% 62,035[note 4] 10.0% 67,685[note 5] 10.3% 72,440[note 6] 10.6%
Niagara Region 43,040 10.9% 44,515 11.0% 44,645 12.0% 48,850 12.7%
National Capital Region 30,265 4.5% 34,350 3.4% 37,435 3.6% 45,005 4.0%
Greater Calgary
 22,810 3.2% 23,885 2.9% 29,120 3.1% 33,645 3.1%
Windsor 20,320 10.6% 29,270 10.6% 30,680 10.1% 33,725 10.5%
Greater Edmonton
 17,780 2.9% 20,020 2.3% 22,385 2.4% 28,805 2.8%
Greater Winnipeg
 14,460 2.3% 15,245 2.3% 16,105 2.4% 18,580 2.7%
Sault Ste. Marie 16,930 20.8% 16,480 20.0% 16,315 21.0% 17,720 22.4%
Thunder Bay 14,265 12.5% 15,095 12.1% 15,395 12.8% 17,290 14.3%
London 13,455 4.4% 15,570 4.0% 17,290 4.1% 20,380 4.5%
Greater Sudbury 12,210 7.6% 11,990 7.5% 12,030 7.8% 13,415 8.6%
Oshawa CMA[note 7]
 N/A N/A 11,675 4.4% 13,990 4.8% 18,225 5.6%
Guelph N/A N/A N/A N/A 11,135 9.6% 12,110 9.6%
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo
 N/A N/A 10,240 2.5% 11,365 2.8% 13,675 3.1%
Barrie N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10,330 5.9%
Canadians of Italian ethnicity (greater than 10,000) by
census agglomeration
(2011–2021)
Metropolitan area Population (2011)[50] % of total ethnic population (2011) Population (2016)[51] % of total ethnic population (2016) Population (2021)[52] % of total ethnic population (2021)
Toronto CMA[note 2]
 475,090 8.6% 484,360 8.3% 444,755 7.2%
Montreal CMA
 263,565 7.0% 279,795 7.0% 267,240 6.3%
Greater Vancouver 82,435 3.6% 87,875 3.6% 83,200 3.2%
Hamilton CMA 75,900[note 8] 10.7% 79,725[note 9] 10.8% 80,165[note 10] 10.4%
Niagara Region 48,530 12.6% 49,345 12.4% 50,210 11.8%
National Capital Region 47,975 4.0% 53,825 4.1% 55,945 3.8%
Greater Calgary
 36,875 3.1% 42,940 3.1% 41,620 2.8%
Windsor 30,880 9.8% 33,175 10.2% 37,665 9.1%
Greater Edmonton
 29,580 2.6% 33,800 2.6% 32,235 2.3%
Oshawa CMA[note 7]
 20,265 5.8% 22,870 6.1% 22,745 5.5%
London 20,210 4.3% 22,625 4.6% 22,755 4.3%
Greater Winnipeg
 18,405 2.6% 19,435 2.6% 19,060 2.3%
Sault Ste. Marie 16,005 20.4% 16,025 20.9% 14,945 19.8%
Thunder Bay 15,575 13.1% 16,610 14.0% 16,615 13.7%
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo
 14,860 3.2% 18,650 3.6% 19,475 3.4%
Greater Sudbury 13,115 8.3% 13,500 8.3% 12,935 7.7%
Guelph 12,915 9.3% 14,430 9.6% 14,075 8.6%
Barrie 11,415 6.2% 14,460 7.4% 16,190 7.7%
Victoria 10,535 3.1% 11,665 3.3% 12,750 3.3%

Language and immigration

Main article: Italian language in Canada

As of 2021, of the 1,546,390 Italian Canadians, 204,070 are Italian born immigrants,

Italian as their mother tongue.[54]
There has been an overall decline in the use of the Italian language since 2001.

Italian mother tongue speakers in Canada
Year Population % of non-official language mother
tongue speakers in Canada 		% of all language mother tongue
speakers in Canada 		% of Italian Canadians
1991[55] 449,660 12.7% 1.7% 39.2%
1996[56] 484,500 10.5% 1.7% 40.1%
2001[57] 469,485 9.0% 1.6% 37.0%
2006[58] 455,040 7.4% 1.5% 31.5%
2011[59] 407,485 6.2% 1.2% 27.4%
2016[60] 375,645 5.1% 1.1% 23.7%
2021[54] 319,505 4.1% 0.9% 20.7%
Italian immigrant population to Canada
Period Population % of total
Canadian immigration
1901–1910[7] 58,104 3.5%
1911–1920[7] 62,663 3.7%
1921–1930[7] 26,183 2.1%
1931–1940[7] 3,898 2.4%
1941–1950[7] 20,682 4.2%
1951–1960[7] 250,812 15.9%
1961–1970[7] 190,760 13.5%
1971–1978[7] 37,087 3.1%
Italian immigrant population in Canada
Year Population % of immigrants
in Canada 		% of Canadian
population
1986[61] 366,820 9.4% 1.5%
1991[61] 351,615 8.1% 1.3%
1996[61] 332,110 6.7% 1.2%
2001[62] 315,455 5.8% 1.1%
2006[63] 296,850 4.8% 0.9%
2011[64] 260,250 3.6% 0.8%
2016[65] 236,635 3.1% 0.7%
2021[53] 204,070 2.4% 0.6%

Italian Canadian culture, media and education

Main article: Italian language in Canada § Italian culture in Canada

Notable Italian Canadians

Main article: List of Italian Canadians

Italian districts in Canada

Alberta

  • Little Italy, Edmonton

Greater Montreal area

Ottawa

Hamilton

Greater Toronto Area

Windsor, Ontario

British Columbia

Manitoba

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Before it separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act.[46]
  2. ^
    City of Toronto
    .
  3. Glanbrook (630, 6.5% of total population), Ancaster (2,175, 9.9% of total population), Dundas (900, 4.1% of total population), Flamborough (1,320, 4.5% of total population)), Burlington (6,325, 4.9% of total population) and Grimsby
    (1,140, 6.2% of total population)
  4. Glanbrook (1,040, 9.9% of total population), Ancaster (2,475, 10.6% of total population), Dundas (1,155, 5.0% of total population), Flamborough (1,815, 5.3% of total population)), Burlington (7,715, 5.6% of total population) and Grimsby
    (1,495, 7.6% of total population)
  5. Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality into Hamilton (56,265, 11.6% of total population), Burlington (9,520, 6.4% of total population) and Grimsby
    (1,905, 9.1% of total population)
  6. ^ Includes Hamilton (58,800, 11.8% of total population), Burlington (11,430, 7.0% of total population) and Grimsby (2,215, 9.4% of total population)
  7. ^ a b Includes the municipalities of Oshawa, Whitby, and Clarington. See Italian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area for more detailed information.
  8. ^ Includes Hamilton (60,535, 11.9% of total population), Burlington (12,755, 7.4% of total population) and Grimsby (2,610, 10.4% of total population)
  9. ^ Includes Hamilton (62,335, 11.8% of total population), Burlington (14,235, 7.9% of total population) and Grimsby (3,155 11.8% of total population)
  10. ^ Includes Hamilton (61,195, 10.9% of total population), Burlington (15,545, 8.5% of total population) and Grimsby (3,425 12.0% of total population)

References

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Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canadians of Italian descent.
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