Italian General Confederation of Labour
Italian General Confederation of Labour | |
Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro | |
TUAC | |
Website | cgil.it |
---|
The Italian General Confederation of Labour (
It has been the most important Italian trade union since its creation. It has a membership of over 5.5 million.[3] Along with the decline of membership within its political counterpart, the Democratic Party (PD), its membership is in steep decline since 2013, with the percentage of pensioners in constant rise. On 1 July 2015, the number of working adults reached a ceiling of 2.185.099. The CGIL is currently the second-largest trade union in Europe, after the German DGB, which has over 6 million members. The CGIL is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation and the European Trade Union Confederation, and is a member of the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD.[4]
History
Beginnings and opposition to Fascism
The roots of CGIL date back to early
On 9 June 1944, the Pact of Rome was signed between representatives of the three main anti-fascist parties: the Christian Democracy (DC), the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI). However, a few days before, Bruno Buozzi, who had worked intensively on the Pact, was murdered by the Nazi troops.[7] The pact established the foundation of a new CGdL, named Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL). The Pact was signed by Giuseppe Di Vittorio for the PCI, by Achille Grandi for the DC and by Emilio Canevari for the PSI. The latter will be later replaced as responsible for the socialist component of CGIL by Oreste Lizzadri.[8]
Despite the unitary CGIL was strongly supported by communists and socialists, the
First congress and split
On 1 February 1947, Salvatore Giuliano, a Sicilian bandit and separatist leader, killed 11 farmworkers and wounded other 27, during May Day celebrations in the municipality of Piana degli Albanesi.[12] His aim had been to punish local leftists for the recent election results. In an open letter, he took sole responsibility for the murders and claimed that he had only wanted his men to fire above the heads of the crowd; the deaths had been a mistake. The massacre created a national scandal and the CGIL called a general strike in protest against the massacre. According to newspaper reports hints at the possibility of civil war were heard as communist leaders harangued meetings of 6,000,000 workers who struck throughout Italy in protest against the massacre.[13]
After a few months, in the first national congress, which took place in
Di Vittorio Era
In January and March 1953, Di Vittorio proclaimed general strikes against the so-called "Scam Law", an
The anti-communist winds broke out in harsh repression against CGIL members in factories and in the countryside. Many activists were fired, while many others were forced into the so-called "confinement" departments, where communist members were humiliated. To increase the repression against communists, the American ambassadress in Italy,
Giuseppe Di Vittorio, along with the socialist Fernando Santi, reacted to the Government and
The tragic facts of the 1956 Hungarian revolution, brutally repressed by the Soviet Union, reinforced the conflict between the three trade unions. For CGIL it was a very difficult moment: Di Vittorio, who, unlike the Communist Party, had immediately condemned the Soviet invasion, was forced by Togliatti to a humiliating retraction.[25][26] Many officials resigned and the number of members dropped by 1 million from 1955 to 1958. Di Vittorio died on 3 November 1957 in Lecco, after a trade union assembly.[27] He directed the CGIL during the post-war period, preserving its internal unity and creating the premises for the resumption of the unitary dialogue with CISL and UIL. On 3 December, Agostino Novella was elected new General Secretary.[28]
Protests of 1968 and Hot Autumn
After years of approach between the three trade unions, in 1966, the Catholic association ACLI broke with the Christian Democracy, asking for a new season of cooperation with communists.
On 21 August 1968, Novella's CGIL not only expressed its clear condemnation against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, but broke with the World Federation of Trade Unions, the international organization of Marxist-inspired unions.[32] Meanwhile, in Italy, the struggles in the South exploded and the Government did not hesitate in repressing them with extreme hardness. On 2 December 1968, in Avola, near Siracusa, the police shot the workers who were demonstrating after the end of the negotiations for the renewal of employment contracts, killing two demonstrators. On 9 April 1969, near Battipaglia, Campania, the police shot workers who were demonstrating against the probable closure of the local tobacco factory, killing a 19-year-old worker and a young teacher.[33] Workers' protest continued in the so-called Hot Autumn (Autunno Caldo), a term used for a series of large strikes in factories and industrial centres of Northern Italy, in which workers demanded better pay and better conditions.[34] In 1969 and 1970 there were over 440 hours of strikes in the region. The decrease in the flow of labour migration from Southern Italy had resulted in nearly full employment levels in the northern part of the country.[35]
Lama Era
On 24 March 1970,
In October 1970 the general councils of the three confederations met together in Florence to examine the possibility of starting a unification process. In particular, the metalworkers' factions, FIOM, FIM and UILM, strongly supported the union, but the proposal faced strong opposition from UIL and large sectors of CISL.[38] In July 1972, the three general councils, in a unified session, signed the "Federative Pact" in Rome, electing a joint committee of 90 members and a secretariat of 15 members.[39] The CGIL–CISL–UIL Federation will guarantee the unitary management of the main trade union events for all the 1970s and will be dissolved only after the so-called "Valentine's Day decree" of Bettino Craxi's government in 1984.[40]
The 1970s were also marked by great civil rights achievements.[41] In 1970 the Law n. 898 on divorce was approved, while in 1971 the Parliament approved the Law n. 1204 for the protection of working mothers and the one on nursery schools. In 1975, Law n. 151 introduced equality between men and women inside families. Finally, in 1978 the Law n. 194 "Rules for the social protection of motherhood and voluntary interruption of pregnancy" was approved.[42] However, in the second half of the decade, the unions' action began to weaken. Entrepreneurs used the economic crisis to overturn in their favour the balance of power, resulting from Hot Autumn. Intense restructuring processes were implemented almost everywhere, favoured by the introduction of new automation technologies. While, investments in new plants, based on robotics and information technology created unemployment.[43]
During the decade, with the beginning of the so-called, "strategy of tension", the CGIL was the target of
In February 1978 three trade unions, on the initiative of Luciano Lama, ratified at the Palazzo dei Congressi in Rome, a document, known as the "EUR Turn", proposing a wage restraint in exchange for an economic policy that would support the development and defend employment.[46] But in those years, CGIL and the unitary union were mostly committed to fighting the strategy of tension, defending democracy and democratic institutions from terrorist attacks. The total isolation of subversive groups from the working world would be the main basis of their defeat. In September 1980, Fiat declared that it would proceed with the dismissal of 14,000 workers and unilaterally put 23,000 workers into redundancy. Metalworkers blocked the Fiat factories for 35 days. Luciano Lama and Enrico Berlinguer, General Secretary of the Communist Party, strongly supported the workers' strikes. In October 1980, Fiat's employees and managers protested through the streets of Turin in an event remembered as the "March of Forty Thousand", to protest against the strikes and against the trade unions which organized it.[47] It was a sound defeat for all Italian trade unions, but especially for the CGIL. The "Fiat case" marked forever trade unions' history in Italy, accelerating towards the dissolution of the unitary federation.[48]
In June 1982, the three unions rejected, with a major demonstration in Rome in June 1982, the end of an agreement on the sliding wage scale, better known in Italy as "escalator" (scala mobile in Italian), a method which consisted in increasing the wages as the prices rise in order to maintain the purchasing power of the workers even if there is inflation.[49] However, after few days CISL and UIL opened to the revision of the "escalator", while CGIL was strongly against it. On 14 February 1984, the government led by socialist Prime Minister, Bettino Craxi, unilaterally reduced the "escalator" with the famous "Valentine's Day decree".[50] CISL and UIL expressed their positive view on the decree, while the CGIL announced strikes. The divisions between the trade unions caused the definitive breaking of the unitary federation. The CGIL launched a referendum on the "escalator", which was rejected by voters, marking a strong defeat for the trade union.[51][52]
From the late 1980s to Tangentopoli
The defeat in the referendum on the escalator opened a difficult period for the CGIL, in a context marked by a drastic loss of representativeness of the three confederations and the birth of small autonomous trade unions. In 1986 Antonio Pizzinato, succeeded Lama, becoming the new General Secretary.[53] However, difficulties within the CGIL were suddenly reflected in the following National Congress. Pizzinato, after only two years of the secretariat, resigned from his post in favour of Bruno Trentin, former General Secretary of FIOM during the Hot Autumn.[54]
Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union, the new head of the
In 1992 the
In July 1992, the government of
On 29 June 1994,
With the victory of Romano Prodi's centre-left coalition in 1996 general election, the dialogue with the trade union movement was strengthened and, as already mentioned, allowed Italy to reach Euro convergence criteria and enter into the single currency.[61] CGIL, CISL and UIL were also protagonists of a battle against the secessionism of the League, which put at risk the political unity of Italy, with major demonstrations in Milan and Venice.[citation needed]
From 2000 to the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic
Berlusconi returned to power after the 2001 general election. His government tried to abolish Article 18 of the Workers' Statute, which protected workers from unjustified dismissal. On 23 March 2002, the CGIL led by Sergio Cofferati announced a great demonstration against the reform. It was the largest mass demonstration in Italian history, with more than three million people gathered at the Circus Maximus in Rome to protest against the abolition of Article 18.[62] The CGIL continued the struggle, proclaiming a general strike for 18 April of the same year, which was later joined by CISL and UIL. After a few weeks the government announced the withdrawal of the reform.[63]
In September 2002, CGIL elected Guglielmo Epifani as the new General Secretary. Epifani continued the fight against Berlusconi's government, started by his predecessor.[64] In particular he launched general strikes against budget laws of 2003 and 2004. After the 2006 general election, Prodi's centre-left, strongly supported by Epifani's CGIL, returned to power.[65] However, he lost the majority after less than two years and Berlusconi became Prime Minister once again after the 2008 general election.[66]
On 3 November 2010,
In 2014, Article 18 was finally abolished by the centre-left cabinet of Matteo Renzi as part of a huge labour market reform called the Jobs Act.[76] The proposal was heavily criticised by Camusso, who announced a public protest.[77] On 25 October, almost one million people took part in a mass protest in Rome, organised by the CGIL in opposition to the labour reforms of the government. Some high-profile members of the left-wing faction of the Democratic Party also participated in the protest.[78] On 8 November, more than 100,000 public employees protested in Rome in a demonstration organised by the three trade unions.[79] Despite the mass protests, the Parliament approved the Jobs Act in December 2014.[80][81] After years of fights to protect Article 18 from the reforms promoted by the centre-right, it was finally abolished by the centre-left, causing a serious break between CGIL and its political counterpart, the Democratic Party.[82]
On 24 January 2019, during the 18th National Congress in
On 9 October 2021, the CGIL's national headquarters in Rome was attacked by a mob of members of the
On 18 March 2023, at the 19th Congress of the CGIL, Landini was re-elected general secretary with 94.2% of votes in favour.
General Secretaries
N° | Portrait | Name (Born–Died) |
Term of office | Tenure (Years and days) |
Party | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Giuseppe Di Vittorio (1892–1957) |
3 June 1944 | 3 November 1957 | 13 years, 153 days | PCI | ||
2 | Agostino Novella (1905–1974) |
3 December 1957 | 24 March 1970 | 12 years, 111 days | PCI | ||
3 | Luciano Lama (1921–1996) |
24 March 1970 | 28 February 1986 | 15 years, 341 days | PCI | ||
4 | Antonio Pizzinato (1932– ) |
11 March 1986 | 29 November 1988 | 2 years, 263 days | PCI | ||
5 | Bruno Trentin (1926–2007) |
29 November 1988 | 29 June 1994 | 5 years, 212 days | PCI/PDS | ||
6 | Sergio Cofferati (1948– ) |
29 June 1994 | 20 September 2002 | 8 years, 83 days | PDS/DS | ||
7 | Guglielmo Epifani (1950–2021) |
20 September 2002 | 3 November 2010 | 8 years, 44 days | DS/PD | ||
8 | Susanna Camusso (1955– ) |
3 November 2010 | 24 January 2019 | 8 years, 82 days | Ind. | ||
9 | Maurizio Landini (1961– ) |
24 January 2019 | Incumbent | 5 years, 91 days | Ind. |
Timeline
National Congresses
- 1st National Congress – Florence, Tuscany, 1–7 June 1947
- 2nd National Congress – Genoa, Liguria, 4–9 October 1949
- 3rd National Congress – Naples, Campania, 26 November–3 December 1952
- 4th National Congress – Rome, Lazio, 27 February–4 March 1956
- 5th National Congress – Milan, Lombardy, 2–7 April 1960
- 6th National Congress – Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, 31 March–5 April 1965
- 7th National Congress – Livorno, Tuscany, 16–21 June 1969
- 8th National Congress – Bari, Apulia, 2–7 July 1973
- 9th National Congress – Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, 6–11 June 1977
- 10th National Congress – Rome, Lazio, 16–21 November 1981
- 11th National Congress – Rome, Lazio, 28 February–4 March 1986
- 12th National Congress – Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, 23–27 October 1991
- 13th National Congress – Roma, Lazio, 2–5 July 1996
- 14th National Congress – Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, 6–9 February 2002
- 15th National Congress – Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, 1–4 March 2006
- 16th National Congress – Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, 5–8 May 2010
- 17th National Congress – Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, 6–8 May 2014
- 18th National Congress – Bari, Apulia, 22–24 January 2019
- 19th National Congress – Rimini, Emilia-Romagna, 15–18 March 2023
Affiliated union federations
Current affiliates
Acronym | Logo | Name | Founded |
---|---|---|---|
FIOM | Italian Federation of Metalworkers | 1901 | |
SPI | Italian Pensioners' Trade Union | 1949 | |
FLAI | Italian Federation of Agroindustrial Workers | 1988 | |
FILLEA | Italian Federation of Wood, Building and Industry Workers
|
1944 | |
FILT | Italian Federation of Transport Workers | 1980 | |
FILCTEM | Italian Federation of Chemical, Textile, Energy and Manufacturing Workers | 2010 | |
FILCAMS | Italian Federation of Commerce, Hotel and Service Workers | 1960 | |
FISAC | Italian Federation of Insurance and Credit Workers | 1983 | |
NIDIL | New Labour Identity | 1998 | |
SLC | Communication Workers' Union | 1996 | |
FLC | Federation of Education Workers | 2004 | |
FP | Public Function | 1980 |
Former affiliates
Union | Abbreviation | Founded | Left | Reason not affiliated | Membership (1954)[92] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Italian Federation of Aqueduct Workers | FILDA | 1946 | 1977 | Merged into FNLE | 2,188 |
Italian Federation of Auxiliary Workers | FILAI | 1948 | 1974 | Merged into FILCAMS | 24,768 |
Italian Federation of Chemical Workers | FILC | 1901 | 1960 | Merged into FILCEP | 123,286 |
Italian Federation of Chemical and Allied Workers | FILCEA | 1968 | 2006 | Merged into FILCEM | N/A |
Italian Federation of Chemical, Energy and Manufacturing Workers | FILCEM | 2006 | 2009 | Merged into FILTCEM | N/A |
Italian Federation of Chemical and Oil Workers | FILCEP | 1960 | 1968 | Merged into FILCEA | N/A |
Italian Federation of Civil Aviation Staff | FIPAC | 1944 | 1980 | Merged into FILT | 1,110 |
Italian Federation of Commercial Agents and Travellers | FIARVEP | 1945 | 1979 | Merged into FILCAMS | 2,052 |
Italian Federation of Credit Company Employees | FIDAC | 1944 | 1983 | Merged into FISAC | 23,055 |
Italian Federation of Electricity Company Employees | FILDAE | 1946 | 1977 | Merged into FNLE | 34,600 |
Italian Federation of Employees of Telephone Companies | FIDAT | 1946 | 1983 | Merged into FILPT | 10,987 |
Italian Federation of Entertainment Workers | FILS | 1944 | 1981 | Merged into FILIS | 22,163 |
Italian Federation of Firemen | FIVF | 1944 | 1962 | 2,868 | |
Italian Federation of Food Industry Workers | FILIA | 1944 | 1960 | Merged into FILZIAT | 109,486 |
Italian Federation of Garment Workers | FILA | 1947 | 1966 | Merged into FILTEA | 86,837 |
Italian Federation of Gas Workers | FIDAG | 1945 | 1977 | Merged into FNLE | 10,725 |
Italian Federation of Glass and Ceramic Workers | FILCEVA | 1945 | 1968 | Merged into FILCEA | 54,136 |
Italian Federation of Hat and Allied Workers |
FILCA | 1901 | 1966 | Merged into FILTEA | 4,087 |
Italian Federation of Hauliers and Inland Waterways | FIAI | 1948 | 1980 | Merged into FILT | 84,812 |
Italian Federation of Hospital Employees | FNO | 1946 | 1958 | Merged into FLELS | 35,366 |
Italian Federation of Hotel and Restaurant Workers | FILAM | 1945 | 1960 | Merged into FILCAMS | 40,800 |
Italian Federation of Information and Entertainment Workers | FILIS | 1981 | 1996 | Merged into SLC | N/A |
Italian Federation of Insurance Workers | FILDA | 1947 | 1983 | Merged into FISAC | 639 |
Italian Federation of Marine Workers | FILM | 1944 | 1980 | Merged into FILT | 32,613 |
Italian Federation of Mining Industry Workers | FILIE | 1945 | 1956 | Merged into FILCEP | 49,341 |
Italian Federation of Port Workers | FILP | 1944 | 1980 | Merged into FILT | 24,351 |
Italian Federation of Postal and Telecommunication Workers | FILPT | 1983 | 1996 | Merged into SLC | N/A |
Italian Federation of Paper and Printing Workers | FILPC | 1946 | 1981 | Merged into FILIS | 59,893 |
Italian Federation of Public Sector Workers | FIDEP | 1946 | 1980 | Merged into PF | 8,047 |
Italian Federation of Sanatorium Workers | FILSA | 1951 | 6,136 | ||
Italian Federation of Sugar and Alcohol Industry Employees | FIAIZA | 1947 | 1960 | Merged into FILZIAT | 8,700 |
Italian Federation of Sugar, Food Industry and Tobacco Workers | FILZIAT | 1960 | 1988 | Merged into FLAI | N/A |
Italian Federation of Tax Collectors | 4,081 | ||||
Italian Federation of Textile Workers | FIOT | 1901 | 1966 | Merged into FILTEA | 172,810 |
Italian Federation of Textile and Garment Workers | FILTEA | 1966 | 2009 | Merged into FILCTEM | N/A |
Italian Federation of Trade and Allied Workers | FILCEA | 1945 | 1960 | Merged into FILCAMS | 69,648 |
Italian Postal and Telecommunication Federation | FIP | 1945 | 1983 | Merged into FILPT | 29,043 |
Italian Railway Union | SFI | 1907 | 1980 | Merged into FILT | 97,136 |
Italian Union of Carters | SNBI | 4,393 | |||
Italian Union of Oil Workers | SILP | 1946 | 1960 | Merged into FILCEP | 11,411 |
Italian Union of Railway Contract Workers | SILAF | 12,429 | |||
National Association of Street Traders | ANVA | 1948 | Disaffiliated | 36,713 | |
National Federation of Agricultural Workers | Federterra | 1901 | 1948 | Became umbrella group | N/A |
National Federation of Artists, Painters, Sculptors, Engravers and Set Designers | 139 | ||||
National Federation of Energy Workers | FNLE | 1977 | 2006 | Merged into FILCEM | N/A |
National Federation of Italian Agricultural Labourers and Employees | Federbraccianti | 1948 | 1988 | Merged into FLAI | 1,084,116 |
National Federation of Local Authority and Healthcare Workers | FLELS | 1946 | 1980 | Merged into PF | 84,661 |
National Federation of Pharmacists | 307 | ||||
National Federation of Sharecroppers | Federmezzadri | 1947 | 1977 | Disaffiliated | 543,806 |
National Federation of Wood and Forests | 54,694 | ||||
National Lawyers' Union | 77 | ||||
National School Union | SNS | 1967 | 2004 | Merged into FLC | N/A |
National State Federation |
FNS | 1945 | 1980 | Merged into PF | 68,699 |
National Union of Barbers and Hairdressers | 3,051 | ||||
National Union of Newsagents | 2,369 | ||||
National Union of Research | SNR | 1973 | 1997 | Merged into SNUR | N/A |
National Union of Shipping Company Employees | 1,133 | ||||
National Union of Tobacco | SNT | 1948 | 1960 | Merged into FILZIAT | 17,938 |
National Union of Travelling Entertainers | 261 | ||||
National Union of University and Research | SNUR | 1997 | 2004 | Merged into FLC | N/A |
National University Union | SNU | 1986 | 1997 | Merged into SNUR | N/A |
Union of Italian Fishermen | SIP | 1945 | 1956 | Merged into FILM | 9,113 |
Union of Porters and Assistants | SINFA | 1952 | 1980 | Merged into FILT | 17,285 |
United Union of Central Bank Staff | USPIE | 1945 | 1983 | Merged into FISAC | 2,248 |
Formally associated bodies
Acronym | Logo | Name | Chair |
---|---|---|---|
AGENQUADRI | General Association of Managers | Paolo Terranova | |
Auser | Self-management Services | Enzo Costa | |
Federconsumatori | Consumer Federation | Emilio Viafora | |
RSM | Secondary School Students' Network | Giammarco Manfreda | |
UdU | University Students' Union | Enrico Gulluni |
Symbols
-
CGIL logo
-
CGIL flag
See also
References
- ^ Nasce la CGIL – Rai Storia
- ^ Quando la CGIL era la cinghia di trasmissione del PCI, Panorama
- ^ "Sindacati: Cgil a Demoskopika, nel 2017 +1,04 iscritti rispetto 2016 e + 0,66 rispetto 2015". Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ^ "Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro – Internazionale". Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ^ "La Storia della CGIL – Dalla nascosta ai giorni nostri". Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "Bruno Bozzi: uno dei protagonisti dell'unità sindacale". Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "Il Patto di Roma e la nascosta della CGIL unitaria". Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Antonio Alosco, Alle origini del sindacalismo, La ricostruzione della CGL nell’Italia liberata (1943–1944), Prefazione di Giorgio Benvenuto, SugarCo Edizioni, Milano, 1979.
- ^ Arturo Peregalli, L’altra Resistenza. Il PCI e le opposizioni di sinistra in Italia 1943-1945, Graphos, Genova, 1991.
- ^ Ministero dell'Interno – Archivio Storico
- ^ "L'Italia repubblicana e gli anni dello sviluppo". Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Battle of the Inkpots[permanent dead link], Time Magazine, 12 May 1947
- ^ Italian Strikers Talk Of Civil War, The New York Times, 4 May 1947
- ISSN 1715-5673.
- S2CID 143941092.
- ^ L'attentato a Palmiro Togliatti, 70 anni fa
- ^ "La Storia della CISL" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UIL, la storia e i congressi". Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Cgil-Cisl-Uil: riders in piazza il 9 febbraio alla manifestazione nazionale
- ^ Also its parliamentarian exam had a disruptive effect: "Among the iron pots of political forces that faced in the Cold War, Senate cracked as earthenware pot": Buonomo, Giampiero (2014). "Come il Senato si scoprì vaso di coccio". L'Ago e Il Filo. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "Clare Boothe Luce: gli Usa e Roma 60 anni prima di Wikileaks". Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Fonderie, i poliziotti persero il controllo Ma lo stato non ha mai fatto autocritica
- ^ L'eccidio di Modena
- ^ Conglobamento e commissioni interne dei sindacati negli anni '50
- ^ I fatti di Ungheria e il ruolo di Di Vittorio
- ^ DI Vittorio e l'Ungheria
- ^ Muore Giuseppe Di Vittorio
- ^ "La Storia della CGIL – I Segretari Generali nella Storia". Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Cosa sono le ACLI
- ^ Manifestazione del 1 maggio 1968 a Roma
- ^ "Primo Maggio: "E' la nostra festa"". Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "Il giorno che a Praga finì la Primavera". Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ La rivolta di Battipaglia
- ^ Autunno Caldo – Rai Storia
- ^ 1969, l'anno in cui in Italia scoppiò l'Autunno Caldo
- ^ Tutto cominciò con Luciano Lama
- ^ 20 maggio 1970: nasce lo Statuto dei Lavoratori. Una storia di attacchi e resistenza
- ^ "Le conferenze di organizzazione nella storia della Cgil". Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "Patto Federativo CGIL–CISL–UIL" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Il decreto di San Valentino
- ^ "Gli anni '70: La rivoluzione dei diritti civili". Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Le riforme degli anni settanta: le leggi che hanno cambiato l'Italia
- ^ La crisi che ruppe il novecento
- ^ Piazza della Loggia, 44 anni fa la strage a Brescia
- ^ Montanelli, Indro; Mario Cervi (1991). L'Italia degli anni di piombo. Milan, Lombardy, Italy: Rizzoli Editore.
- ^ La svolta dell'EUR e la sua crisi
- ^ I 40.000 trent'anni dopo la marcia che cambiò il Paese
- ^ Quei 40 mila che cambiarono l'Italia
- ^ La scala mobile – Rai Storia
- ^ Scala mobile, ecco cosa è cambiato dal 1985
- ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ 1985: l’ultimo referendum che spaccò l’Italia
- ^ "I mass-media di Pizzinato". La Repubblica. 1 March 1986. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ "Senza applausi Pizzinato se ne va". La Repubblica. 18 November 1988. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ Che cosa significa e cosa fu la perestroika
- ^ Tangentopoli – Enciclopedia Treccani
- ^ Anni 90: la nuova scala mobile
- ^ "As Italy Votes, Golden Career of Berlusconi Is at Crossroads". The Wall Street Journal. 30 March 2006.
- ^ "Italian Election, The Prelude". The American. 1 April 2006. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "La Riforma Dini". Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ La vittoria di Prodi nel 1996, ma con Rifondazione
- ^ Cgil al Circo Massimo, tre milioni di persone nel 2002
- ^ Modifica Articolo 18, quel No di Cofferati nel 2002 davanti a 3 milioni di persone
- ^ Cgil, Epifani eletto segretario generale
- ^ "CNN.com - Berlusconi refuses to concede - Apr 11, 2006". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 April 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2006.
- ^ "Berlusconi declares election win". BBC News. 14 April 2008.
- ^ "CGIL, Susanna Camusso eletta segretaria generale". Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Nir, Sarah Maslin (12 November 2011). "Italians Rejoice in the Streets After Berlusconi Resigns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Europe Italy Bonds.Italy Pays More Than 7% at Treasury-Bond Auction for Third Time in a Week". Bloomberg. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- ^ "Italy crisis: Mario Monti announces austerity plan". BBC. 4 December 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- ^ "Italy approves sweeping reforms". BBC News. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
- ^ "Monti unveils liberalisation plans". Financial Times. 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
- ^ "Berlusconi 2, Cofferati 1". The Economist. 27 June 2002. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
- ^ "Italy govt to pass labour reforms even without unions". Reuters. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
- ^ "Italy vs the unions". Financial Post. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
- ^ "The Job Act arrives at Italian Senate". TheRword September Editorial. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Lavoro, la battaglia sull'articolo 18, Cgil a Renzi: 'Basta insulti'". ANSA.it. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ "Italy job reforms: CGIL union organises mass protest". BBC News. 25 October 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ "Roma, statali in piazza contro governo: Siamo in 100mila". Stream24 – Il Sole 24 Ore. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ F.Q. (25 November 2014). "Jobs act, Camera approva testo. Fuori dall'Aula Fi, Lega, M5s e 40 deputati Pd – Il Fatto Quotidiano". Il Fatto Quotidiano. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ "Via libera al Senato, il Jobs act è legge: abolito l'articolo 18". LaStampa.it. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ Articolo 18 e Jobs act: licenziati in qualsiasi momento, reintegrati praticamente mai
- ^ Cgil, trovato l'accordo: Landini sarà il nuovo segretario generale, Colla il suo vice
- ^ La CGIL verso l'accordo tra il movimentismo di Landini e il riformismo di Colla
- ^ Maurizio Landini sarà il nuovo segretario generale della Cgil e Vincenzo Colla sarà il suo vice, scrive Repubblica
- ^ CGIL, c’è laccordo: Landini segretario
- ^ Landini: "In Italia corriamo rischio di fascismi"
- ^ Roma, in 200mila in piazza con i sindacati per il lavoro: il videoracconto
- ^ Cgil Cisl e Uil in piazza a Roma: manifestazione unitaria dei sindacati. Landini: "Noi il cambiamento, governo ci ascolti"
- ^ Attaccata la sede della Cgil a Roma, Landini: 'Squadrismo fascista', ANSA
- ^ Cgil, assalto alla sede di Roma, Landini: «Atto di squadrismo fascista», Corriere della Sera
- ^ Mitchell, James P. (1955). Directory of Labor Organizations: Europe. Washington DC: United States Department of Labor. p. 17.24.