Italian diaspora
Emigrazione italiana ( European diaspora, Italians |
---|
The Italian diaspora (
Another factor was related to the overpopulation of Italy as a result of the improvements in socioeconomic conditions after Unification.[5] That created a demographic boom and forced the new generations to emigrate en masse in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, mostly to the Americas.[6] The new migration of capital created millions of unskilled jobs around the world and was responsible for the simultaneous mass migration of Italians searching for "bread and work" (Italian: pane e lavoro, pronounced [ˈpaːne e llaˈvoːro]).[7]
The second diaspora started after the end of World War II and concluded roughly in the 1970s. Between 1880 and 1980, about 15,000,000 Italians left the country permanently.[8] By 1980, it was estimated that about 25,000,000 Italians were residing outside Italy.[9] Between 1861 and 1985, 29,036,000 Italians emigrated to other countries; of whom 16,000,000 (55%) arrived before the outbreak of World War I. About 10,275,000 returned to Italy (35%), and 18,761,000 permanently settled abroad (65%).[10]
A third wave, primarily affecting young people, widely called "fuga di cervelli" (brain drain) in the Italian media, is thought to be occurring, due to the socioeconomic problems caused by the financial crisis of the early 21st century. According to the Public Register of Italian Residents Abroad (AIRE), the number of Italians abroad rose from 3,106,251 in 2006 to 4,636,647 in 2015 and so grew by 49% in just 10 years.[11] There are over 5 million Italian citizens living outside Italy,[12] and c. 80 million people around the world claim full or partial Italian ancestry.[1]
Internal migration within the
Background of ancient Italian migrations
Italians in Lebanon (or Italian Lebanese) are a community in Lebanon. Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the Italian Republic of Genoa had some Genoese colonies in Beirut, Tripoli, and Byblos. In more recent times, the Italians came to Lebanon in small groups during World War I and World War II, trying to escape the wars at that time in Europe. Some of the first Italians who choose Lebanon as a place to settle and find refuge were Italian soldiers from the Italo-Turkish War from 1911 to 1912. Most of the Italians chose to settle in Beirut because of its European style of life. Few Italians left Lebanon for France after independence. The Italian community in Lebanon is very small (about 4,300 people) and it is mostly assimilated into the Lebanese Catholic community. There is a growing interest in economic relationships between Italy and Lebanon (like with the "Vinifest 2011").[20]
The Italians of
The
A Genoese community has existed in Gibraltar since the 16th century and later became an important part of the population. There is much evidence of a community of emigrants from Genoa, who moved to Gibraltar in the 16th century[26] and that were more than a third of the Gibraltar population in the first half of the 18th century. Although labeled as "Genoese", they were not only from the city of Genoa but from all of Liguria, a region in Northern Italy that was the center of the maritime Republic of Genoa. According to the 1725 census, on a total civilian population of 1,113 there were 414 Genoese, 400 Spaniards, 137 Jews, 113 Britons and 49 others (mainly Portuguese and Dutch).[27] In the 1753 census, the Genoese were the biggest group (nearly 34%) of civilian residents in the Gibraltar, and up until 1830, Italian was spoken together with English and Spanish and used in official announcements.[28] After Napoleonic times, many Sicilians and some Tuscans migrated to Gibraltar, but the Genoese and Ligurians remained the majority of the Italian group. Indeed, the Genoese dialect was spoken in Catalan Bay well into the 20th century, dying out in the 1970s.[29] Today, the descendants of the Genoese community of Gibraltar consider themselves Gibraltarians and most of them promote the autonomy of Gibraltar.[30] Genoese heritage is evident throughout Gibraltar but especially in the architecture of the town's older buildings which are influenced by traditional Genoese housing styles featuring internal courtyards (also known as "patios").
There has always been migration, since ancient times,
After the conquest of Anglo-Saxon England in 1066, the first recorded
Large numbers of Italians have resided in Germany since the early Middle Ages, particularly architects, craftsmen and traders. During the late Middle Ages and early modern times many Italians came to Germany for business, and relations between the two countries prospered. The political borders were also somewhat intertwined under the German princes' attempts to extend control over all the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Germany down to Northern Italy. During the Renaissance many Italian bankers, architects and artists moved to Germany and successfully integrated in the German society.
The first Italians came to Poland in the Middle Ages, however, substantial migration of Italians to Poland began in the 16th century (see Poland section below).[42]
History
From Italian unification to World War I
The Unification of Italy broke down the feudal land system, which had survived in the south since the Middle Ages, especially where land had been the inalienable property of aristocrats, religious bodies or the king. The breakdown of feudalism, however, and redistribution of land did not necessarily lead to small farmers in the south winding up with land of their own or land they could work and make profit from. Many remained landless, and plots grew smaller and smaller and so less and less productive, as land was subdivided amongst heirs.[4]
Between 1860 and World War I, 9 million Italians left permanently of a total of 16 million who emigrated, most travelling to North or South America.[43] The numbers may have even been higher; 14 million from 1876 to 1914, according to another study. Annual emigration averaged almost 220,000 in the period 1876 to 1900, and almost 650,000 from 1901 through 1915. Prior to 1900 the majority of Italian immigrants were from northern and central Italy. Two-thirds of the migrants who left Italy between 1870 and 1914 were men with traditional skills. Peasants were half of all migrants before 1896.[6]
As the number of Italian emigrants abroad increased, so did their remittances, which encouraged further emigration, even in the face of factors that might logically be thought to decrease the need to leave, such as increased salaries at home. It has been termed "persistent and path-dependent emigration flow".[43] Friends and relatives who left first sent back money for tickets and helped relatives as they arrived. That tended to support an emigration flow since even improving conditions in the original country took time to trickle down to potential emigrants to convince them not to leave. The emigrant flow was stemmed only by dramatic events, such as the outbreak of World War I, which greatly disrupted the flow of people trying to leave Europe, and the restrictions on immigration that were put in place by receiving countries. Examples of such restrictions in the United States were the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924. Restrictive legislation to limit emigration from Italy was introduced by the fascist government of the 1920s and 1930s.[44]
The Italian diaspora did not affect all regions of the nation equally. In the second phase of emigration (1900 to World War I), slightly less than half of emigrants were from the south and most of them were from rural areas, as they were driven off the land by inefficient land management, lawlessness and sickness (pellagra and cholera). Robert Foerster, in Italian Emigration of our Times (1919) says, "[Emigration has been]… well nigh expulsion; it has been exodus, in the sense of depopulation; it has been characteristically permanent".[45] The very large number of emigrants from Friuli-Venezia Giulia, a region with a population of only 509,000 in 1870 until 1914 is due to the fact that many of those counted among the 1.407 million emigrants actually lived in the Austrian Littoral which had a larger polyglot population of Croats, Friulians, Italians and Slovenes than in the Italian Friuli.[46]
The rule that emigration from cities was negligible has an important exception, in Naples.[4] The city went from being the capital of its own kingdom in 1860 to being just another large city in Italy. The loss of bureaucratical jobs and the subsequently declining financial situation led to high unemployment in the area. In the early-1880s, epidemics of cholera also struck the city, causing many people to leave. The epidemics were the driving force behind the decision to rebuild entire sections of the city, an undertaking known as the "risanamento" (literally "making healthy again"), a pursuit that lasted until the start of World War I.
During the first few years before the unification of Italy, emigration was not particularly controlled by the state. Emigrants were often in the hands of emigration agents whose job was to make money for themselves by moving emigrants. Such labor agents and recruiters were called padroni, translating to patron or boss.
Interwar period
Although the physical perils involved with transatlantic ship traffic during World War I disrupted emigration from all parts of Europe, including Italy, the condition of various national economies in the immediate post-war period was so bad that immigration picked up almost immediately. Foreign newspapers ran scare stories similar to those published 40 years earlier (when, for example, on December 18, 1880, The New York Times ran an editorial, "Undesirable Emigrants", full of typical invective of the day against the "promiscuous immigration… [of]…the filthy, wretched, lazy, criminal dregs of the meanest sections of Italy"). An article written during the interwar period on April 17, 1921, in the same newspaper, used the headlines "Italians Coming in Great Numbers" and "Number of Immigrants Will Be Limited Only By Capacity of Liners" (there was now a limited number of ships available because of recent wartime losses) and that potential immigrants were thronging the quays in the cities of Genoa. This article continues: ... the foreigner who walks through a city like Naples can easily realize the problem the government is dealing with: the back streets are literally teeming with children running around the streets and on the dirty and happy sidewalks. ... The suburbs of Naples ... teem with children who, in number, can only be compared to those found in Delhi, Agra and other cities of the East Indies ...".[50]
The extreme economic difficulties of post-war Italy and the severe internal tensions within the country, which led to the rise of fascism, led 614,000 immigrants away in 1920, half of them going to the United States. When the fascists came to power in 1922, there was a gradual slowdown in the flow of emigrants from Italy. However, during the first five years of fascist rule, 1,500,000 people left Italy.[51] By then, the nature of the emigrants had changed; there was, for example, a marked increase in the rise of relatives outside the working age moving to be with their families, who had already left Italy.
The bond of the emigrants with their mother country continued to be very strong even after their departure. Many Italian emigrants made donations to the construction of the
After World War II
Following the defeat of Italy in
The Italian emigration of the second half of the 20th century, on the other hand, was mostly to European nations experiencing economic growth. From the 1940s onwards, Italian emigration flow headed mainly to Switzerland and Belgium, while from the following decade, France and Germany were added among the top destinations.[56][57][58] These countries were considered by many, at the time of departure, as a temporary destination—often only for a few months—in which to work and earn money in order to build a better future in Italy. This phenomenon took place the most in the 1970s, a period that was marked by the return to their homeland of many Italian emigrants.
The Italian state signed an emigration pact with Germany in 1955 which guaranteed mutual commitment in the matter of migratory movements and which led almost three million Italians to cross the border in search of work. As of 2017, there are approximately 700,000 Italians in Germany, while in Switzerland this number reaches approximately 500,000. They are mainly of
An important phenomenon of aggregation that is found in Europe, as well as in other countries and continents that have been the destination of migratory flows of Italians, is that of emigration associations. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimates that over 10,000 associations set up by Italian emigrants over the course of over a century are present abroad. Benefit, cultural, assistance and service associations that have constituted a fundamental point of reference for emigrants. The major associative networks of various ideal inspirations are now gathered in the National Council of Emigration. One of the largest associative networks in the world, together with those of the Catholic world, is that of the Italian Federation of migrant workers and families.
"New emigration" of the 21st century
Between the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the next, the flow of Italian emigrants around the world greatly attenuated. Nevertheless, migration from certain regions never stopped, such as in Sicily.[59] However, following the effects of the Great Recession, a continuous flow of expatriates has spread since the end of the 2010s. Although numerically lower than the previous two, this period mainly affects young people who are often graduates, so much so that is defined as a "brain drain".
In particular, this flow is mainly directed towards Germany, where over 35,000 Italians arrived in 2012 alone, but also towards other countries such as the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, the United States and the South American countries. This is an annual flow which, according to the 2012 data from the registry office of Italians residing abroad (AIRE), is around 78,000 people with an increase of about 20,000 compared to 2011, even if it is estimated that the actual number of people who have emigrated is considerably higher (between two and three times), as many compatriots cancel their residence in Italy with much delay compared to their actual departure.
The phenomenon of the so-called "new emigration"[60] caused by the serious economic crisis also affects all of southern Europe such as countries like Spain, Portugal and Greece (as well as Ireland and France) which record similar, if not greater, emigration trends. It is widely believed that the places where there are no structural changes in economic and social policies are those most subject to the increase in this emigration flow. Regarding Italy, it is also significant that these flows no longer concern only the regions of southern Italy, but also those of the north, such as Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna.
According to the available statistics, the community of
The "Report of Italians in the World 2011" produced by the Migrantes Foundation, which is part of the CEI, specified that:
Italians residing abroad as of 31 December 2010 were 4,115,235 (47.8% are women).[62] The Italian emigrant community continues to increase both for new departures, and for internal growth (enlargement of families or people who acquire citizenship by descent). Italian emigration is concentrated mainly between Europe (55.8%) and America (38.8%). Followed by Oceania (3.2%), Africa (1.3%) and Asia with 0.8%. The country with the most Italians is Argentina (648,333), followed by Germany (631,243), then Switzerland (520,713). Furthermore, 54.8% of Italian emigrants are of southern origin (over 1,400,000 from the South and almost 800,000 from the Islands); 30.1% comes from the northern regions (almost 600,000 from the Northeast and 580,000 from the Northwest); finally, 15% (588,717) comes from the central regions. Central-southern emigrants are the overwhelming majority in Europe (62.1%) and Oceania (65%). In Asia and Africa, however, half of the Italians come from the North. The region with the most emigrants is Sicily (646,993), followed by Campania (411,512), Lazio (346,067), Calabria (343,010), Apulia (309,964) and Lombardy (291,476). The province with the most emigrants is Rome (263,210), followed by Agrigento (138,517), Cosenza (138,152), Salerno (108,588) and Naples (104,495).[63]
— CEI report on "new emigration"
In 2008, about 60,000 Italians changed citizenship; they mostly come from Northern Italy (74%) and have preferred Germany as their adopted country (12% of the total emigrants).[64] The number of Italian citizens residing abroad according to those registered in the AIRE registry:
Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 2,352,965 | 2,536,643 | 2,751,593 | 3,045,064 | 3,316,635 | 3,520,809 | 3,547,808 | 3,649,377 | 3,853,614 |
Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2020 | 2022 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 3,995,732 | 4,115,235 | 4,208,877 | 4,341,156 | 4,521,000 | 4,973,940 | 5,134,000 | 5,652,080 | 5,806,068 |
By continent
Africa
Although Italians did not emigrate to
Very numerous was the presence of Italian emigrants in African territories that were Italian colonies, namely in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya and Somalia.
In 1911, the
Year | Italians | Percentage | Total Libya | Source for data on population |
---|---|---|---|---|
1936 | 112,600 | 13.26% | 848,600 | Enciclopedia Geografica Mondiale K-Z, De Agostini, 1996 |
1939 | 108,419 | 12.37% | 876,563 | Guida Breve d'Italia Vol.III, C.T.I., 1939 (Censimento Ufficiale) |
1962 | 35,000 | 2.1% | 1,681,739 | Enciclopedia Motta, Vol.VIII, Motta Editore, 1969 |
1982 | 1,500 | 0.05% | 2,856,000 | Atlante Geografico Universale, Fabbri Editori, 1988 |
2004 | 22,530 | 0.4% | 5,631,585 | L'Aménagement Linguistique dans le Monde Archived 26 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine |
Former Italian communities also once thrived in the Horn of Africa, with about 50,000 Italian settlers living in Eritrea in 1935.[78] The Italian Eritrean population grew from 4,000 during World War I, to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II.[79] Their ancestry dates back from the beginning of the Italian colonization of Eritrea at the end of the 19th century, but only during 1930s they settled in large numbers.[80] In the 1939 census of Eritrea there were more than 76,000 Eritrean Italians, most of them living in Asmara (53,000 out of the city's total of 93,000).[81][82] Many Italian settlers got out of their colony after its conquest by the Allies in November 1941 and they were reduced to only 38,000 by 1946.[83] This also includes a population of mixed Italian and Eritrean descent; most Italian Eritreans still living in Eritrea are from this mixed group. Although many of the remaining Italians stayed during the decolonization process after World War II and are actually assimilated to the Eritrean society, a few are stateless today, as none of them were given citizenship unless through marriage or, more rarely, by having it conferred upon them by the State.
Conspicuous was the presence of Italian emigrants even in territories that have never been Italian colonies, such as Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Zimbabwe and Algeria.
The first Italians in Tunisia at the beginning of the 19th century were mainly traders and professionals in search of new opportunities, coming from Liguria and the other regions of northern Italy. At the end of the 19th century, Tunisia received the immigration of tens of thousands of Italians, mainly from Sicily and also Sardinia.[86] As a consequence, in the first years of the 20th century there were more than 100,000 Italian residents in Tunisia.[87] In 1926, there were 100,000 Italians in Tunisia, compared to 70,000 Frenchmen (unusual since Tunisia was a French protectorate).[88] In the 1946 census, the Italians in Tunisia were 84,935, but in 1959 (3 years after many Italian settlers left to Italy or France after independence from France) there were only 51,702, and in 1969 there were less than 10,000. As of 2005, there are only 900, mainly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Tunis. Another 2,000 Italians, according to the Italian Embassy in Tunis, are "temporary" residents, working as professionals and technicians for Italian companies in different areas of Tunisia.
During the
The oldest area of
The first
The first
Italian settlers also stayed in Portuguese colonies in Africa (Angola and Mozambique) after World War II. As the Portuguese government had sought to enlarge the small Portuguese population settled there through emigration from Europe,[100] the Italian migrants gradually assimilated into the Angolan and Mozambican Portuguese community.
Americas
Italian
The first Italians that headed to the Americas settled in the territories of the Spanish Empire as early as the 16th century. They were mainly Ligurians from the Republic of Genoa, who worked in activities and businesses related to transoceanic maritime navigation. The flow in the Río de la Plata region grew in the 1830s, when substantial Italian colonies arose in the cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. After the unification of Italy in 1861, there was a notable emigration from Italy to Uruguay that peaked in the last decades of the 19th century, when over 110,000 Italian emigrants arrived. In 1976, Uruguayans with Italian descent amounted to over 1.5 million (about 44% of the total population).[105]
The symbolic starting date of Italian emigration to the Americas is considered to be 28 June 1854 when, after a twenty-six day journey from
A substantial influx of
From the late 19th century until the 1930s, the
Another very conspicuous
After the unification of Italy there was a considerable emigration from Italy to Uruguay, which reached its peak in the last decades of the 19th century, when over 110,000 Italian emigrants arrived. In the early 20th century the migratory flow began to run out. In 1976, Uruguayans of Italian ancestry numbered over 1,300,000.[131] The maximum concentration is found, as well as in Montevideo, in the city of Paysandú (where almost 65% of the inhabitants are of Italian origin).
Many
In the mid-19th century, many
Italian immigration to Paraguay has been one of the largest migration flows this South American country has received.[135] Italians in Paraguay are the second-largest immigrant group in the country after the Spaniards. The Italian embassy calculates that nearly 40% of the Paraguayans have recent and distant Italian roots: about 2,500,000 Paraguayans are descendants of Italian emigrants to Paraguay.[136][137][138] Over the years, many descendants of Italian immigrants came to occupy important positions in the public life of the country, such as the presidency of the republic, the vice-presidency, local administrations and congress.[139]
Most of
Among European Peruvians, Italian Peruvians were the second largest group of immigrants to settle in the country.[142] The first wave of Italian immigration to an independent Peru occurred during the period 1840–1866 (the "Guano" Era): not less than 15,000 Italians arrived to Peru during this period (without counting the non-registered Italians) and established mainly in the coastal cities, especially, in Lima and Callao. They came, mostly, from the northern states (Liguria, Piedmont, Tuscany and Lombardy). Giuseppe Garibaldi arrived to Peru in 1851, as well as other Italians who participated in the Milan rebellion like Giuseppe Eboli, Steban Siccoli, Antonio Raimondi, Arrigoni, etc.
The Italian immigration in Guatemala began in a consistent way only in the early Republican era. One of the first Italians to come to Guatemala was Geronimo Mancinelli, an Italian coffee farmer who lived in San Marcos (Guatemala) in 1847.[143] However, the first wave of Italian immigrants came in 1873, under the government of Justo Rufino Barrios, these immigrants were mostly farmers attracted by the wealth of natural and spacious highlands of Guatemala. Most of them settled in Quetzaltenango and Guatemala City.[144]
Italian emigration into Cuba was minor (a few thousand emigrates) in comparison with other waves of Italian emigration to the Americas (millions went to Argentina, Venezuela, Brazil and the United States). Only in the mid-19th century did there develop a small Italian community in Cuba: they were mostly people of culture, architects, engineers, painters and artists and their families.
Italian Salvadorans are one of the largest European communities in El Salvador, and one of the largest in Central America and the Caribbean, as well as one of those with the greatest social and cultural weight of America.[148] Italians have strongly influenced Salvadoran society and participated in the construction of the country's identity. Italian culture is distinguished by infrastructure, gastronomy, education, dance, and other distinctions, there being several notable Salvadorans of Italian descent.[148][149][150][151] As of 2009, the Italian community in El Salvador is officially made up of 2,300 Italian citizens, while Salvadoran citizens with Italian descent exceed 200,000.[152][153]
Italian Panamanians are mainly descendant of Italians attracted by the construction of the Panama Canal, between the 19th and 20th century. The wave of Italian immigration occurred around 1880. With the construction of the Canal by the Universal Panama Canal Company came the arrival of up to 2,000 Italians. Actually there it is an agreement/treaty between the Italian and Panamanian governments, that facilitates since 1966 the Italian immigration to Panama for investments[154]
In 2010, there were over 15,000 Bolivians of Italian descent, while there were around 2,700 Italian citizens.[155] One of the most famous Italian Bolivian is the writer and poet Óscar Cerruto, considered one of the great authors of Bolivian literature.[156] There are currently almost 56,000 descendants of Italians in Ecuador, being one of the lowest rates of migrant ancestry in Ecuador, where Arabs and Spaniards play a more prominent role.[157] However, Argentine and Colombian immigrants who have entered the country since the end of the last century (80% and 50% respectively were made up of Italian descendants).[157]
The business sector of Haiti, was controlled by German and Italian immigrants in the mid-19th century.[158] In 1908 there were 160 Italians residing in Haiti, according to the Italian consul De Matteis, of whom 128 lived in the capital Port-au-Prince.[159] In 2011, according to the Italian census, there were 134 Italians who were resident in Haiti, nearly all of them living in the capital. However, there were nearly 5,000 Haitians with recent & distant Italians roots (according to the Italian embassy). In 2010, Puerto Ricans of Italian descent numbered around 10,000, while Italian citizens residing in Puerto Rico are 344, concentrated in Ponce and San Juan.[160] In addition, there is also an Italian Honorary Consulate in San Juan.[161]
The influx of Italian citizens to settle in the Republic of Honduras became evident within the first three decades of the 20th century. Among them stood out businessmen, architects, aviators, engineers, artists in various fields, etc. In 1911 the participation of immigrants in the development of the country began to be evident, especially families from Europe (Germany, Italy, France). The main marketing items were coffee, bananas, precious woods, gold and silver.[162] In 2014, there were about 14,000 Hondurans of Italian descent, while there were around 400 Italian citizens.[163]
Italian emigration to Nicaragua occurred from the 1880s until World War II.[164] Emigration was not consistent as there were only several hundred Italians who emigrated to Nicaragua, therefore with much lower numbers than the Italian emigration to other countries.[164] However, Italian emigration to Nicaragua was substantial if the other ethnic groups who emigrated to the South American country is considered, as well as the direct migratory flow to other Central American countries.[164] Another aspect to consider was the density of the Nicaraguan population of the time with respect to its territory, which was not very high, thus making the Italian presence, and more generally the presence of foreign citizens in Nicaragua, more significant.[164]
Asia
There is a small
Italians in Lebanon (or Italian Lebanese) are a community in Lebanon with a history that goes back to Roman times. In more recent times the Italians came to Lebanon in small groups during the World War I and World War II, trying to escape the wars at that time in Europe. Some of the first Italians who choose Lebanon as a place to settle and find a refuge were Italian soldiers from the Italo-Turkish War in 1911 to 1912. Also most of the Italians chose to settle in Beirut, because of its European style of life. Only a few Italians left Lebanon for France after independence. The Italian community in Lebanon is very small (about 4,300 people) and it is mostly assimilated into the Lebanese Catholic community.
There are up to 10,000 Italians in the United Arab Emirates, approximately two-thirds of whom are in Dubai, and the rest in Abu Dhabi.[170][171] The UAE in recent years has attained the status of a favourite destination for Italian immigrants, with the rate of Italians moving into the country having increased by forty percent between 2005 and 2007.[171] Italians make up one of the largest European groups in the UAE. The community is structured through numerous social circles and organisations such as the Italian Cultural and Recreational Circle (now known as "Cicer"),[171] the Italian Industry and Commerce Office (UAE) and the Italian Business Council Dubai. Social activities like outdoor excursions, gastronomy evenings, language courses, activities for children, exhibitions and concerts are frequent; there have been talks of setting up a permanent Italian cultural centre in Abu Dhabi which would act as a venue for activities.[171] Italian cuisine, culture, and fashion are widespread throughout Dubai and Abu Dhabi, with a large number of native Italians running restaurants.
Europe
The
The most important migratory flows of Italians to
The
In the 1890s, Germany transformed from a country of emigration to a country of immigration. Starting from this period the migratory flows from Italy expanded (mostly coming from Friuli, Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna), and with them the numerical consistency of the Italian communities increased. In fact, it went from 4,000 Italians in 1871 to over 120,000 registered in 1910. Italian immigration to Germany resumed after the rise to power of Nazism in 1933. This time, however, it was not a voluntary migration, but a forced recruitment of Italian workers, based on an agreement stipulated in 1937 between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, to satisfy the need to find cheap labor for German factories in exchange for the supply of coal to Italy. On December 20, 1955, a bilateral agreement was signed between Italy and West Germany for the recruitment and placement of Italian labor in German companies. From that date there was a boom in migratory flows towards West Germany, which were much more conspicuous than those that had occurred between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It is estimated that from 1956 to 1976 over 4 million Italians entered West Germany, 3.5 million of whom later returned to Italy.[190]
The first Italians in Luxembourg arrived in 1892, and at the end of the 19th century the Italian community numbered only 439 people, but already in 1900 the Italian community rose to 7,000 people and then to 10,000 only ten years later. The Italian emigrants worked above all in the mines and in the steel industry of the country (as in neighboring Belgium) until their closure, while today the Italian community is employed in the tertiary sector, especially banks.[191] In 1960, Italians constituted 37.8% of all foreign residents in Luxembourg (against only 8.2% in 2011).[192] The historical peak of the Italian community was in 1970, when the Italians in Luxembourg numbered 23,490, or as much as 6.9% of the entire population of the Grand Duchy.[192] The most important Italian-Luxembourg was the politician and trade unionist Luigi Reich who, from 1985 to 1993, was mayor of Dudelange and national vice-president of the Confédération générale du travail luxembourgeoise (CGT-L).[193] On 1 January 2011, according to AIRE, there were 22,965 Italians in Luxembourg (equal to 4.8% of the Luxembourg population) and almost a quarter of the emigrants are of Apulian origin.[194]
The first Italians came to Poland in the Middle Ages, however, substantial migration of Italians to Poland began in the 16th century.
In recent years a growing Italian community has also emerged in Portugal. Now the country hosts more than 34,000 Italian nationals[201][202] and almost 400 Italians have acquires the Portuguese citizenship since 2008.[203] Many of the Italians living in Portugal are Italian-Brazilians who have taken advantage of their EU citizenship and subsequently settled in a country where they already spoke the language.[204][205]
Italians in Spain are one of the largest communities of immigrant groups in Spain, with 257.256 Italian citizens in the country;[208] conversely, 142,401 residents in Spain were born in Italy.[209] A significant part of the Italian citizens in Spain are not born in Italy but emigrate from Argentina or Uruguay.[210][211]
The English towns of Bedford and Hoddesdon have sizeable Italian populations. A significant number of Italians came to Bedford in the 1950s due to the London Brick Company finding itself short of workers in the wake of the post-war reconstruction boom. As a result, Bedford has the largest concentration of Italian families in the UK, and the third-highest number of Italian immigrants overall with around one-fifth of its overall population being of Italian descent.[217][218] In Hoddesdon, many Italians, mostly descending from Sicily, migrated there and across the Lea Valley in the 1950s due to opportunities working in local garden nurseries. They were drawn to the area by the rich agricultural landscape and better pay in comparison to back home. Today, the town's Italian community has had such a significant impact that an Italian consul, Carmelo Nicastro, was even elected for the area.[219] Also due to immigration in the 1800s there is a Little Italy in Clerkenwell, Islington, London.[220]
Oceania
Italians first arrived in Australia in the decades immediately following the Unification of Italy, but the most significant wave was after World War II ended in 1945, particularly from 1950 to 1965. Italian Australians had a significant impact on Australia's culture, society and economy. At the 2021 census, 1,108,364 Australian residents nominated Italian ancestry (whether alone or in combination with another ancestry),[221] representing 4.4% of the Australian population. The 2021 census found that 171,520 were born in Italy.[221] As of 2021, there are 228,042 Australian residents who speak Italian or Italian dialects at home.[221] The Italo-Australian dialect is prominent among Italian Australians who use the Italian language.
Unlike Australia, New Zealand did not receive much immigration from Italy. Several hundreds of them, mostly fishermen, immigrated in the late-1890s. The 2013 Census counted 3,795 New Zealanders of Italian descent.[222]
Statistics
After 1890, Italian contribution to the emigration flow to the New World was significant. By 1870, Italy had about 25,000,000 inhabitants (compared to 40,000,000 in Germany and 30,000,000 in the United Kingdom).[223]
A preliminary census done in 1861, after the annexation of the South, claimed that there were a mere 100,000 Italians living abroad.[44] The General Directorate of Statistics did not start compiling official emigration statistics until 1876.[47] Accurate figures on the decades between 1870 and World War I show how emigration increased dramatically during that period:
Italian emigrants per 1,000 population:[224]
- 1870–1879: 4.29
- 1880–1889: 6.09
- 1890–1899: 8.65
- 1900–1913: 17.97
The high point of Italian emigration was in 1913, when 872,598 people left Italy.[44]
By extrapolating from the 25,000,000 inhabitants of Italy at the time of unification, natural birth and death rates, without emigration, there would have been a population of about 65,000,000 by 1970. Instead, because of emigration earlier in the century, there were only 54,000,000.[225]
Italian emigrants in the period following the unification of Italy until the 1970s, a period that saw the Italians as protagonists of the greatest exodus in modern history, were more than 29 million. The statistical history of this Italian emigration can be divided into four temporal phases (according to L. Favero[226]):
The first, from 1876 (first official survey) to 1900, is due to socio-economic factors, at first it was directed mainly towards France and Germany, then towards South America and, to a lesser extent, North America. Through mainly spontaneous and clandestine movements, about 5.3 million people expatriated, especially from northern Italy. We are talking about a huge share of the population, which at that time fluctuated around 30 million inhabitants. In practice, over 15% of the population.
The second was the great wave of Italian emigrants, that continued from 1900 to 1914. This second phase sees the protagonists above all emigrants from central-southern Italy, expelled from the agricultural sector and from rural areas without finding an alternative in a still shaky industrial sector. This phase, called the Great Emigration, was mainly extra-European, even if France and Germany remained privileged European destinations, to which Switzerland was added. The outbreak of the First World War and the consequent dangerousness of travel put an end to this phase, in which more than 9.5 million people left Italy, equal to a quarter of the total population.
The third was between the two world wars - and was a phase of decline in Italian emigration due to the legislative restrictions adopted by the landing states, the economic crisis of '29 and the restrictive and anti-emigration policy pursued by the fascism. In this period, the decrease in non-European immigration led to an increase in European flows, towards France (the favorite destination of the opponents of the regime) and Germany (after the signing of the Pact of Steel). The movements towards colonial Africa were added, an attempt at imperial expansionism (in Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia). More than 3.5 million Italians emigrated in those 20 years.
Finally, the fourth phase is that of the postwar period: from 1945 to 1970 - a period of profound economic, social and political changes - migratory flows returned to be particularly large, especially from the south of the country. The main transoceanic destinations were Latin America (Venezuela, Brasil and Argentina) and Australia, while in Europe they aimed in particular towards France, Germany, Belgium and Switzerland. The Italian emigrants were about 7.3 million.
The overall description of the phenomenon is as follows:[227]
Number of Italian emigrants by decade and by country of destination | ||||||||
Years | France | Germany | Switzerland | United States Canada |
Argentina | Brazil | Australia | Other countries |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1861–1870 | 288,000 | 44,000 | 38,000 | - | - | - | - | 91,000 |
1871–1880 | 347,000 | 105,000 | 132,000 | 26,000 | 86,000 | 37,000 | 460 | 265,000 |
1881–1890 | 374,000 | 86,000 | 71,000 | 251,000 | 391,000 | 215,000 | 1,590 | 302,000 |
1891–1900 | 259,000 | 230,000 | 189,000 | 520,000 | 367,000 | 580,000 | 3,440 | 390,000 |
1901–1910 | 572,000 | 591,000 | 655,000 | 2,394,000 | 734,000 | 303,000 | 7,540 | 388,000 |
1911–1920 | 664,000 | 285,000 | 433,000 | 1,650,000 | 315,000 | 125,000 | 7,480 | 429,000 |
1921–1930 | 1,010,000 | 11,490 | 157,000 | 450,000 | 535,000 | 76,000 | 33,000 | 298,000 |
1931–1940 | 741,000 | 7,900 | 258,000 | 170,000 | 190,000 | 15,000 | 6,950 | 362,000 |
1946–1950 | 175,000 | 2,155 | 330,000 | 158,000 | 278,000 | 45,915 | 87,265 | 219,000 |
1951–1960 | 491,000 | 1,140,000 | 1,420,000 | 297,000 | 24,800 | 22,200 | 163,000 | 381,000 |
1961–1970 | 898,000 | 541,000 | 593,000 | 208,000 | 9,800 | 5,570 | 61,280 | 316,000 |
1971–1980 | 492,000 | 310,000 | 243,000 | 61,500 | 8,310 | 6,380 | 18,980 | 178,000 |
1981–1985 | 20,000 | 105,000 | 85,000 | 16, 000 | 4,000 | 2,200 | 6,000 | 63,000 |
Emigrated | 6,322,000 | 3,458,000 | 4,604,000 | 6,201,000 | 2,941,000 | 1,432,000 | 396,000 | 3,682,000 |
Came back to Italy | 2,972,00 | 1,045,000 | 2,058,000 | 721,000 | 750,000 | 162,000 | 92,000 | 2,475,000 |
Remained abroad | 3,350,000 | 2,413,000 | 2,546,000 | 5,480,000 | 2,191,000 | 1,270,000 | 304,000 | 1,207,000 |
Total emigrated: 29,000,000 · Total came back to Italy: 10,275,000 · Total remained abroad: 18,725,000 |
The 2016 Italian constitutional referendum provided data on the number of registered Italian citizens living outside Italy by country. The highest number is in Argentina, with 673,238 registered Italians residing in the country in 2016, followed by Germany with 581,433, Switzerland with 482,539, France with 329,202, Brazil with 325,555, the UK with 232,932, Belgium 225,801, the United States with 218,407, Canada with 122,262, Australia with 120,791, and Spain with 118,879.[228]
Italian language and its dialects
Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of the language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in Argentina[233] after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found scattered across the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South,[229] In Venezuela, Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers.[234] In Uruguay, people that speak Italian as their home language is 1.1% of the total population of the country.[235] In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language.[236]
From the late 19th to the mid-20th century, thousands of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence. In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional languages of Italy were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where Talian is used, and the town of Chipilo near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of Venetian dating back to the nineteenth century. Another example is Cocoliche, an Italian–Spanish pidgin once spoken in Argentina and especially in Buenos Aires, and Lunfardo.
Cuisine
Argentina
Due to large Italian immigration to Argentina, Italian food and drink is heavily featured in Argentine cuisine.[237] An example could be milanesa (the name comes from the original cotoletta alla milanese from Milan, Italy).[238] There are several other Italian-Argentine dishes, such as sorrentinos and Argentine gnocchi.[239]
Australia
The conspicuous Italian immigration in Australia has strongly influenced Australian cuisine.[240] The chicken parmigiana, based on a combination of the Italian parmigiana di melanzane with a cotoletta,[241] was known in Australia by the 1950s.[242] In 1952, the first espresso machines began to appear in Sydney (probably the first in Australia) and a plethora of fine Italian coffee houses were emerging in other Australian cities, such as Melbourne.[243]
Brazil
Italian cuisine is popular in Brazil, due to great immigration there in the late 1800s and early 1900s.[244] Due to the huge Italian community, São Paulo is the place where this cuisine is most appreciated.[244] The city has also developed its particular variety of pizza, different from both Neapolitan and American varieties, and it is largely popular on weekend dinners.[245]
Mexico
Throughout the country the torta de milanesa is a common item offered at food carts and stalls.[246] It is a sandwich made from locally baked bread and contains a breaded, pan-fried cutlet of pork or beef.[246]
South Africa
All major cities and towns in South Africa have substantial populations of Italian South Africans. Italian foods, like ham and cheeses, are imported and some also made locally, and every city has a popular Italian restaurant or two, as well as pizzerias.[247] The production of good quality olive oil is on the rise in South Africa, especially in the drier south-western parts where there is a more Mediterranean-type of rainfall pattern.[248] Some oils have even won top international awards.[249]
United States
Much of
Pizza arrived in the United States in the early 20th century along with waves of Italian immigrants who settled primarily in the large cities of the Northeast. It got a boost both in popularity and regional spread after soldiers stationed in Italy returned from World War II.[251]
Uruguay
The conspicuous
Venezuela
Venezuelan cuisine is influenced by its European (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and French), West African, and indigenous traditions.[254] Examples of Venezuelan dishes influenced by Italian cuisine, thanks to Italian immigration in this country, is pasticho (from the Italian "pasticcio"), which is the Venezuelan version of lasagna, and Pan Chabata bread, corresponding to the Italian ciabatta.[255]
Gnocchi of 29
The "Gnocchi of 29" defines the widespread custom in some South American countries of eating a plate of gnocchi on the 29th of each month. The custom is widespread especially in the states of the Southern Cone such as Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay;[256][257][258] these countries being recipients of a considerable Italian immigration between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. There is a ritual that accompanies lunch with gnocchi, namely putting money under the plate which symbolizes the desire for new gifts. It is also customary to leave a banknote or coin under the plate to attract luck and prosperity to the dinner.[259]
The tradition of serving gnocchi on the 29th of each month stems from a legend based on the story of Saint Pantaleon, a young doctor from Nicomedia who, after converting to Christianity, made a pilgrimage through northern Italy. There Pantaleon practiced miraculous cures for which he was canonized. According to legend, on one occasion when he asked Venetian peasants for bread, they invited him to share their poor table.[260] In gratitude, Pantaleon announced a year of excellent fishing and excellent harvests. That episode occurred on 29 July, and for this reason that day is remembered with a simple meal represented by gnocchi.[259]
Roots tourism
Italian diaspora has led to an important flow of tourists of Italian origin who visit Italy and discover their roots.[261] The trip to Italy of these tourists is mainly about knowing the places, the language, the cuisine and the people to which their ancestors belonged.[262] In 2018, about 10 million tourists of Italian origin went to the country to rediscover their roots.[261]
Descendants of Italian immigrants
In the 19th and 20th centuries, nearly 30 million Italians left Italy to the Americas, Australia and
Italian oriundi constitute a population of very conspicuous proportions. Only in Argentina, according to an estimate,
In Italy, a nation in which the phenomenon of emigration abroad (especially between the 19th and 20th centuries) has developed in huge proportions, the recovery of the relationship with the communities of Italian origin formed in the world is enjoying growing attention. Regulations are beginning to be enacted, particularly in regional areas, which no longer provide assistance and not only for those who were born in Italy and who expatriated, but also for their descendants (precisely the oriundi), so that the cultural identity bond can be consolidated. An example of this is the law of the Veneto region n°2 of January 9, 2003,[266] in which various actions are arranged in favor of the emigrant, the surviving spouse and descendants up to the third generation, in order to "guarantee the maintenance of the Venetian identity and improve the knowledge of the culture of origin".
The term oriundo is widely used to indicate an athlete, especially a
One of the events most felt by Italian oriundi in the United States is Columbus Day, an event celebrated in many countries to commemorate the day of the arrival of Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo [kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo]), an Italian[267] explorer and navigator born in Genoa, to the New World on October 12, 1492. Columbus Day was first commemorated by Italians in San Francisco in 1869, followed by the many Italian-related celebrations held in New York City.
Country | Population | Community | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Brazil | 32,000,000 (about 15% of the total population) | Italian Brazilians | [268][269] |
Argentina | 25,000,000 (about 62% of the total population) | Italian Argentines | [270] |
United States | 18,000,000 (about 5.4% of the total population) | Italian Americans | [129] |
France | 5,500,000 (about 8% of the total population) | Italian French | [263][271] [272][273][188] |
Venezuela | 5,000,000 (about 16% of the total population) | Italian Venezuelans | [130] |
Paraguay | 2,500,000 (about 37% of the total population) | Italian Paraguayans | [136][137][138] |
Colombia | 2,000,000 (about 4% of the total population) | Italian Colombians | [274] |
Uruguay | 1,500,000 (about 44% of the total population) | Italian Uruguayans | [105] |
Canada | 1,500,000 (about 4% of the total population) | Italian Canadians | [275] |
Germany | 1,200,000 (about 1.4% of the total population) | Italian Germans | [276] |
Australia | 1,000,000 (about 4% of the total population) | Italian Australians | [277] |
Mexico | 850,000 (<1% of the total population) | Italian Mexicans | [278] |
Chile | 600,000 (about 3.5% of the total population) | Italian Chileans | [279] |
Switzerland | 530,000 (about 7% of the total population) | Italian Swiss | [280] |
Peru | 500,000 (about 1.6% of the total population) | Italian Peruvians | [281] |
United Kingdom | 500,000 (<1% of the total population) | Italian British | [278] |
Belgium | 450,000 (about 4% of the total population) | Italian Belgians | [185] |
Costa Rica | 380,000 (about 7.5% of the total population) | Italian Costa Ricans | [282][283] |
Dominican Republic | 300,000 (about 3% of the total population) | Italian Dominicans | [146] |
Spain | 260,000 (<1% of the total population) | Italian Spaniards |
[208] |
El Salvador | 200,000 (about 3% of the total population) | Italian Salvadorans | [152] |
Little Italy
A "Little Italy" strives essentially to have a version of the country of Italy placed in the middle of a large non-Italian city. This sort of enclave is often the result of periods of immigration in the past, during which people of the same culture settled together in certain areas. As cities modernized and grew, these areas became known for their ethnic associations, and ethnic neighborhoods like "Little Italy" blossomed, becoming the icons they are today.
Internal migrations
Italy has also experienced significant internal migrations within the
An important internal migration involved Italian speakers from France to Italy.
Another important internal migration took place between the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. It was the one that involved the transfer of seasonal migrants from the "
During the
After World War II, under the
With the fall of Fascist regime in 1943, and the end of World War II in 1945, a large internal migratory flow began from one Italian region to another. This internal emigration was sustained and constantly increased by the economic growth that Italy experienced between the 1950s and 1960s.[14] Given that this economic growth mostly concerned Northwest Italy, which was involved in the birth of many industrial activities, migratory phenomena affected the peasants of the Triveneto and southern Italy, who began to move in large numbers.[14] Other areas of northern Italy were also affected by emigration such as the rural areas of Mantua and Cremona. The destinations of these emigrants were mainly Milan, Turin, Varese, Como, Lecco, and Brianza.[296] The rural population of the aforementioned areas began to emigrate to the large industrial centers of the north-west, especially in the so-called "industrial triangle, or the area corresponding to the three-sided polygon with vertices in the cities of Turin, Milan and Genoa.[14][13] Even some cities in central and southern Italy (such as Rome, which was the object of immigration due to employment in the administrative and tertiary sectors) experienced a conspicuous immigration flow.[14] These migratory movements were accompanied by other flows of lesser intensity, such as transfers from the countryside to smaller cities and travel from mountainous areas to the plains.[14]
The main reasons that gave rise to this massive migratory flow were linked to the living conditions in the places of origin of the emigrants (which were very harsh), the absence of stable work,[13][296] the high rate of poverty, the poor fertility of many agricultural areas, the fragmentation of land properties,[4] which characterized southern Italy above all, and the insecurity caused by organized crime.[296] Added to this was the economic gap between northern and southern Italy, which widened during the economic boom; this was a further stimulus for southern Italians to emigrate to the north of the country.[296] The reasons were therefore the same as those that pushed millions of Italians to emigrate abroad.[13]
The peak of internal migratory movements was reached in the mid-1960s,
Then began the slow decline of emigration, with the migratory flows from Veneto which, already at the end of the 1960s, stopped[14] due to the improved living conditions in these places.[13] Migrations from southern Italy, although slowed down, did not end,[14] increasing their percentage compared to total internal migrations; between 1952 and 1957 they represented 17% of the total, and between 1958 and 1963 they represented 30% of the total.[13]
The last peak of arrivals from the south to the north of Italy occurred between 1968 and 1970.
Overall, the Italians who moved from southern to northern Italy amounted to 4 million.[14] The migratory flow from the countryside to the big cities also contracted and then stopped in the 1980s.[14] At the same time, migratory movements towards medium-sized cities and those destined for small-sized villages increased.[14]
In the 1990s, migratory flows from the south to the north of the country restarted with a certain consistency, although not at the same level of the 1960s.[14] The phenomenon was recorded by the Svimez institute (acronym for "Association for the development of industry in the South"). Migratory flows continue to come from the regions of southern Italy, with the main destinations being the north-east of the country and central Italy. The regions most active in receiving internal immigrants are Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, and Umbria.
National Museum of the Italian Emigration
The Commenda di San Giovanni di Prè in
The choice of Genoa as the site of the museum was not accidental as millions of Italians from all over Italy departed by ship from its port to the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australia.[15] The museum describes the stories through autobiographies, diaries, letters, photographs and newspaper articles of the time that dealt with the theme of Italian emigration.[15] More precisely, the 16 areas that make up the museum describe Italian emigration both chronologically and from a thematic point of view.[301] Each of the 16 areas is equipped with archive stations, interactive multimedia stations and video projections.[301]
The National Museum of the Italian Emigration was officially established by the
Filmography
- Red Passport (1935), directed by Guido Brignone and starring Isa Miranda, Filippo Scelzo and Ugo Ceseri.
- Immigrants (1948), directed by Aldo Fabrizi and starring Aldo Fabrizi, Ave Ninchi and Nando Bruno.
- Path of Hope (1950), directed by Pietro Germi and starring Raf Vallone, Elena Varzi, Saro Urzì and Renato Terra.
- Neapolitans in Milan (1953), directed by Eduardo De Filippo and starring Eduardo De Filippo, Anna Maria Ferrero and Frank Latimore.
- The Magliari (1959), directed by Francesco Rosi and starring Alberto Sordi, Belinda Lee and Renato Salvatori.
- Rocco and His Brothers (1960), directed by Luchino Visconti and starring Alain Delon, Renato Salvatori, Annie Girardot and Claudia Cardinale
- Il Gaucho (1964), directed by Dino Risi and starring Vittorio Gassman, Amedeo Nazzari, Jorgelina Aranda and Umberto D'Orsi.
- A Girl in Australia (1971), directed by Luigi Zampa and starring Alberto Sordi, Claudia Cardinale, Riccardo Garrone and Corrado Olmi.
- Sacco & Vanzetti (1971), directed by Giuliano Montaldo and starring Gian Maria Volonté, Riccardo Cucciolla and Cyril Cusack
- .
- Mariana Hill, and Lee Strasberg.
- Bread and Chocolate (1974), directed by Franco Brusati and starring Nino Manfredi, Johnny Dorelli and Anna Karina.
- The Swissmakers (1978), directed by Rolf Lyssy and starring Emil Steinberger, Walo Lüönd and Hilde Ziegler.
- China Girl (1987), directed by Abel Ferrara and starring James Russo, Russell Wong and David Caruso.
- Do the Right Thing (1989), directed by Spike Lee and starring Spike Lee, Danny Aiello, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Richard Edson, Giancarlo Esposito and John Turturro.
- O Quatrilho (1995), directed by Fábio Barreto and starring Patrícia Pillar, Glória Pires and Bruno Campos.
- The Barber of Rio (1996), directed by Giovanni Veronesi and starring Diego Abatantuono, Rocco Papaleo and Margaret Mazzantini.
- Big Night (1996), co-directed by Campbell Scott and Stanley Tucci, and starring Tony Shalhoub, Minnie Driver, Ian Holm, Isabella Rossellini and Allison Janney.
- Looking for Alibrandi (2000), directed by Kate Woods and starring Pia Miranda, Kick Gurry, Anthony LaPaglia, Greta Scacchi and Elena Cotta.
- Azzurro (2000), directed by Denis Rabaglia and starring Paolo Villaggio, Marie-Christine Barrault and Jean-Luc Bideau.
- Love's Brother (2004), directed by Jan Sardi and starring Giovanni Ribisi, Adam Garcia, Joe Petruzzi and Amelia Warner.
- Golden Door (2006), directed by Emanuele Crialese and starring Charlotte Gainsbourg, Vincenzo Amato, Francesco Casisa and Vincent Schiavelli.
- A Quiet Life (2010), directed by Claudio Cupellini and starring Toni Servillo, Marco D'Amore, Juliane Köhler, Maurizio Donadoni and Alice Dwyer.
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- ^ a b c d "La storia del MEI" (in Italian). Retrieved 10 March 2023.
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