Italian neorealism
Years active | 1943–1952 |
---|---|
Location | Italy |
Major figures | Roberto Rossellini, Vittorio De Sica, Cesare Zavattini, Luchino Visconti, Giuseppe De Santis, Suso Cecchi d'Amico, Federico Fellini, Bruno Caruso, Michelangelo Antonioni |
Influences | Poetic realism, Marxism, Christian humanism |
Influenced | French New Wave, Cinema Novo, Iranian New Wave |
Italian neorealism (Italian: Neorealismo), also known as the Golden Age, was a national film movement characterized by stories set amongst the poor and the working class. They are filmed on location, frequently with non-professional actors. They primarily address the difficult economic and moral conditions of post-World War II Italy, representing changes in the Italian psyche and conditions of everyday life, including poverty, oppression, injustice and desperation.
History
Italian neorealism came about as World War II ended and Benito Mussolini's government fell, causing the Italian film industry to lose its centre. Neorealism was a sign of cultural and social change in Italy. Its films presented contemporary stories and ideas and were often shot on location as the Cinecittà film studios had been damaged significantly during the war.
The neorealist style was developed by a circle of film critics that revolved around the magazine Cinema, including:
Largely prevented from writing about politics (the editor-in-chief of the magazine was Vittorio Mussolini, son of Benito Mussolini), the critics attacked the Telefoni Bianchi ("white telephone") films that dominated the industry at the time. As a counter to the popular mainstream films, some critics felt that Italian cinema should turn to the realist writers from the turn of the 20th century.
Many of the filmmakers involved in neorealism developed their skills working on Calligrafismo films in the early 1940s (although the short-lived movement was markedly different from neorealism). Elements of neorealism are also found in the films of Alessandro Blasetti and the documentary-style films of Francesco De Robertis. Two of the most significant precursors of neorealism are Jean Renoir's Toni (1935) and Blasetti's 1860 (1934). Both Visconti and Michelangelo Antonioni worked closely with Renoir.
In the spring of 1945, Mussolini was executed and Italy was liberated from German occupation. This period, known as the "Italian Spring," broke from old ways and fostered a more realistic approach to making films. Italian cinema went from utilizing elaborate studio sets to shooting on location in the countryside and city streets in a realist style.[1]
Although the true beginning of neorealism has been widely contested by theorists and filmmakers, the first neorealist film is generally thought to be Visconti's Ossessione, released in 1943, during the occupation. Neorealism became famous globally in 1946 with Roberto Rossellini's Rome, Open City, when it won the Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival as the first major film produced in Italy after the war.
Italian neorealism rapidly declined in the early 1950s.
Italy's move from individual concern with neorealism to the tragic frailty of the human condition can be seen through
In the early 1950s the neorealist torch was picked up by artists like Sicily's Bruno Caruso, whose work focused on the warehouses, shipyards and psychiatric wards of his native Palermo.[3]
Characteristics
Neorealist films were generally filmed with nonprofessional actors, although in a number of cases, well-known actors were cast in leading roles, playing strongly against their normal character types in front of a background populated by local people rather than extras brought in for the film.
They were shot almost exclusively on location, mostly in rundown cities as well as rural areas.
Neorealist films typically explore the conditions of the poor and the lower working class. Characters often exist within a simple social order where survival is the primary objective. Performances are mostly constructed from scenes of people performing fairly mundane and quotidian activities, devoid of the self-consciousness that amateur acting usually entails. Neorealist films often feature children in major roles, though their characters are frequently more observational than participatory.
Open City established several of the principles of neorealism, depicting clearly the struggle of normal Italian people to live from day to day under the extraordinary difficulties of the German occupation of Rome, consciously doing what they can to resist the occupation. The children play a key role in this, and their presence at the end of the film is indicative of their role in neorealism as a whole: as observers of the difficulties of today who hold the key to the future. Vittorio De Sica's 1948 film Bicycle Thieves is also representative of the genre, with non-professional actors, and a story that details the hardships of working-class life after the war.
In the period from 1944 to 1948, many neorealist filmmakers drifted away from pure neorealism. Some directors explored allegorical fantasy, such as de Sica's
At the height of neorealism, in 1948, Visconti adapted
More contemporary theorists of Italian neorealism characterize it less as a consistent set of stylistic characteristics and more as the relationship between film practice and the social reality of post-war Italy. Millicent Marcus delineates the lack of consistent film styles of neorealist film.[5] Peter Brunette and Marcia Landy both deconstruct the use of reworked cinematic forms in Rossellini's Open City.[6][7] Using psychoanalysis, Vincent Rocchio characterizes neorealist film as consistently engendering the structure of anxiety into the structure of the plot itself.[8]
Impact
The period between 1943 and 1950 in the history of Italian cinema was dominated by the impact of neorealism, which was properly defined as a moment or a trend in Italian film rather than an actual school or group of theoretically motivated and like-minded directors and scriptwriters. Its impact nevertheless has been enormous not only on Italian film but also on
Furthermore, as some critics have argued, the abandoning of the classical way of doing cinema and so the starting point of the French New Wave and the Modern Cinema can be found in the post-war Italian cinema and in the neorealism experiences.[10][11] In particular,
this cinema seems to be constituted as a new subject of knowledge, which itself builds and develops. It produces a new world in which the main elements have not so many narrative functions as they have their own aesthetic value, related with the eye that is watching them and not with the action they are coming from.[12]
Although Umberto D. is considered the end of the neorealist period, later films such as
Significant works
Precursors and influences
The extent to which Italian neorealism was truly innovative continues to be debated among film historians. Despite its wide influence, some have argued that it was more a revival of earlier Italian creative works than a groundbreaking movement. Important forerunners of Italian neorealism include:
- The verismo literary movement, characterized by the works of Giovanni Verga and Luigi Capuana
- Poetic realism
- Lost in Darkness (Nino Martoglio, 1912)
- What Scoundrels Men Are! (Mario Camerini, 1932), the first Italian film shot entirely on location[13]
- 1860 (Alessandro Blasetti, 1934)
- An Inn in Tokyo (Yasujirō Ozu, 1935)
- Toni (Jean Renoir, 1935)
- Men on the Sea Floor (Francesco De Robertis, 1941)
- The White Ship (Roberto Rossellini, 1941)
- Aniki-Bóbó (Manoel de Oliveira, 1942)
- People of the Mountains (István Szőts) 1942
- Four Steps in the Clouds (Alessandro Blasetti, 1942)
- Desire (Marcello Pagliero, 1946), was to begin production in 1943 under the name Scalo merci with Roberto Rossellini directing and Giuseppe De Santis writing, but production was halted by Allied bombing[6][14]
- People of the Po Valley (Michelangelo Antonioni, 1947), filmed in 1943
Main works
- Ossessione (Luchino Visconti, 1943)
- The Children Are Watching Us (Vittorio De Sica, 1943)
- Rome, Open City (Roberto Rossellini, 1945)
- Shoeshine(Vittorio De Sica, 1946)
- The Last Shoeshine (Gibba, 1946), The only Animated example of Neorealism.
- O sole mio (Giacomo Gentilomo, 1946)
- Paisan(Roberto Rossellini, 1946)
- Germany, Year Zero(Roberto Rossellini, 1948)
- Bicycle Thieves(Vittorio De Sica, 1948)
- The Earth Trembles(Luchino Visconti, 1948)
- Bitter Rice (Giuseppe De Santis, 1949)
- Stromboli (Roberto Rossellini, 1950)
- Bellissima (Luchino Visconti, 1951)
- Miracle in Milan (Vittorio De Sica, 1951)
- Rome 11:00 (Giuseppe De Santis, 1952)
- Europe '51 (Roberto Rossellini, 1952)
- Umberto D. (Vittorio De Sica, 1952), filmed in 1951, but released in 1952. Many film historians date the end of the neorealist movement with the public attacks on the film.[15]
- Journey to Italy (Roberto Rossellini, 1954)
Major figures
- Giuseppe De Santis
- Vittorio De Sica
- Federico Fellini
- Alberto Lattuada
- Roberto Rossellini
- Luchino Visconti
- Cesare Zavattini
- Suso Cecchi D'Amico
- Bruno Caruso (Art)
See also
- Cinema of Italy
- French New Wave
- Kitchen sink realism (British New Wave)
- Indian New Wave
- Japanese New Wave
- Iranian New Wave
- L.A. Rebellion
- My Voyage to Italy
- Polish Film School
References
- ISBN 978-0070384293.
- ISBN 978-3110707816.
- ^ "Ink & Oils". Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ISBN 978-0070384293.
- ISBN 978-0691102085.
- ^ ISBN 978-0195049893.
- ISBN 978-0511617133.
- ISBN 978-0292771017.
- ISBN 81-269-0348-1.
- ISBN 978-88-317-7237-2.
- ISBN 978-88-904905-9-0.
- ^ Sainati, Augusto (1998). Supporto, soggetto, oggetto: forme di costruzione del sapere dal cinema ai nuovi media, in Costruzione e appropriazione del sapere nei nuovi scenari tecnologici (in Italian). Napoli: CUEN. p. 154.
- ^ ISBN 9780756691882.
- OCLC 958572098.
- ISBN 978-0071220576.
- ^ "Vittorio De Sica: l'eclettico regista capace di fotografare la vera Italia" (in Italian). 6 July 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
Further reading
- Verdone, Mario (1977). Il Cinema Neorealista, da Rossellini a Pasolini. Celebes Editore.[ISBN unspecified]
External links
- GreenCine primer on Italian Neo-Realism
- Comprehensive interview with Suso Cecchi d'Amico – the legendary screenwriter from the Neo-Realism period
- Video-Essay explaining Neorealism, based on the two versions of Terminal Station