Italic peoples

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Return of the warrior. Detail of fresco from the Lucanian tomb, 4th century BC.

The Italic peoples were an ethnolinguistic group identified by their use of Italic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family.

The Italic peoples are descended from the

Urnfield and Tumulus culture, Indo-European speaking peoples who inhabited Italy from at least the second millennium BC onwards.[1] Latins achieved a dominant position among these tribes, establishing ancient Roman civilization. During this development, other Italic tribes adopted Latin language and culture in a process known as Romanization. This process was eventually extended to certain parts of Europe. The ethnic groups which emerged as a result are known as Romance peoples
.

Classification

Roman expansion and conquest of Italy

The Italics were an ethnolinguistic group who are identified by their use of the Italic languages, which form one of the branches of Indo-European languages.

Outside of the specialised linguistic literature, the term is also used to describe the

Emilia Romagna, Samnium, Picenum, Umbria, Etruria, Venetia, and Liguria».[3]

History

See also: List of ancient Italic peoples

Copper Age

Main Italian cultures of the Copper Age

During the Copper Age, at the same time that metalworking appeared, Indo-European speaking peoples are believed to have migrated to Italy in several waves.[4] Associated with this migration are the Remedello culture and Rinaldone culture in Northern and Central Italy, and the Gaudo culture of Southern Italy. These cultures were led by a warrior-aristocracy and are considered intrusive.[4] Their Indo-European character is suggested by the presence of weapons in burials, the appearance of the horse in Italy at this time and material similarities with cultures of Central Europe.[4]

Early and Middle Bronze Age

Indo-European Migrations. Source David Anthony (2007). The Horse, The Wheel and Language.

According to

Hydronymy shows that the Proto-Germanic homeland was in Central Germany, which would be very close to the homeland of Italic and Celtic languages as well.[7] The origin of a hypothetical ancestral "Italo-Celtic" people is to be found in today's eastern Hungary, settled around 3100 BC by the Yamnaya culture. This hypothesis is to some extent supported by the observation that Italic shares a large number of isoglosses and lexical terms with Celtic and Germanic, some of which are more likely to be attributed to the Bronze Age.[4] In particular, using Bayesian phylogenetic methods, Russell Gray and Quentin Atkinson argued that Proto-Italic speakers separated from Proto-Germanics 5500 years before present, i.e. roughly at the start of the Bronze Age.[8] This is further confirmed by the fact that the Germanic language family shares more vocabulary with the Italic family than with the Celtic language family.[9]

From the late third to the early second millennium BC, tribes coming both from the north and from Franco-Iberia brought the

Unetice culture. These individuals settled in the foothills of the Eastern Alps and present a material culture similar to contemporary cultures of Switzerland, Southern Germany, and Austria.[15]

In the mid-second millennium BCE, the

beans, the vine, wheat and flax. The Latino-Faliscan people have been associated with this culture, especially by the archaeologist Luigi Pigorini.[4]

Late Bronze Age

The Villanovan culture in 900 BC

The

second millennium BC through the Proto-Villanovan culture.[11] They later crossed the Apennine Mountains and settled central Italy, including Latium. Before 1000 BC several Italic tribes had probably entered Italy. These divided into various groups and gradually came to occupy central Italy and southern Italy.[13] This period was characterized by widespread upheaval in the Mediterranean, including the emergence of the Sea Peoples and the Late Bronze Age collapse.[17]

The

Italian peninsula.[20]

In the 13th century BC, Proto-

Ligurians, produced the mixed Golasecca culture.[21][22]

Iron Age

Ethnic groups of Italy (as defined by today's borders) in 400 BC

In the early Iron Age, the relatively homogeneous Proto-Villanovan culture (1200-900 BC), closely associated with the Celtic Hallstatt culture of Alpine Austria, characterised by the introduction of iron-working and the practice of cremation coupled with the burial of ashes in distinctive pottery, shows a process of fragmentation and regionalisation. In Tuscany and in part of Emilia-Romagna, Latium and Campania, the Proto-Villanovan culture was followed by the Villanovan culture. The earliest remains of Villanovan culture date back to circa 900 BC.

In the region south of the Tiber (Latium Vetus), the Latial culture of the Latins emerged, while in the north-east of the peninsula the Este culture of the Veneti appeared. Roughly in the same period, from their core area in central Italy (modern-day Umbria and Sabina region), the Osco-Umbrians began to emigrate in various waves, through the process of Ver sacrum, the ritualized extension of colonies, in southern Latium, Molise and the whole southern half of the peninsula, replacing the previous tribes, such as the Opici and the Oenotrians. This corresponds with the emergence of the Terni culture, which had strong similarities with the Celtic cultures of Hallstatt and La Tène.[23] The Umbrian necropolis of Terni, which dates back to the 10th century BC, was identical in every aspect to the Celtic necropolis of the Golasecca culture.[24]

Antiquity

By the mid-first millennium BC, the Latins of Rome were growing in power and influence. This led to the establishment of ancient Roman civilization. In order to combat the non-Italic Etruscans, several Italic tribes united in the Latin League. After the Latins had liberated themselves from Etruscan rule they acquired a dominant position among the Italic tribes. Frequent conflict between various Italic tribes followed. The best documented of these are the wars between the Latins and the Samnites.[2]

The Latins eventually succeeded in unifying the Italic elements in the country. Many non-Latin Italic tribes adopted Latin culture and acquired Roman citizenship. During this time Italic

Social War. After Roman victory was secured, all peoples in Italy, except for the Celts of the Po Valley, were granted Roman citizenship.[2]

In the subsequent centuries, Italic tribes were assimilated into Latin culture in a process known as Romanization.

Theatre

See also: Theatre of Italy
Samnite theater in Pietrabbondante, Molise, Italy

Italian peoples such as the

Varro, mentions the name of a certain Volnio who wrote tragedies in the Etruscan language
.

Even the Samnites had original representational forms that had a lot of influence on Roman dramaturgy such as the Atellan Farce comedies, and some architectural testimonies such as the theater of Pietrabbondante in Molise, and that of Nocera Superiore on which the Romans built their own.[26] The construction of the Samnite theaters of Pietrabbondante and Nocera make the architectural filiation of the Greek theater understood.

Genetics

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See also: Bell Beaker culture § Genetics, Urnfield culture § Genetics, Hallstatt culture § Genetics, Celts § Genetics, Etruscan civilization § Genetic research, and Latins (Italic tribe) § Genetics

A genetic study published in

steppe ancestry.[28] Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins, Etruscans and the preceding proto-villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ https://indo-european.eu/2019/11/r1b-rich-bell-beaker-derived-italic-peoples-from-the-west-vs-etruscans-from-the-east/
  2. ^ a b c d Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 452–459
  3. ^ "Ancient Italic people, Britannica".
  4. ^ a b c d e Mallory 1997, pp. 314–319
  5. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 305
  6. ^ Anthony 2007, p. 344
  7. ^ Hans, Wagner. "Anatolien war nicht Ur-Heimat der indogermanischen Stämme". eurasischesmagazin. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  8. PMID 21357231
    .
  9. ^ "A Grammar of Proto-Germanic, Winfred P. Lehmann Jonathan Slocum" (PDF).
  10. ISBN 0-521-84811-3
  11. ^ a b c Anthony 2007, p. 367
  12. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
    . Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  13. ^
    Encyclopædia Britannica Online
    . Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  14. OCLC 663998477
    .
  15. OCLC 708337872
    .
  16. S2CID 160050623
    .
  17. ^ Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 620–658
  18. ^ "Le grandi avventure dell'archeologia (I misteri delle civiltà scomparse) - Libro Usato - Curcio - | IBS". www.ibs.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-01-08.
  19. ^ Soren, David; Martin, Archer (2015). Art and Archaeology of Ancient Rome. Midnight Marquee Press, Incorporated. p. 9.
  20. ^ M. Gimbutas Bronze Age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe pp. 339–345
  21. ISBN 978-88-8289-851-9
  22. ^ G. Frigerio, Il territorio comasco dall'età della pietra alla fine dell'età del bronzo, in Como nell'antichità, Società Archeologica Comense, Como 1987.
  23. ^ Leonelli, Valentina. La necropoli delle Acciaierie di Terni: contributi per una edizione critica (Cestres ed.). p. 33.
  24. ^ Farinacci, Manlio. Carsulae svelata e Terni sotterranea. Associazione Culturale UMRU - Terni.
  25. ^ a b "Storia del teatro: lo spazio scenico in Toscana" (in Italian). Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  26. ^ "La fertile terra di Nuceria Alfaterna" (in Italian). Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  27. ^ Antonio et al. 2019, Table 2 Sample Information, Rows 29-32, 36-37.
  28. ^ Antonio et al. 2019, p. 2.
  29. ^ Antonio et al. 2019, p. 3.

Sources

Further reading

  • M. Aberson, R. Wachter, «Ombriens, Sabins, Picéniens, peuples sabelliques des Abruzzes : une enquête historique, épigraphique et linguistique", in : Entre archéologie et Histoire : dialogues sur divers peuples de l’Italie préromaine, Bern, etc., 2014, p. 167-201.
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