Iuliu Maniu
Iuliu Maniu | |
---|---|
Michael I | |
Preceded by | Vintilă Brătianu |
Succeeded by | Gheorghe Mironescu |
In office 13 June 1930 – 9 October 1930 | |
Monarch | Carol II |
Preceded by | Gheorghe Mironescu |
Succeeded by | Gheorghe Mironescu |
In office 20 October 1932 – 13 January 1933 | |
Monarch | Carol II |
Preceded by | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod |
Succeeded by | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod |
Leader of the National Peasants' Party | |
In office 10 October 1926 – June 1931 | |
Preceded by | Himself (as leader of the Romanian National Party) Ion Mihalache (as leader of the Peasants' Party) |
Succeeded by | Ion Mihalache |
In office July 1932 – January 1933 | |
Preceded by | Ion Mihalache |
Succeeded by | Alexandru Vaida-Voevod |
In office December 1937 – July 1947 | |
Preceded by | Ion Mihalache |
Succeeded by | None (Party dissolved) |
President of the Romanian National Party | |
In office 23 February 1919 – 10 October 1926 | |
Preceded by | Gheorghe Pop de Băsești |
Succeeded by | Himself (party merged into the National Peasants' Party) |
Personal details | |
Born | Szilágybadacsony, Greek-Catholic | January 8, 1873
Signature | |
Iuliu Maniu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈjulju maˈni.u] ⓘ; Maniu Gyula [1]8 January 1873 – 5 February 1953) was a Romanian lawyer and politician. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War I, playing an important role in the Union of Transylvania with Romania.
Maniu served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms during 1928–1933, and, with Ion Mihalache, co-founded the National Peasants' Party. Arrested by the ascendant communist authorities in 1947 as a result of the Tămădău affair, he was convicted of treason in a show trial and sent to Sighet Prison, where he died six years later.
Early years
Maniu was born to an ethnic Romanian family in Szilágybadacsony,
Maniu joined the Romanian National Party of Transylvania and Banat (PNR), became a member of its collective leadership body in 1897, and represented it in the
After serving as an advisor for
PNR leadership
Together with such figures as
In May 1919, during the Hungarian–Romanian War, he accompanied King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie on a visit to Alba Iulia, Oradea, and Carei, and a meeting with the frontline troops at Békéscsaba.[2]
After the creation of Greater Romania, the PNR formed the government in Bucharest—a cabinet led by Al. Vaida-Voevod and allied with Ion Mihalache's Peasants' Party. It entered in competition with one of the traditional parties of the Romanian Kingdom, the National Liberal Party, and with its leader Ion I. C. Brătianu, when the Peasants' Party deadlocked the Parliament of Romania with calls for a widespread land reform.
After
PNȚ in interwar Romania
Despite its success in elections, the PNȚ was blocked out of government by the
The PNȚ first came to power in November 1928, after both King Ferdinand and Brătianu had died; in the elections of that year, it allied itself with the
Under successive dictatorships
The country moved towards an
With the loss of
Anticommunism
Subsequently, Maniu was a prominent supporter of the Western Allies and one of the main adversaries of growing Soviet influence in Romania. His party became the predilect target of PCR hostility.[3] PNȚ supporters and Communists engaged in several street fights in February 1945. "This man, in his seventies, who holds no meetings, makes no public speeches, publishes no articles, possesses no wealth, and is not allowed to answer one single calumny hurled against him, seems to have filled the Government with fear." "This is shown by the...unprecedented storm of attacks which the Government has launched against Dr. Maniu...day and night."[4]
The PNȚ finished a distant second in the
After 1946, the PNȚ was sidelined, with the PCR ensuring the collaboration of several former party members, such as Nicolae L. Lupu and Anton Alexandrescu .
In a telegram to the State Department, the US representative in Romania, Burton Y. Berry, wrote:
"The Department well knows that Maniu has stood out boldly as a champion of pro-Allied action and sentiment in Rumania even during the dark days of the Antonescu dictatorship. He has an enormous political following in the country and I believe the respect in which all Rumanians hold him eclipses that held for any other Rumanian. Because of what he has been and what he is it seems important that he be preserved from slipping into sharing the general conviction that the dissolution of the Rumanian state is now in progress."[7]
The party was outlawed in July 1947. That month,
Death
Iuliu Maniu died in 1953 in
On November 12, 1998, the High Court of Cassation and Justice ordered the rehabilitation of Maniu and removed the additional punishment of confiscation of property, pronounced in 1947.
Christian minister Richard Wurmbrand, who also was a political prisoner in Romania, claims in his "Tortured for Christ" the last words of Iuliu Maniu were, "If the Communists are overthrown in our country, it will be the most holy duty of every Christian to go into the streets and at the risk of his own life defend the Communists from the righteous fury of the multitudes whom they have tyrannized."[9]
Legacy
A bust of Maniu was placed in Bucharest's
One of the main thoroughfares in Bucharest is the Iuliu Maniu Boulevard, which runs from the A1 motorway to the Lion's Plaza for a length of 6.8 km (4.2 mi). There are also streets and boulevards named after him in Arad, Brașov, Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Deva, Oradea, Satu Mare, Timișoara, and Tulcea, as well as high schools that bear his name in Bucharest, Carei, Oradea, and Șimleu Silvaniei.
Maniu appears on two postage stamps emitted by Poșta Română, one from 1993 and one from 2018, both commemorating Great Union Day.
References
- ^ Tusványos 2023: Orbán Viktor beszédeit itthon és külföldön is egyre nagyobb figyelem kíséri https://www.origo.hu/888/20230717-tusvanyos-romanmagyar-parbeszed-zakarias-zoltan-erdelyi-magyar-szovetseg-klaus-iohannis.html Hozzáférés: 2023.07.18
- ^ "Ferdinand I Întregitorul. Expoziție virtuală. Vizitele familiei regale în ținuturile românești". movio.biblacad.ro (in Romanian). Library of the Romanian Academy. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ Markham, Reuben (1949). Rumania Under the Soviet Yoke. Boston: Meador Publishing Co. p. 386.
- ^ Markham, Reuben (February 1, 1946). "Outlook for Democratic Rule in Romania Grows Brighter". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ Romania at Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Petre Țurlea, "Alegerile parlamentare din noiembrie '46: guvernul procomunist joacă și câștigă. Ilegalități flagrante, rezultat viciat" ("The Parliamentary Elections of November '46: the Pro-Communist Government Plays and Wins. Blatant Unlawfulness, Tampered Result"), p. 35–36
- ^ Ambassador in Rumania Burton Berry to the Secretary of State of the United States Stettinius, "871.01/12-944: Telegram / The American Representative in Rumania (Burton) to the Secretary of State / Bucharest, December 9, 1944, 7 p.m., received 9:45 p.m.
- ^ Markham, Reuben (December 22, 1945). "Maniu's Activities Attacked in Romanian Court Inquiry". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ISBN 9780882640570; Pub: Living Sacrifice Book Company, 1998
External links
- "Reluctant Allies? Iuliu Maniu and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu against King Carol II of Romania" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-09.
- Newspaper clippings about Iuliu Maniu in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW