Iva Toguri D'Aquino
Iva Toguri D'Aquino | |
---|---|
戸栗郁子 アイバ | |
Radio Tokyo | |
Known for | Participating in English-language radio broadcasts transmitted by Radio Tokyo |
Spouse |
Felipe D'Aquino
(m. 1945; div. 1980) |
Children | 1 (deceased in infancy) |
Iva Ikuko Toguri D'Aquino (
After the
However, when Toguri tried to return to the U.S. a popular uproar ensued, prompting the Federal Bureau of Investigation to renew its investigation of her wartime activities. She was subsequently charged by the U.S. Attorney's Office with eight counts of treason. Her 1949 trial resulted in a conviction on one count, for which she served more than six years, out of a ten-year sentence in prison.
Journalistic and governmental investigators years later pieced together the history of irregularities with the indictment, trial, and conviction, including confessions from key witnesses who had perjured themselves at the various stages of their testimonies. Toguri received a pardon from President Gerald Ford in 1977.
Early life
Toguri was born in Los Angeles, and was a daughter of Japanese immigrants.[1]: 40 [2] Her father, Jun Toguri, had come to the U.S. in 1899, and her mother, Fumi, in 1913.[1]: 41 Iva was a Girl Scout,[1]: 43 and was raised as a Christian.[1]: 42 She began grammar schools in Calexico and San Diego before returning with her family to complete her education in Los Angeles, where she attended Compton High School.[1]: 41 Toguri graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1940 with a degree in zoology.[2][3] In 1940, she registered to vote as a Republican.[1]: 44
On July 5, 1941, Toguri sailed for Japan from the
The Zero Hour
Toguri was pressured to renounce her
In November 1943, Allied
Toguri performed in comedy sketches and introduced recorded music, but never participated in any newscasts, with on-air speaking time of generally about 2–3 minutes.
In April 1945, Toguri married Felipe D'Aquino, a Portuguese citizen of part-Japanese descent she had met at the radio station, and became Iva Toguri D'Aquino.[10]
Postwar arrest and trial
Arrest
After
Toguri was in need of money and was still trying to get home, so she accepted the offer, but instead found herself arrested on September 5, 1945, in
The case history at the FBI's
She requested to return to the United States to have her child born on American soil,
Treason trial
D'Aquino was charged by
On September 29, 1949, the jury found D'Aquino guilty on a single charge: Count VI, which stated, "That on a day during October, 1944, the exact date being to the Grand Jurors unknown, said defendant, at Tokyo, Japan, in a broadcasting studio of The Broadcasting Corporation of Japan, did speak into a microphone concerning the loss of ships."[13] She was fined $10,000, given a 10-year prison sentence, and stripped of her citizenship, with Toguri's attorney Collins lambasting the verdict as "Guilty without evidence".[6][1]: 219 She was sent to the Federal Reformatory for Women at Alderson, West Virginia.[1]: 224 She was paroled after serving six years and two months, released January 28, 1956,[1]: 225 and moved to Chicago, Illinois.[1]: 226
Presidential pardon
The case against D'Aquino was fraught with historic difficulties. Grand jurors had been skeptical of the government's case. Tom DeWolfe, the Special Assistant Attorney General, was "a veteran of radio treason prosecutions" who complained that "it was necessary for me to practically make a fourth of July speech in order to obtain [an] indictment", leading him to urge the Department of Justice to further investigate and so "shore up" the case in Japan. The further work, however, "created new problems for DeWolfe", and soon after D'Aquino was indicted, government witness Hiromu Yagi "admitted that his grand jury testimony was perjured".[18]: 47 The FBI's case history notes, "Neither Brundidge nor the [suborned] witness [Hiromu Yagi] testified at trial because of the taint of perjury. Nor was Brundidge prosecuted for subornation of perjury."[13]
In 1976, an investigation by Chicago Tribune reporter Ron Yates discovered that Kenkichi Oki and George Mitsushio, who had given the most damaging testimony at D'Aquino's trial, had perjured themselves. They stated that FBI and U.S. occupation police had coached them for over two months about what they were to say on the stand, and had been threatened with treason trials themselves if they did not cooperate.[19] This was followed up by a Morley Safer report on the television news program 60 Minutes.[20]
US President
Later life
In 1980, she reluctantly divorced Felipe, as a result of him being repeatedly denied admission into the United States.[21]
On January 15, 2006, the
Toguri died of
Legacy
Iva Toguri has been the subject of two movies and five documentaries:
- 1946: Tokyo Rose, film; directed by Lew Landers. Lotus Long played a heavily fictionalized "Tokyo Rose", described on the film's posters as a "seductive Jap traitress";[25] Byron Barr played the G.I. protagonist who kidnaps the Japanese announcer. Blake Edwards appeared in a supporting part. The film espoused the general public's view of "Tokyo Rose" at the time of Toguri's arrest. The film's character was not referred to by her actual name, but Long was made to look like Toguri.[26]
- 1969: The Story of "Tokyo Rose", CBS-TV and WGN radio documentary written and produced by Bill Kurtis.[27]
- 1976: Tokyo Rose, CBS-TV documentary segment on 60 Minutes by Morley Safer.[27]
- 1995: U.S.A. vs. "Tokyo Rose", self-produced documentary by Antonio A. Montanari Jr., distributed by Cinema Guild.[28]
- 1995: Tokyo Rose: Victim of Propaganda, A&E Biography documentary hosted by Jack Perkins and featuring Toguri, Wayne Collins, Jr., Gerald Ford (archive footage), Bill Kurtis, and others.[6]
- 1999: Tokyo Rose: Victim of Propaganda, History International, produced by Scott Paddor.[29]
- In 2004, actor George Takei announced that he was working on a film titled Tokyo Rose, American Patriot about Toguri's activities during the war.[30]
- 2008: Frank Darabont was slated to direct a new film Tokyo Rose with Darkwoods Productions, which had been planned since 2003.[31][32]
- On July 20, 2009, History Detectives (Season 7, Episode 705) aired a 20-minute segment entitled Tokyo Rose Recording researched by Gwendolyn Wright tracing the recording of live coverage of Iva Toguri's September 25, 1948, arrival in San Francisco under military escort for trial. The investigation of the origins of this recording documents the involvement of self-serving reporter Harry T. Brundidge and his part in the fraudulent case against her.[33]
See also
- Tokyo Rose, an Allied troops' nickname for female English-speaking broadcasters of Japanese propaganda
- Harold Harby, Los Angeles City Council member, 1939–42, 1943–57, urged the council to keep Tokyo Rose out of the United States
- List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States
- Axis Sally, nickname for female radio personalities who broadcast English-language propaganda on behalf of the European Axis Powers
- Mildred Gillars, one of two radio broadcasters referred to as "Axis Sally" during World War II
- Rita Zucca, one of two radio broadcasters referred to as "Axis Sally" during World War II
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0870113543.
- ^ Goldstein, Richard (September 27, 2006). "D'Aquino, Convicted as Tokyo Rose, Dies at 90". The New York Times.
- ^ "Edward J. Herlihy 2005 Citizenship Award Recipient Iva Toguri". American Veterans Center. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Washington Post. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^ Andrews, Evan (November 26, 2019). "How 'Tokyo Rose' Became WWII's Most Notorious Propagandist". history,com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
- ^ ASIN B000FKP1T0. A&E Cat. No. AAE-14023, TV-14 (duration, 43:20). Archived from the original (streaming and DVD) on January 5, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2015.[full citation needed]
- OL 23631573M.
- ^ a b Siemaszko, Corky (July 4, 2006). "STILL NOT TOKYO ROSE. Long free at 90, she's imprisoned by a myth". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ISBN 978-0313399152.
- ISBN 978-0-252-06822-5.
- ^ Clark Lee, One last look around, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947, p. 84 ff.
- ^ "Iva Toguri D'Aquino Dies at 90". NPR. September 27, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
- ^ a b c "FBI Famous Cases & Criminals: Iva Toguri d'Aquino and 'Tokyo Rose'". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
- ISBN 978-0979698705.
- ISBN 978-0313399152.
- ^ "Japanese Americans, the Civil Rights Movement and Beyond" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
- ^ "Cousens, Charles Hughes (1903–1964)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b c Pfau, Ann Elizabeth (2008). "The Legend of Tokyo Rose". Miss Your Lovin: GIs, Gender, and Domesticity during World War II. New York: Columbia University Press. p. [See superscripts following for paragraph nos.]
- ^ a b "Death ends the myth of Tokyo Rose". BBC. September 28, 2006.
- ^ Reported by Morley Safer (June 24, 1976). "Tokyo Rose", 60 Minutes (Television). New York: CBS.
- ISBN 978-1-60980-096-3.
- ^ "Setting the Record Straight". American Veterans Center. January 15, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
- ^ "Woman tried as 'Tokyo Rose' dies in Chicago". Reuters. September 27, 2006. Archived from the original on October 5, 2006.
- ^ "Obituary of Iva Toguri". The Times. London. September 28, 2006.
- ^ "Home". Archived from the original on July 15, 2011.
- ^ "The Radio Propaganda Page - Orphan Ann ("Tokyo Rose")". EarthStation1.com. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
- ^ a b Nelson, Valerie J. (September 28, 2006). "Convicted as 'Tokyo Rose,' She Later Received Honors". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ "USA vs. Tokyo Rose". East Asia Film Library. The Center for East Asian Studies, University of Chicago. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ "Tokyo Rose[videorecording] :victim of propaganda". National Library Board. Government of Singapore. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ Chun, Gary C. W. "Star Trek's Lt. Sulu plans to make his film, Tokyo Rose: American Patriot, in Hawaii" Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, StarBulletin.com, April 12, 2004.
- ^ Franklin, Garth (January 2, 2008). "More on Darabont's Tokyo Rose". Dark Horizons. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ Fleming, Michael (June 13, 2003). "'Mile' guy under the spell of Tokyo Rose". Variety. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ "Tokyo Rose". History Detectives. PBS. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
External links
- Iva Toguri D'Aquino at IMDb
- EarthStation1: Orphan Ann Broadcast Audio
- Mug shots of D'Aquino, thesmokinggun.com
- Iva Toguri D'Aquino at Find a Grave