Ivan Franko

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the cruise ship, see MS Ivan Franko.
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Yakovych and the family name is Franko.

Ivan Franko
novels, drama
Literary movementRealism, Decadent movement
Spouse
Olha Fedorivna Khoruzhynska
​
​
(m. 1886)​
ChildrenAndriy
Petro Franko
Taras Franko
Hanna Klyuchko (Franko)

Ivan Yakovych Franko (

ethnographer, and the author of the first detective novels and modern poetry in the Ukrainian language
.

He was a political radical, and a founder of the

Ruska Besida Theatre. Along with Taras Shevchenko
, he has had a tremendous influence on modern literary and political thought in Ukraine.

Biography

Franko was born in the Ukrainian village of Nahuievychi[2] located then in the Austrian kronland of Galicia, today part of Drohobych Raion, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. As a child, he was baptized as Ivan by Father Yosyp Levytsky, known as a poet and the author of the first Galician-Ruthenian Hramatyka, and who was later exiled to Nahuyevychi for a "sharp tongue". At home, however, Ivan was called Myron because of a local superstitious belief that naming a person by a different name will dodge a death.[3] Franko's family in Nahuyevychi was considered "well-to-do", with their own servants and 24 hectares (59 acres) of their own property.[4]

Franko family possibly had German origins, being descendants of German colonists. Ivan Franko believed it to be true.

Roman Catholic descent.[6] For certain the Franko family was already living in Galicia when the country was incorporated into Austria in 1772. Ivan Franko's great-grandfather Teodor (Fed) Franko baptized his children in the Greek Catholic church.[5]

Franko's mother Maria came from a family of petty nobility. The Kulczyckis (or Kulchytskys),were an ancient noble family hailing from the village of Kulchytsi in the Sambir district.[7] Her mother was Ludwika Kulczycka, widow with six children from Yasenytsia Silna.[8] Researchers describe Franko's mother's nationality as Polish or Ukrainian.[6][9][10] The petty gentry in Eastern Galicia often retained elements of Polish culture and fostered a sense of solidarity with the Polish nobility, but they also Ruthenized and blended in with the surrounding peasantry.[11] For example, Franko's uncle Ivan Kulczycki took part in the Polish uprising of 1863. Franko's distant relative, his aunt Koszycka, with whom he lived while studying in Drohobych, spoke Polish and Ruthenian.[12]

Ivan Franko attended school in the village Yasenytsia Sylna from 1862 until 1864, and from there attended the

Lviv University, where he studied classical philosophy, Ukrainian language and literature
. It was at this university that Franko began his literary career, with various works of poetry and his novel Petriï i Dovbushchuky published by the students' magazine Druh (Friend), whose editorial board he would later join.

A meeting with

Lviv University
, an institution that would be renamed Ivan Franko National University of Lviv after the writer's death.

Franko was an active contributor to the journal Svit (The World) in 1881. He wrote more than half of the material, excluding the unsigned editorials. Later that year, Franko moved to his native Nahuievychi, where he wrote the novel Zakhar Berkut, translated

Khutir Poetry) by Panteleimon Kulish
. Franko worked for the journal Zorya (Sunrise), and became a member of the editing board of the newspaper Dilo (Action) a year later.

Franko with wife Olha Khoruzhynska, 1886

Franko married Olha Khoruzhynska from

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. His wife was to later suffer from a debilitating mental illness due to the death of the first-born son, Andrey,[13] one of the reasons that Franko would not leave Lviv for treatment in Kyiv
in 1916, shortly before his death.

The board and members of the Shevchenko Scientific Society celebrating the 100th anniversary of the publication of Ivan Kotliarevsky's Eneida, Lviv, 31 October 1898: Sitting in the first row: Mykhaylo Pavlyk, Yevheniya Yaroshynska, Natalia Kobrynska, Olha Kobylianska, Sylvester Lepky, Andriy Chaykovsky, Kost Pankivsky. In the second row: Ivan Kopach, Volodymyr Hnatiuk, Osyp Makovej, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Ivan Franko, Oleksandr Kolessa, Bohdan Lepky. Standing in the third row: Ivan Petrushevych, Filaret Kolessa, Yossyp Kyshakevych, Ivan Trush, Denys Lukianovych, Mykola Ivasyuk.

In 1888, Franko was a contributor to the journal Pravda, which, along with his association with compatriots from

Galicia Diet
, but never won an election.

In 1891, Franko attended the

Kazimierz Badeni
and Galician conservative circles.

One of Franko's articles, Sotsiializm i sotsiial-demokratyzm (Socialism and Social Democracy), a severe criticism of Ukrainian Social Democracy and the socialism of

Marxist stance in a collection of poetry entitled Mii smarahd (My Emerald) in 1898, where he called Marxism "a religion founded on dogmas of hatred and class struggle".[citation needed] His long-time collaborative association with Mykhailo Drahomanov was strained due to their diverging views on socialism and the national question. Franko would later accuse Drahomanov of tying Ukraine's fate to that of Russia in Suspil'nopolitychni pohliady M. Drahomanova (The Sociopolitical Views of M. Drahomanov), published in 1906. After a split in the Radical Party, in 1899, Franko, together with the Lviv historian Mykhailo Hrushevsky, founded the National Democratic Party
, where he worked until 1904 when he retired from political life.

In 1902, students and activists in Lviv, embarrassed that Franko was living in poverty, purchased a house for him in the city. He lived there for the remaining 14 years of his life. The house is now the site of the Ivan Franko Museum.

Grave of Ivan Franko in the Lychakiv Cemetery in Lviv, Ukraine. He is depicted as a stone breaker, in reference to his famous poem, "Kameniari".

In 1904 Franko took part in an ethnographic expedition in the Boyko areas with Filaret Kolesa, Fedir Vovk, and a Russian ethnographer.

1914 saw publication of his jubilee collection, Pryvit Ivanovi Frankovi (Greeting Ivan Franko), and of his collection Iz lit moyeyi molodosti (From the Years of My Youth).

In the last nine years of his life, Franko seldom physically wrote, as he suffered from rheumatism which eventually paralyzed his right arm. He was assisted as amanuensis by his sons, particularly Andrey.

In 1916, Josef Zastyretz and Harald Hjärne proposed Franko for the 1916 Nobel Prize in Literature, but he died before the nomination materialized.[14]

Death

Franko died in poverty at 4 pm on 28 May 1916. Those who came to pay their respects saw him lying on the table covered with nothing but a ragged sheet. His burial and burial clothes were paid for by his admirers, and none of his family came to visit him. Franko was buried at the

Lychakivskiy Cemetery
in Lviv.

Soon after Franko's death, the world witnessed the creation of two Ukrainian republics.

Family

Wife

Olha Fedorivna Khoruzhynska (m. 1886-1941), a graduate of the Institute of Noble Dames in Kharkiv and later the two-year higher courses in Kyiv, she knew several languages and played piano, died in 1941

One of many portraits of Ivan Franko by Ukrainian impressionist artist Ivan Trush

Children

Children in law

According to Roland Franko, his grandfather was 1.74 metres (5.7 ft) tall, had a red hair, always wore mustache and the Ukrainian embroidered shirt (vyshyvanka) even with a dress-coat.

Some of Franko's descendants emigrated to the US and Canada. His grand-nephew, Yuri Shymko, is a Canadian politician and human rights activist living in Toronto, who was elected to Canada's Parliament as well as the Ontario Legislature during the 1980s.

Literary works

Lesyshyna Cheliad and Dva Pryiateli (Two Friends) were published in the literary almanac Dnistrianka in 1876. Later that year he wrote his first collection of poetry, Ballads and Tales. His first of the stories in the Boryslav series was published in 1877.

Franko depicted the harsh experience of Ukrainian workers and peasants in his novels Boryslav Laughs (1881–1882) and Boa Constrictor (1878). His works deal with Ukrainian nationalism and history (Zakhar Berkut, 1883), social issues (Basis of Society, 1895 and Withered Leaves, 1896), and philosophy (Semper Tiro, 1906).

He has drawn parallels to the Israelite search for a homeland and the Ukrainian desire for independence in In Death of Cain (1889) and Moses (1905). Stolen Happiness (1893) is considered as his best dramatic masterpiece. In total, Franko has written more than 1,000 works.

He was widely promoted in Ukraine during the Soviet period, particularly for his poem "Kameniari" (groundbreakers) which contains revolutionary political ideas, hence earning him the name Kameniar (groundbreaker).

Works translated into English

English translations of Ivan Franko's works include:

  • "What is Progress";[18]
  • "How a Ruthenian Busied Himself in the Other World", "How Yura Shykmanyuk Forded the Cheremosh", "A Thorn in His Foot" and "As in a Dream";[19]
  • "Mykytych's Oak Tree, The Gypsies", "It's His Own Fault" and "The Forest Nymph";[20]
  • "Hryts and the Young Lord", "The Cutthroats", "The Involuntary Hero" and "The Raging Tempest";[21]
  • "Unknown Waters" and "Lel and Polel";[22]
  • "Fateful Crossroads";[23]
  • "For the Home Hearth" and "Pillars of Society";[24]
  • "From the Notes of a Patient", "The High Life" and "The Postal Clerk";[25]
  • "Amidst the Just", "Fatherland", "The Jay's Wing" and "William Tell".[26]
  • Zakhar Berkut.[27] (This translation was released in audiobook format on 5 July 2023)[28]

An anthology containing short stories and novellas by Franko entitled Faces of Hardship was published in 2021.[29]

Legacy

bill
circa 2018
Boundless Plain
Franko wrote the lyrics for this song composed by Mykola Lysenko in 1898 and performed in 2014, duration is 0:59
Princely Moon
Franko wrote the lyrics for this song composed by Mykola Lysenko, and performed in 2010, duration is 2:13
Problems playing these files? See media help.

In 1962 the city of Stanyslaviv in western Ukraine (

formerly Stanisławów, Poland) was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk
in the poet's honor.

As of November 2018 on the Ukrainian-controlled part of Ukraine there were 552 streets named after Ivan Franko.[30]

He is also associated with the name

2428 Kamenyar
.

In the Americas, Ivan Franko's legacy is alive to this day. Cyril Genik, the best man at Franko's wedding, emigrated to Canada. Genik became the first Ukrainian to be employed by the Canadian government – working as an immigration agent. With his cousin Ivan Bodrug, and Bodrug's friend Ivan Negrich, the three were known as the Березівѕка Трійця (the Bereziv Triumvirate) in Winnipeg. Imbued by Franko's nationalism and liberalism, Genik and his Triumvirate had no compunction about bringing Bishop Seraphim to Winnipeg in 1903 – a renegade Russian monk, consecrated a bishop on Mount Athos – to free the Ukrainians of all the religious and political groups in Canada who were wrangling to assimilate them. Within two years, the charismatic Seraphim built the notorious Tin Can Cathedral in Winnipeg's North-End, which claimed nearly 60,000 adherents. Today, the bust of Ivan Franko, which stands triumphantly on a pillar in the courtyard of the Ivan Franko Manor on McGregor St. in Winnipeg, looks fondly across the street. Two churches stood here, the first (this building has since been demolished) that Seraphim blessed and opened for service upon his arrival, before building his Cathedral. The second was the Independent Greek Church (this building is still intact) of which Ivan Bodrug became the head after Seraphim was removed. Franko's consciousness had been bold, and on the level playing ground of the new world, it served Ukrainians in Canada to find their own identity as Ukrainian-Canadians.

Ukrainian composer Yudif Grigorevna Rozhavskaya (1923-1982) used Franko’s text for her songs.[31]

In 2019 a Ukrainian-American historical action film The Rising Hawk with budget $5 million was released. It is based on the historical fiction book Zakhar Berkut by Ivan Franko.

See also

References

  1. ^ Ivan Franko, Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ Облікова картка Archived 2015-12-25 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)
  3. YouTube
    (in Ukrainian)
  4. YouTube
  5. ^ a b Hrytsak 2018, p. 27.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-300-12841-3
    . Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  7. ^ Hrytsak 2018, p. 28-29.
  8. ^ Hrytsak 2018, p. 29.
  9. ^ Yaroslav Hrytsak. (2006). Ivan Franko - Peasant son? Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність vol. 15
  10. ^ Yaroslav Hrytsak. One World is not enough or my Adventures with National Paradigm. Scripta ucrainica europaea. Greifswald. September 2007. p. 18.
  11. ^ Hrytsak 2018, p. 31-33.
  12. ^ Hrytsak 2018, p. 32-33.
  13. ^ Zhanna Kuyava (6 October 2010). Онук "Вічного революціонера" Роланд Франко: "Дід міг годинами ловити рибу … руками..." [The grandson of the "Eternal revolutionary" Roland Franko: "My grandfather could spend hours fishing ... with his hands ..."] (in Ukrainian). sumno.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015.
  14. ^ "Nomination%20archive". April 2020.
  15. ^ "Lviv region: Registered candidates for deputy". Ukrainian Central Election Commission. 31 March 2002. Retrieved 9 March 2016. Roland T. Franko is a Ukrainian politician
  16. ^ List of works of Zenovia Franko on WorldCat
  17. ^ "The Ukrainian Review", London, 1980
  18. ^ Franko, I., 2021, is Progress?, Theogony Books, Lviv, (Engl. transl.)
  19. ^ Franko, I., 2008, Down Country Lanes, pp.66-159, Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
  20. ^ Franko, I., 2008, From Days Gone By , pp.51-93, Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
  21. ^ Franko, I., 2006, Winds of Change: A Trilogy of Selected Prose Fiction by Ivan Franko, (Vol. 1), Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
  22. ^ Franko, I., 2006, Beacons in the Darkness: A Trilogy of Selected Prose Fiction by Ivan Franko (Vol. 2), Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
  23. ^ Franko, I., 2006, Fateful Crossroads: A Trilogy of Selected Prose Fiction by Ivan Franko, (Vol. 2), Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
  24. ^ Franko, I., 2006, Behind Decorum's Veil: Selected Prose Fiction by Ivan Franko, Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
  25. ^ Franko, I., 2004, Passion's Bitter Cup, pp.91-145, Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
  26. ^ Franko, I., 2004, Riddles of the Heart, pp.21-129, Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
  27. ^ Franko, I., 2022, Zakhar Berkut (Voices of Ukraine), independently published (Engl. transl. by Theodosia Boresky)
  28. ^ Franko, I., 2023, Zakhar Berkut (Voices of Ukraine), Audible.com (Engl. transl.)
  29. ^ Franko, I., 2021, Faces of Hardship, independently published (Engl. transl.)
  30. ^ https://texty.org.ua/d/2018/streets НА ЧИЮ ЧЕСТЬ НАЗВАНІ ВУЛИЦІ УКРАЇНИ? Texty.org.ua, 6 November 2018
  31. ISBN 978-0-313-24272-4
    .

Bibliography

External links

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