Ivan Fyodorov (printer)
Ivan Fyodorov | |
---|---|
Inventor | |
Known for | first Russian printer |
Ivan Fyodorov or Ivan Fеdorov
Name
In those times Russians still did not have hereditary surnames, but used
Biography
Fyodorov graduated from the University of Kraków in 1532 with a bachelor's degree.
In 1564–5 Fedorov accepted an appointment as a deacon in the church of Saint Nicolas (Gostunsky) in the
The printers were received by the
Fyodorov moved to
In 1575 Fyodorov, now in the service of Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, was placed in charge of the Derman Monastery near Dubno; in 1577–9 he established the Ostrog Press, where, in 1581, he published the Ostrog Bible — the first full version of the Bible in Church Slavonic printed in moveable type — as well as a number of other books. Fyodorov returned to Lviv after a quarrel with Prince Konstantyn Ostrogski, but his attempt to reopen his printing shop was unsuccessful. His printing facilities became the property of the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood (later the Stauropegion Institute). The brotherhood used Fyodorov's original designs until the early 19th century.
In 1583 he visited
Publications
1.
2 and 3. Two editions of
4. Didactic Gospel (Yevangeliye uchitelnoye). Zabłudów, 8 July 1568 – 17 March 1569, 8 unnumbered and 399 numbered leaves sized at least 310 x 194 mm, printed in two colours, at least 31 copies are extant today.
5. Psalms with Book of Hours. Zabłudów, 26 September 1569 – 23 March 1570, 18 unnumbered leaves with two separately numbered sets of 284 and 75 leaves sized at least 168 x 130 mm (a heavily cropped copy), printed in two colours. A very rare edition: only three extant copies are known, all of them incomplete. The first Cyrillic book with ruled tables. A digital version is available.
6. Apostolos.
7. Primer. Lviv, 1574, 40 unnumbered leaves, frame (type page) of 127,5 x 63 mm, printed in two colours, edition of probably 2,000 copies, but only a single one is known to have survived (stored in the library of Harvard University).
8. Greek-Russian Church-Slavonic Reader. Ostrog, 1578, 8 unnumbered leaves, frame of 127,5 x 64 mm, printed in one colour, set in two columns (parallel Greek and Slavonic text) for the first time in Fyodorov's books, only one copy is in existence (stored in the State Library of Gotha, East Germany). This copy is bound with a copy of the Primer of 1578 (see below), which makes them appear as one book referred to as Ostrog Primer of 1578. A digital version is available online.
9. Primer. Ostrog, 1578, 48 unnumbered leaves, frame of 127,5 x 63 mm, printed in one colour, the edition was of many copies, but only two incomplete copies exist (one is already mentioned above, the other one is kept in the Royal Library of Copenhagen). A reprint of the Lviv's Primer of 1574 with the added "On the Letters" by Chernorizets Hrabar. A digital version is available online.
10. New Testament with Psalms. Ostrog, 1580, 4 unnumbered + 480 numbered leaves sized at least 152 x 87 mm, printed in two colours, the number of copies is unknown, at least 47 copies are extant.
11. Alphabetical index to the previous edition ("Knizhka, sobraniye veschey ..."). Ostrog, 1580, 1 unnumbered and 52 numbered leaves, frame of 122 x 55 mm, printed in one colour, at least 13 copies are extant (often added to the previous book, but evidently printed and issued separately as a special edition).
12. Chronology of Andrew Rymsha ("Kotorogo sya m(s)tsa shto za starykh věkov děyelo korotkoye opisaniye"). Ostrog, 5 May 1581, two-page leaflet (text printed on the inside of the pages), frame of about 175 x 65 mm. The only known copy is stored in the Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library in St.Petersburg.
13. Bible. Ostrog, 1581. 8 unnumbered leaves with five separately numbered sets of 276, 180, 30, 56 and 78 leaves sized at least 309 x 202 mm, text set in two columns, including some in Greek, mainly printed in one colour (vermilion is used only for the title), edition of 1,500 copies of which approximately 400 are extant.
See also
Notes
- ^ However, modern scholars cast doubt on Fletcher's claim of arson, believing that his account referred to some printing shop other than Fyodorov's
Citations
- ^ a b Jakobson & Jackson 1955, p. 8.
- ^ Unbegaun 1972.
- ^ Rein & Stenbaeck 1829, p. 19–20.
- ^ Shepkina 1959, p. 234—236, 246—247.
- ^ Lukomsky 1935, p. 171: "...гербовый знак Ивана Федорова является известным в Литве гербом, усвоенным белорусским родом Рáгоза [...the heraldic sign of Ivan Fedorov is the coat of arms, well-known in Lithuania, adopted by the Belarusian family of Rahoza]".
- ^ Lukomsky 1935, p. 172: "Герб же “Рагоза”, составляя родовую эмблему рода того же наименования, в дальнейшем изменял только свою внешнюю геральдическую композицию, зависимую от стиля эпохи, но сохраняя незыблемость сочетания именно этих двуз фигур, т. е. изогнутой полосы и наконечника стрелы над нею [But the “Rahoza” coat of arms, being the emblem of the family with that name, varied only in its heraldic composition's frame, depending on the style of a certain period, but kept the combination of precisely these two figures stable, i.e. a curved stripe with an arrow-head above it]".
- ^ Lukomsky 1935, p. 173: "Допуская, однако, возможность происхождения Ивана Федорова из русской ветви белорусского рода Рагоз, едва ли ошибочным будет предположить, что о родовом своем гербе Иван Федоров мог узнать только в бытность его в Литве в 70-х гг., а затем, под влиянием польских обычаев, широко использующих в быту родовую геральдику, прибег и сам к применению своего герба, в качестве издательской и типографской марки, в той именно его конфигурации, которая свойственна была геральдической графике XVI века [Although allowing the possibility of Ivan Fedorov's descent from the Russian branch of the Belarusian Rahoza family, it would not be wrong to assume that Ivan Fedorov could learn of his coat of arms only during his stay in Lithuania in the 1570s, and then, influenced by the Polish custom of making wide use of family heraldic signs in everyday life, he could resort to using his coat of arms as a printer or typographic mark in that very configuration, which was characteristic to the heraldry graphics of the 16th century]".
- ^ Nemirovsky 2002.
- ^ Fletcher 1591.
References
- Unbegaun, Boris Ottokar (1972). Russian Surnames. London: Oxford University Press.
- Rein, Gabriel; Stenbaeck, Gust. Leonhard (1829). Periculum historicum de curonibus saeculis XII et XIII Fenniam infestantibus. Helsinforsia: Frenckell.
- Shepkina, M. V. (1959). Perevody predisloviy i poslesloviy pervopechatnykh knig. Posleslovie L'vovskogo Apostola 1574 g. // U istokov russkogo knigopechataniya Переводы предисловий и послесловий первопечатных книг. Послесловие Львовского Апостола 1574 г. // У истоков русского книгопечатания [Translations of Forewords and Afterwords of Early Printed Books. The Afterword of the Lvov's Apostolos 1574 // At the Dawn of Russian Book Printing] (in Russian). Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences.
- Lukomsky, V. K. (1935). "K voprosu o rodoproishozhdenii Ivana Fyodorova" К вопросу о родопроисхождении Ивана Фёдорова [On the Ancestry of Ivan Fyodorov]. In Orlov, A. S. (ed.). Ivan Fyodorov pervopechatnik Иван Федоров первопечатник [Ivan Fyodorov the First Printer] (in Russian). Moscow / Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences.
- Nemirovsky, E. I. (2002). "Ocherki ob istorii izdatelskoy marki" Очерки об истории издательской марки [Essays about the History of Printer's Marks]. Mir Etiketki Мир Этикетки [Label World] (in Russian) (9).
- Fletcher, Giles (1591). "Of the Russian Common Wealth". In Jerome Horsey, Edward Augustus Bond (ed.). Russia at the Close of the Sixteenth Century. New York: Hakluyt (published 1856). p. 111. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
- Jakobson, Roman; Jackson, William A. (1955). "Ivan Fedorov's Primer". Harvard Library Bulletin. IX (1: Winter 1955). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Printing Office: 5–39.
Further reading
- In Church Slavonic
- Fyodorov, Ivan; Timofeev Mstislavets, Pyotr, eds. (1564). Apostol Апостолъ [Apostolos] (in Church Slavic). Moscow: Printing Workshop of I. Fyodorov and Pyotr Timofeev Mstislavets.
- Fyodorov, Ivan; Timofeev Mstislavets, Pyotr, eds. (1565). Chasovnic Часовникъ [Book of Hours] (in Church Slavic). Moscow: Printing Workshop of I. Fyodorov and Pyotr Timofeev Mstislavets.
- Fyodorov, Ivan; Timofeev Mstislavets, Pyotr, eds. (1569). Yevangeliye uchitel'noye Еѵангелїе оучительное [Didactic Gospel] (in Church Slavic). Zabłudów: Printing Press of Hrehory Chodkiewicz.
- Fyodorov, Ivan, ed. (1574). Apostol Апостолъ [Apostolos] (in Church Slavic). Lwów: Printing Press of Hrehory Chodkiewicz.
- Fyodorov, Ivan, ed. (1581). Bibliya sirech' knigy vethago i novago zaveta, po yazyku slovensku Библїѧ сирѣчь книгы ветхаго и новаго завѣта, по ꙗꙁыкꙋ словенскꙋ [Bible that is the Scriptures of Old and New Testament in Slavonic Language] (in Church Slavic). Ostrog: Printing Press of Konstantin Ostrogski.
- In Russian
- Zyornova, Antonina Sergeevna (1947). Nachalo knigopechatania v Moskve i na Ukraine Начало книгопечатания в Москве и на Украине [The Beginning of Book Printing in Moscow and in Ukraine] (in Russian). Moscow: Lenin State Library of the USSR.
- In Ukrainian
- Ohienko, Ivan (1924). "Ivan Hvedorovych, Fundator postijnoho drukarstva na Ukraini. Zhyttia i diial'nist'" Іван Хведорович, Фундатор постійного друкарства на Україні. Життя і діяльність [Ivan Fedorovych, the Founder of Regular Book Printing in Ukraine. Life and Work]. Stara Ukraina Стара Україна [Old Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). II–V. Lviv: 21–34.
- Isaievych, Iaroslav (1975). Pershodrukar Ivan Fedorov i vynyknennia drukarstva na Ukraïni Першодрукар Іван Федоров і виникнення друкарства на Україні [First Printer Ivan Fedorov and the Emergence of Book Printing in Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). Lviv.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Isaievych, Iaroslav (1989). Literaturna spadshchyna Ivana Fedorova Літературна спадщина Івана Федорова [Literary Heritage of Ivan Fedorov] (in Ukrainian). Lviv.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)