Ivan Gundulić
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Dživo Franov Gundulić (
Life and works
Gundulić was born in
At the age of thirty he married Nicoleta Sorkočević (Sorgo) (died 1644) who bore him three sons, Frano (Francesco), Mato (Matheo), Šišmundo "Šiško" (Segismondo) and two daughters, Marija "Mare" (Maria) Gondola and Dživa (Giovanna).
He began his literary career by writing poems and staging melodramas that became popular in Dubrovnik. But Ivan published only his larger works. His earlier work, which he referred to as a "brood of darkness", is now lost. His first publications were in 1621, when he rewrote several of David's Psalms and wrote several religious poems. He then wrote his famous Suze sina razmetnoga (
Dubravka
Gundulić's most famous play is Dubravka, a pastoral written in 1628, where he rhapsodises on the former glory of Dubrovnik and contains some of the most famous verses in Croatian literature:
O liepa, o draga, o slatka slobodo, |
English Fair liberty, beloved liberty, liberty sweetly avowed,
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Osman
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In his greatest work, Osman, Gundulić presents the contrasts between Christianity and Islam, Europe and the Turks, West and East, and what he viewed as freedom and slavery. Osman had 20 cantos, but the 14th and the 15th were never found. Judging from the modern perspective, two approaches seem to dominate the contemporary appraisal of Gundulić's poetry: on one hand, his poetic influence has dimmed due to a change in aesthetic sensibility (Gundulić's chief literary predecessor and influence, Torquato Tasso, has undergone similar reassessment, but his artistic integrity and individuality have withstood the test of time better); while Gundulić's impact in the final standardisation of Croatian was overwhelming.
Osman is firmly rooted within the rich literary tradition of the Croatian Baroque in Dubrovnik and Dalmatia and is considered as one of its apogees. By presenting the contrast of struggle between Christianity and Islam, Gundulić continued Marko Marulić's glorification of the fights against the invading Ottoman Turks. Besides magnifying Slavdom and the battles against the conquerors, Gundulić described the life of the Ottoman sultan Osman II. Gundulić constantly reminds the reader of the wheel of fortune and how the world is transient.
Osman begins with the Sultan's grasping of the situation caused by the 1621 Ottoman defeat at Chocim and descriptions of how the era of pre-Ottoman glory of the Bulgarians, Serbs, Hungarians, Albanians and especially the Poles could be easily restored. According to the storyline, Sultan Osman dispatched Ali-pasha to the Kingdom of Poland in order to negotiate peace and Kazlar-aga to choose which Polish noblewoman would suit him best for marriage. Gundulić describes the travels of both Ali-pasha and Kazlar-aga while paying much attention to the battle of Chocim and the enslaved Slavs that suffer under Ottoman rule. After numerous failed attempts to restore order in the empire, the army captures Osman and executes him, bringing the imprisoned Mustafa as the new sultan.
Legacy
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Osman was printed for the first time in Dubrovnik in 1826, with the two missing cantos being replaced by poems written by the poet Petar Ignjat Sorkočević-Crijević[6] (1749–1826), a direct descendant of Ivan Gundulić (his maternal grandmother Nikoleta Gundulić was Šišmundo Gundulić's daughter). Another descendant, Baron Vlaho Getaldić (grandson of Katarina Gundulić) introduced a hexameter treaty into Osman in 1865. Osman was not published in the integral edition until 1844, when the Illyrian movement chose Gundulić's oeuvre as a role model of Croatian. One of the leading Illyrists' men of letters, politician, linguist and poet Ivan Mažuranić, successfully completed Gundulić's Osman by composing the last two chapters, which were left unfinished upon the poet's death.
The monument to Gundulić by the sculptor Ivan Rendić was unveiled on 25 July 1893 in Dubrovnik's largest square, Poljana.
At a charity concert held for the children of war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina in September 1995, Bono recited at the end of the song Miss Sarajevo the famous Ivan Gundulić verses: "O liepa, o draga, o slatka slobodo" ("Oh beautiful, oh precious, oh sweet Liberty").
The
Gundulić's portrait was depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 50 kuna banknote, issued in 1993 and 2002.[9]
Ethnicity
According to
On the other hand, Gundulić's ethnicity is part of the Serb-Croat distinctions in self-identification of the Western South Slavic enlighteners, that was one of the major problems in 20th century Yugoslavia.[14]
Gundulić like other writers from
List of works
- Tears of the Prodigal Son – poem (1622)
- Dubravka – pastoral drama (1628)
- Osman – baroque epic
- Arijadna – drama (1633)
- Pjesni pokorne kralja Davida – collection of poems (1621)
See also
- House of Gundulić
- Republic of Ragusa
References
- ^ Gordana P. Crnković, Ivan Gundulić - Croatian author; Encyclopædia Britannica online.
- ISBN 9789633861493.
- ^ Dvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European history and civilization. Rutgers University Press.
Ivan Gundulic Ragusan poet.
- ^ Fališevac, Dunja (2021-03-19). Gundulić, Ivan (in Croatian). The Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography - Croatian Biographical Lexicon.
- ^ F.M.Appendini, Versione libera dell'Osmanide, Per Antonio Martecchini, Ragusa 1827
- ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gundulich, Ivan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 722.
- ^ a b "Sunčanica". teatar.hr (in Croatian). 2008-10-13. Archived from the original on October 17, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- ^ "Sunčanica opera opened the 16th Zajc's Days". javno.com (in Croatian). 2008-10-19. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- ^ Croatian National Bank. Features of Kuna Banknotes Archived 2009-05-06 at the Wayback Machine: 50 kuna Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine (1993 issue) &50 kuna Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine (2002 issue). – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-472-02560-2.
- ^
- Greene, Roland; Cushman, Stephen (2016). The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries. Princeton University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9781400880638.
- Çiçek, Kemal, Kuran, Ercüment (2000). Authors of the Medieval and Renaissance Eras: 1100 to 1660 (4 ed.). University of Michigan. ISBN 9789756782170.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
- Greene, Roland; Cushman, Stephen (2016). The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries. Princeton University Press. p. 136.
- ISBN 0-88033-206-9.
- Richard C. Frucht (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 464. ISBN 9781576078006.
- Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index. Vol. 20. Collier. 1950. p. 440.
- Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 501. ISBN 0877790426.
- The Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 13. Grolier. 2000. p. 615. ISBN 0717201333.
- Cross currents: A Yearbook of Central European culture. Vol. 3. Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Michigan. 1984. p. 163.
- Authors of the Medieval and Renaissance Eras: 1100 to 1660. Vol. 3. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2014. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-6153-0998-6.
- Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1775-1914. Vol. 30. American Bibliographical Center. 1984. p. 336.
- ISBN 0674983920, p. 95.
- ^ Slobodan Drakulic (2008) Premodern Croatian Nationalism?, in "Nationalism and Ethnic Politics," 14:4, 523-548, DOI: 10.1080/13537110802473308.
- ISBN 1351733508, p. 59.
- ^ Alojz Jembrih, Gundulić u srpskom zarobljeništvu, Vijenac, 534–535, 4 September 2014, in Serbo-Croatian
- ^ Mija Pavliša, Zašto srpska književnost ne prisvoji cijelu hrvatsku baštinu, Tportal.hr, 3 March 2015, in Serbo-Croatian
- ^ Poezija Dubrovnika i Boke Kotorske, Deset vekova srpske književnosti, vol. 111, Matica srpska, 2010
- ^ Хрватска: Својатање дубровачке поезије у српској едицији. politika.rs (in Serbian). 2011-04-08. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
- ^ a b DV, Srbija ne odustaje: Novim zakonom opet svojataju djela Držića i Gundulića, naše Ministarstvo kulture i medija priprema im odgovor, Slobodna Dalmacija, 16 January 2022, in Serbo-Croatian
- ^ Mario Grčević, Dubrovačka književnost ni u kojem smislu nije sastavni dio srpske književnosti, Vijenac, 516–517, 12 December 2013, in Serbo-Croatian
- ^ Jasmina Parić, Da su Shakespearea, ovako kao Držića uvrstili u srpske pisce, Britanci bi se samo nasmijali i možda od toga stvorili još jedan montipajtonovski skeč, Slobodna Dalmacija, 6 May 2020, in Serbo-Croatian
External links
- Ivan Gundulić in the Online Edition Encyclopædia Britannica
- Ivan Gundulić in the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 2004
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