Ixchel

Ixchel or Ix Chel (Mayan:

Referring to the early 16th century, Landa calls Ixchel “the Goddess of making children”.^[2] He also mentions her as the Goddess of medicine, as shown by the following. In the month of Zip, the feast Ihcil Ixchel was celebrated by the physicians and shamans (hechiceros), and divination stones as well as medicine bundles containing little idols of "the Goddess of medicine whom they called Ixchel" were brought forward.^[3] In the Ritual of the Bacabs, Ixchel is once called "grandmother".^[4] In their combination, the Goddess's two principal domains (birthing and healing) suggest an analogy with the aged Aztec Goddess of midwifery, Tocî Yoalticitl.

Ixchel was already known to the Classical Maya. As Taube has demonstrated,^[5] she corresponds to Goddess O of the Dresden Codex, an aged woman with jaguar ears. A crucial piece of evidence in his argument is the so-called "Birth Vase" (Kerr 5113), a Classic Maya container showing a childbirth presided over by various old women, headed by an old jaguar Goddess, the codical Goddess O; all have weaving implements in their headdresses. On another Classic Maya vase (Kerr 6020), Goddess O is shown acting as a physician, further confirming her identity as Ixchel. The combination of Ixchel with several aged midwives on the Birth Vase recalls the Tzʼutujil assembly of midwife Goddesses called the "female lords", the most powerful of whom is described as being particularly fearsome.^[6]

Meaning of the name

The name Ixchel was in use in 16th-century

In the past, it was common to take Ix Chel as the Yucatec name of the moon Goddess because of a shared association with human fertility and procreation.[8]^[9] The identification is questionable, however, since (1) colonial and ethnographical sources provide no direct evidence to show that Ixchel was a moon Goddess^[10][11] and (2) the Classic Maya moon Goddess, identifiable through her crescent, is invariably represented as a fertile young woman. Moreover, fertility and procreation are as important to an aged midwife as to a young mother, albeit in different ways.

Ixchel as an earth and a war Goddess

An entwined serpent serves as Ixchel's headdress, crossed bones may adorn her skirt, and instead of human hands and feet, she sometimes has claws. Very similar features are found with Aztec earth Goddesses, of whom Tlaltecuhtli, Tocî, and Cihuacoatl were invoked by the midwives. Being a jaguar Goddess, the Classic Ixchel (or 'Chak Chel') could equally be imagined as a fearsome female warrior equipped with shield and spear,^[12] not unlike Cihuacoatl in the latter's capacity of Yaocihuatl ('Warrior Woman').^[13]

Ixchel as a rain Goddess

The Madrid Codex (30b) assimilates Goddess O to a rain deity, with rain pouring from her arm-pits and abdomen, while the Dresden Codex includes her in almanacs dedicated to the rain deities (Chaacs) and typically has her invert a water jar. On page 74 of the same codex, her emptying of the water jar replicates the vomiting of water by a celestial dragon. Although this scene has usually been understood as the Flood bringing about the end of the world,^[14] it is now thought to symbolize periodic rain storms and floodings as predicted on the basis of the preceding ‘rain tables’.^[15]

Mythology

Ixchel figures in a Verapaz myth related by Las Casas, according to which she, together with her spouse,

• Ixchel features in Marvel Comics as a member of the Ahau.
• Ixchel is playable in Smite as a mage. She is the second Maya goddess to feature in Smite, after Awilix.
• In the 2006 movie Apocalypto, Ixchel is muttered by a Maya mother in a scene where she is forced to cross a river and her children are left behind.
• Ixchel features prominently In the 2018 action-adventure game Shadow of the Tomb Raider.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ixchel.

• List of health deities
• Maya jaguar gods
• Midwifery in Maya society

Notes

Bibliography and references

• Ardren, Traci (2006) Mending the Past: Ix Chel and Invention of a Modern Pop Goddess. Antiquity 80:25-37.
• Coe, Michael (1977). "Supernatural Patrons of Maya Scribes and Artists." In N. Hammond. Social Process in Maya Prehistory. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 327–347.
• Garibay, Angel Maria, Veinte himnos sacros de los nahuas. Informantes de Sahagún, 2. Mexico: UNAM 1958.
• Groark, Kevin P., To Warm the Blood, To Warm the Flesh: The Role of the Steambath in Highland Maya (Tzotzil-Tzeltal) Ethnomedicine. Journal of Latin American Lore 20-1 (1997): 3-96.
• Grube, Nikolai, Der Dresdner Maya-Kalender. Der vollständige Codex. Herder 2012.
• Miles, S.W., The Sixteenth-Century Pokom-Maya. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society 1957.
• Miller, Mary, and Simon Martin, Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco. Thames and Hudson 2004.
• Miller, Mary, and Karl Taube, An Illustrated Dictionary of The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. Thames and Hudson 1993.
• Roys, Ralph L., Ritual of the Bacabs. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1965.
• Scholes, France V., and Ralph L. Roys, The Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1968.
• Tarn, Nathaniel, and Martin Prechtel, Constant Inconstancy. The Feminine Principle in Atiteco Mythology. In Gary Gossen ed., Symbol and Meaning beyond the Closed Community. Essays in Mesoamerican Ideas. New York: State University of New York at Albany 1986.
• Taube, Karl, The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatán. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks 1992.
• Taube, Karl, The Birth Vase: Natal Imagery in Ancient Maya Myth and Ritual. In Justin Kerr, ed., The Maya Vase Book: A Corpus of Rollout Photographs of Maya Vases, Volume 4. New York: Kerr Associates 1994.
• J.E.S. Thompson, Maya History and Religion. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1970.
• Tozzer, Alfred, Landa's Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán, a Translation. 1941.

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