J. Edgar Hoover
J. Edgar Hoover. | |
---|---|
1st Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation | |
In office June 30, 1935 – May 2, 1972 | |
President | |
Deputy | Director of the Bureau of Investigation |
In office May 10, 1924 – June 30, 1935 | |
President |
|
Deputy | Clyde Tolson |
Preceded by | William J. Burns |
Succeeded by | Himself (as Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation) |
Assistant Director of the Bureau of Investigation | |
In office August 22, 1921 – May 9, 1924 | |
President |
|
Succeeded by | Clyde Tolson |
Personal details | |
Born | John Edgar Hoover January 1, 1895 Washington, D.C., U.S. |
Died | May 2, 1972 Washington, D.C., U.S. | (aged 77)
Resting place | Congressional Cemetery |
Political party | Independent[1] |
Education | George Washington University (LLB, LLM) |
Signature | |
John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an American
Hoover expanded the FBI into a larger crime-fighting agency and instituted a number of modernizations to policing technology, such as a centralized
Later in life and after his death, Hoover became a controversial figure as evidence of his secretive abuses of power began to surface. He was also found to have routinely violated both the FBI's own policies and the very laws which the FBI was charged with enforcing, and to have collected evidence using illegal surveillance, wiretapping, and burglaries.[2][3] Hoover consequently amassed a great deal of power and was able to intimidate and threaten political figures, including high-ranking ones.[4][5]
Early life and education
Hoover was born on New Year's Day 1895 in Washington, D.C., to Anna Marie (née Scheitlin; 1860–1938) and Dickerson Naylor Hoover (1856–1921), chief of the printing division of the
Hoover was born in a house on the present site of Capitol Hill United Methodist Church, located on Seward Square near Eastern Market in Washington's Capitol Hill neighborhood.[9] A stained glass window in the church is dedicated to him. Hoover did not have a birth certificate filed upon his birth, although it was required in 1895 in Washington. Two of his siblings did have certificates, but Hoover's was not filed until 1938 when he was 43.[10]
Hoover lived his entire life in Washington, D.C. He attended
Hoover was 18 years old when he accepted his first job, an entry-level position as messenger in the orders department at the Library of Congress. The library was a half mile from his house. The experience shaped both Hoover and the creation of the FBI profiles; as Hoover noted in a 1951 letter: "This job ... trained me in the value of collating material. It gave me an excellent foundation for my work in the FBI where it has been necessary to collate information and evidence."[14]
Hoover obtained a Bachelor of Laws[15] from the George Washington University Law School in 1916, where he was a member of the Alpha Nu Chapter of the Kappa Alpha Order, a Southern fraternity that was born out of a desire to "carry on the legacy of the 'incomparable flower of Southern Knighthood'" after the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865.[16] Some prominent Kappa Alpha alumni, who had an influence on Hoover's future beliefs, included author Thomas Dixon and John Temple Graves. Hoover graduated with an LL.M. in 1917 from the same university.[17][18] While a law student, Hoover became interested in the career of Anthony Comstock, the New York City U.S. Postal Inspector, who waged prolonged campaigns against fraud, vice, pornography, and birth control.[12]
Department of Justice
War Emergency Division
Immediately after getting his
Hoover soon became the head of the Division's Alien Enemy Bureau, authorized by President Woodrow Wilson at the beginning of World War I to arrest and jail allegedly disloyal foreigners without trial.[12] He received additional authority from the 1917 Espionage Act. Out of a list of 1,400 suspicious Germans living in the U.S., the Bureau arrested 98 and designated 1,172 as arrestable.[20]
Bureau of Investigation
Head of the Radical Division
In August 1919, the 24-year-old Hoover became head of the Bureau of Investigation's new General Intelligence Division, also known as the Radical Division because its goal was to monitor and disrupt the work of domestic radicals.[20] America's First Red Scare was beginning, and one of Hoover's first assignments was to carry out the Palmer Raids.[21]
Hoover and his chosen assistant, George Ruch,[22] monitored a variety of U.S. radicals with the intent to punish, arrest, or deport those whose politics they decided were dangerous.[clarification needed] Targets during this period included Marcus Garvey;[23] Rose Pastor Stokes and Cyril Briggs;[24] Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman;[25] and future Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter, who, Hoover maintained, was "the most dangerous man in the United States."[26]
In 1920 the 25-year-old Edgar Hoover was initiated as a
Head of the Bureau of Investigation
In 1921, Hoover rose in the
Hoover fired all female agents and banned the future hiring of them.[34]
Hoover was sometimes unpredictable in his leadership. He frequently fired Bureau agents, singling out those he thought "looked stupid like truck drivers," or whom he considered "pinheads."[35][page needed] He also relocated agents who had displeased him to career-ending assignments and locations. Melvin Purvis was a prime example: Purvis was one of the most effective agents in capturing and breaking up 1930s gangs, and it is alleged that Hoover maneuvered him out of the Bureau because he was envious of the substantial public recognition Purvis received.[36]
In December 1929, Hoover oversaw the protection detail for the Japanese Naval Delegation who were visiting Washington, D.C., on their way to attend negotiations for the 1930 London Naval Treaty (officially called Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament). The Japanese delegation was greeted at Washington Union (train) Station by U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson and the Japanese Ambassador Katsuji Debuchi. The Japanese delegation then visited the White House to meet with President Herbert Hoover.[37]
Depression-era gangsters
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2018) |
In the early 1930s, criminal gangs carried out large numbers of bank robberies in the
The robbers operated across state lines, and Hoover pressed to have their crimes recognized as federal offenses so that he and his men would have the authority to pursue them and get the credit for capturing them. Initially, the Bureau suffered some embarrassing foul-ups, in particular with Dillinger and his conspirators. A raid on a summer lodge in Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin, called "Little Bohemia", left a Bureau agent and a civilian bystander dead and others wounded; all the gangsters escaped.[39]
Hoover realized that his job was then on the line, and he pulled out all stops to capture the culprits. In late July 1934, Special Agent Melvin Purvis, the Director of Operations in the Chicago office, received a tip on Dillinger's whereabouts that paid off when Dillinger was located, ambushed, and killed by Bureau agents outside the Biograph Theater.[40]
Hoover was credited for overseeing several highly publicized captures or shootings of outlaws and
In 1935, the Bureau of Investigation was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). It was not simply a name change. A great deal of restructuring was done. In fact, Hoover visited the lab of Canadian forensic scientist Wilfrid Derome twice – in 1929 and 1932 – to plan the foundation of his own FBI laboratory in the USA.[43] It was the insight gained from these visits which helped him transform the BOI into FBI in 1935.
In 1939, the FBI became pre-eminent in domestic intelligence, thanks in large part to changes made by Hoover, such as expanding and combining fingerprint files in the Identification Division, to compiling the largest collection of fingerprints to date,[44][45] and Hoover's help to expand the FBI's recruitment and create the FBI Laboratory, a division established in 1932 to examine and analyze evidence found by the FBI.
American Mafia
During the 1930s, Hoover persistently denied the existence of
Although Hoover built the reputation of the FBI arresting bank robbers in the 1930s, his main interest had always been Communist subversion, and during the Cold War he was able to focus the FBI's attention on these investigations. From the mid-1940s through the mid-50s, he paid little attention to criminal vice rackets such as illegal drugs, prostitution, extortion, and flatly denied the existence of the Mafia in the United States. In the 1950s, evidence of the FBI's unwillingness to investigate the Mafia became a topic of public criticism. After the Apalachin meeting of crime bosses in 1957, Hoover could no longer deny the existence of a nationwide crime syndicate. In fact, Cosa Nostra's control of the Syndicate's many branches operating criminal activities throughout North America prevailed and was heavily reported in popular newspapers and magazines.[50] Hoover created the "Top Hoodlum Program" and went after the syndicate's top bosses throughout the country.[51][52]
Investigation of subversion and radicals
Hoover was concerned about what he claimed was
Florida and Long Island U-boat landings
The FBI investigated rings of German saboteurs and spies starting in the late 1930s and had primary responsibility for counterespionage. The first arrests of German agents were made in 1938 and continued throughout World War II.[55] In the Quirin affair, during World War II, German U-boats set two small groups of Nazi agents ashore in Florida and on Long Island to cause acts of sabotage within the country. The two teams were apprehended after one of the agents contacted the FBI and told them everything – he was also charged and convicted.[56]
Illegal wiretapping
During this time period President
The Attorney General Robert H. Jackson left it to Hoover to decide how and when to use wiretaps, as he found the "whole business" distasteful. Jackson's successor at the post of Attorney General, Francis Biddle, did turn down Hoover's requests on occasion.[58]
Concealed espionage discoveries
In the late 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Hoover the task to investigate both foreign espionage in the United States and the activities of domestic communists and fascists. When the Cold War began in the late 1940s, the FBI under Hoover undertook the intensive surveillance of communists and other left-wing activists in the United States.[4]
The FBI also participated in the Venona project, a pre-World War II joint project with the British to eavesdrop on Soviet spies in the UK and the United States. They did not initially realize that espionage was being committed, but the Soviets' multiple use of one-time pad ciphers (which with single use are unbreakable) created redundancies that allowed some intercepts to be decoded. These established that espionage was being carried out.
Hoover kept the intercepts – America's greatest
Plans for expanding the FBI to do global intelligence
After World War II, Hoover advanced plans to create a "World-Wide Intelligence Service". These plans were shot down by the Truman administration. Truman objected to the plan, emerging bureaucratic competitors opposed the centralization of power inherent in the plans, and there was a considerable aversion to creating an American version of the "Gestapo".[61]
Plans for suspending habeas corpus
In 1946, Attorney General Tom C. Clark authorized Hoover to compile a list of potentially disloyal Americans who might be detained during a wartime national emergency. In 1950, at the outbreak of the Korean War, Hoover submitted a plan to President Truman to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and detain 12,000 Americans suspected of disloyalty. Truman did not act on the plan.[62]
COINTELPRO and the 1950s
In 1956, Hoover was becoming increasingly frustrated by U.S. Supreme Court decisions that limited the Justice Department's ability to prosecute people for their political opinions, most notably communists. Some of his aides reported that he purposely exaggerated the threat of communism to "ensure financial and public support for the FBI."[63] At this time he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name COINTELPRO.[64] COINTELPRO was first used to disrupt the Communist Party USA, where Hoover ordered observation and pursuit of targets that ranged from suspected citizen spies to larger celebrity figures, such as Charlie Chaplin, whom he saw as spreading Communist Party propaganda.[65]
COINTELPRO's methods included infiltration, burglaries, setting up illegal wiretaps, planting forged documents, and spreading false rumors about key members of target organizations.[66] Some authors have charged that COINTELPRO methods also included inciting violence and arranging murders.[67][68]
This program remained in place until it was exposed to the public in 1971, after the burglary by a group of
Hoover amassed significant power by collecting files containing large amounts of compromising and potentially embarrassing information on many powerful people, especially politicians. According to
Reaction to civil rights groups
In 1956, several years before he targeted
In the 1960s, Hoover's FBI monitored John Lennon, Malcolm X, and Muhammad Ali.[71] The COINTELPRO tactics were later extended to organizations such as the Nation of Islam, the Black Panther Party, King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference and others. Hoover's moves against people who maintained contacts with subversive elements, some of whom were members of the civil rights movement, also led to accusations of trying to undermine their reputations.[72]
The treatment of Martin Luther King Jr. and actress
King's aide Andrew Young claimed in a 2013 interview with the Academy of Achievement that the main source of tension between the SCLC and FBI was the government agency's lack of black agents, and that both parties were willing to co-operate with each other by the time the Selma to Montgomery marches had taken place.[75]
In one 1965 incident, white civil rights worker
Hoover also personally ordered to cease the Federal inquiry into the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing by members of the Ku Klux Klan that killed four girls. By May 1965, local investigators and the FBI had identified suspects in the bombing and witnesses,[82] and this information was relayed to Hoover.[83] No prosecutions of the four suspects ensued, however, even though the evidence was reportedly "so strong that even a white Alabama jury would convict".[84] There had been a history of mistrust between local and federal investigators.[85] Hoover wrote in a memo that the chances of a conviction were remote and told his agents not to share their results with federal or state prosecutors. In 1968, the FBI formally closed their investigation into the bombing without filing charges against any of their named suspects. The files were sealed by order of Hoover.[86][87]
Hoover in 1970 personally authorized "black-bag" jobs against the Weather Underground per testimony from William C. Sullivan.[88]
Late career and death
One of his biographers, Kenneth Ackerman, wrote that the allegation that Hoover's secret files kept presidents from firing him "is a myth."
Hoover personally directed the FBI investigation of the
When Richard Nixon took office in January 1969, Hoover had just turned 74. There was a growing sentiment in Washington, D.C., that the aging FBI chief should retire, but Hoover's power and friends in Congress remained too strong for him to be forced to do so.[96]
Hoover remained director of the FBI until he died of a heart attack in his Washington home, on May 2, 1972,
Hoover's body lay in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol,[99] where Chief Justice Warren Burger eulogized him.[100] Up to that time, Hoover was the only civil servant to have lain in state, according to The New York Daily News.[101] At the time, The New York Times observed that this was "an honor accorded to only 21 persons before, of whom eight were Presidents or former Presidents."[102] President Nixon delivered another eulogy at the funeral service in the National Presbyterian Church, and called Hoover "one of the Giants, [whose] long life brimmed over with magnificent achievement and dedicated service to this country which he loved so well".[103] Hoover was buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C., next to the graves of his parents and a sister who had died in infancy.[104]
Legacy
Biographer Kenneth D. Ackerman summarizes Hoover's legacy thus:
For better or worse, he built the FBI into a modern, national organization stressing professionalism and scientific crime-fighting. For most of his life, Americans considered him a hero. He made the
G-Man brand so popular that, at its height, it was harder to become an FBI agent than to be accepted into an Ivy League college.[89]
Hoover worked to groom the image of the FBI in American media; he was a consultant to
U.S. President
... we want no Gestapo or secret police. The FBI is tending in that direction. They are dabbling in sex-life scandals and plain blackmail. J. Edgar Hoover would give his right eye to take over, and all congressmen and senators are afraid of him.[106]
Because Hoover's actions came to be seen as abuses of power, FBI directors are now limited to one 10-year term,[107] subject to extension by the United States Senate.[108]
Jacob Heilbrunn, journalist and senior editor at The National Interest, gives a mixed assessment of Hoover's legacy:[109]
There's no question that Hoover's record is a mixed one, but I don't think he was a demon. He's constantly being decried as being virulently anti-communist as if this was just a symptom of his paranoia. But if anything, he wasn't vigilant enough in ferreting out communist infiltration in the Roosevelt administration – we now know from KGB archives that there were dozens if not hundreds of KGB informants working inside the government. He's also regularly accused of broaching people's civil liberties - but in fact, Hoover resisted the wire-tapping activities that President Nixon wanted to perpetuate.
The FBI Headquarters in Washington, D.C. is named the J. Edgar Hoover Building, after Hoover. Because of the controversial nature of Hoover's legacy, both Republicans and Democrats have periodically introduced legislation in the House and Senate to rename it. The first such proposal came just two months after the building's inauguration. On December 12, 1979, Gilbert Gude – a Republican congressman from Maryland – introduced H.R. 11137, which would have changed the name of the edifice from the "J. Edgar Hoover F.B.I. Building" to simply the "F.B.I. Building".[110][111] However, that bill never made it out of committee, nor did two subsequent attempts by Gude.[110] Another notable attempt came in 1993 when Democratic Senator Howard Metzenbaum pushed for a name change following a new report about Hoover's ordered "loyalty investigation" of future Senator Quentin Burdick.[112] In 1998, Democratic Senator Harry Reid sponsored an amendment to strip Hoover's name from the building, stating that "J. Edgar Hoover's name on the FBI building is a stain on the building."[113] The Senate did not adopt the amendment.[113] The building is "aging" and "deteriorating"[114] and its naming might eventually be made moot by the FBI moving its headquarters to a new suburban site.
Hoover's practice of violating civil liberties for the stated sake of national security has been questioned in reference to recent national surveillance programs. An example is a lecture titled Civil Liberties and National Security: Did Hoover Get it Right?, given at The Institute of World Politics on April 21, 2015.[115]
Private life
Pets
Hoover received his first dog from his parents when he was a child, after which he was never without one. He owned many throughout his lifetime and became an aficionado especially knowledgeable in breeding of pedigrees, particularly Cairn Terriers and Beagles. He gave many dogs to notable people, such as Presidents Herbert Hoover (not closely related) and Lyndon B. Johnson, and buried seven canine pets, including a Cairn Terrier named Spee De Bozo, at Aspen Hill Memorial Park, in Silver Spring, Maryland.[116]
Sexuality
From the 1940s, rumors circulated that Hoover, who was still living with his mother in his early 40s, was
Some associates and scholars dismiss rumors about Hoover's sexuality, and rumors about his relationship with Tolson in particular, as unlikely,[122][123][124] while others have described them as probable or even "confirmed".[125][47] Still other scholars have reported the rumors without expressing an opinion.[126][127]
Cox and Theoharis concluded that "the strange likelihood is that Hoover
Hoover and Tolson
Hoover described Tolson as his alter ego: the men worked closely together during the day and, both single, frequently took meals, went to night clubs, and vacationed together.[118] This closeness between the two men is often cited as evidence that they were lovers. Some FBI employees who knew them, such as Mark Felt, say the relationship was "brotherly"; however, former FBI executive assistant director Mike Mason suggested that some of Hoover's colleagues denied that he had a sexual relationship with Tolson in an effort to protect Hoover's image.[129]
The novelist
Hoover
Other romantic allegations
One of Hoover's biographers, Richard Hack, does not believe the director was gay. Hack notes that Hoover was romantically linked to actress Dorothy Lamour in the late 1930s and early 1940s and that after Hoover's death, Lamour did not deny rumors that she had had an affair with him.[91] Hack further reported that, during the 1940s and 1950s, Hoover attended social events with Lela Rogers, the divorced mother of dancer and actress Ginger Rogers, so often that many of their mutual friends assumed the pair would eventually marry.[91]
Pornography for blackmail
Hoover kept a large collection of pornographic material, possibly the world's largest,[131] of films, photographs, and written materials, with particular emphasis on nude photos of celebrities. He reportedly used these for his own titillation and held them for blackmail purposes.[132]
Cross-dressing story
Lewis Rosenstiel, founder of Schenley Industries, was a close friend of Hoover's and the primary contributor to the J. Edgar Hoover Foundation. In his biography Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (1993), journalist Anthony Summers quoted Rosenstiel's fourth wife, Susan, as claiming to have seen Hoover engaging in cross-dressing in the 1950s at all-male parties at the Plaza Hotel with Rosenstiel, attorney Roy Cohn, and young male prostitutes.[133][134] Another Hoover biographer, Burton Hersh, later corroborated this story.[135]
Summers alleged the Mafia had blackmail material on Hoover, which made Hoover reluctant to pursue organized crime aggressively. According to Summers, organized crime figures
Another Hoover biographer who heard the rumors of homosexuality and blackmail, however, said he was unable to corroborate them,
Skeptics of the cross-dressing story point to Susan Rosenstiel's lack of credibility (she pleaded guilty to attempted perjury in a 1971 case and later served time in a New York City jail).[140][141] Recklessly indiscreet behavior by Hoover would have been totally out of character, whatever his sexuality. Most biographers consider the story of Mafia blackmail unlikely in light of the FBI's continuing investigations of the Mafia.[142][143] Although never corroborated, the allegation of cross-dressing has been widely repeated. In the words of author Thomas Doherty, "For American popular culture, the image of the
Lavender Scare
The attorney
During the
In his 2004 study of the event, historian David K. Johnson attacked the speculations about Hoover's homosexuality as relying on "the kind of tactics Hoover and the security program he oversaw perfected: guilt by association, rumor, and unverified gossip." He views Rosenstiel as a liar who was paid for her story, whose "description of Hoover in drag engaging in sex with young blond boys in leather while desecrating the Bible is clearly a homophobic fantasy." He believes only those who have forgotten the virulence of the decades-long campaign against homosexuals in government can believe reports that Hoover appeared in compromising situations.[153]
Supportive friends
Some people associated with Hoover have supported the rumors about his homosexuality.[154] According to Anthony Summers, Hoover often frequented New York City's Stork Club. Luisa Stuart, a model who was 18 or 19 at the time, told Summers that she had seen Hoover holding hands with Tolson as they all rode in a limo uptown to the Cotton Club in 1936.[128]
Actress and singer
Written works
J. Edgar Hoover was the nominal author of a number of books and articles, although it is widely believed that all of these were ghostwritten by FBI employees.[155][156][157] Hoover received the credit and royalties.
- Hoover, J. Edgar (1938). Persons in Hiding. Gaunt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56169-340-5.
- Hoover, J. Edgar (February 1947). "Red Fascism in the United States Today". The American Magazine.
- Hoover, J. Edgar (1958). Masters of Deceit: The Story of Communism in America and How to Fight It. Holt Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-1-4254-8258-9.[158]
- Hoover, J. Edgar (1962). A Study of Communism. Holt Rinehart & Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-031190-1.
Honors
- 1938: Oklahoma Baptist University awarded Hoover an honorary doctorate during commencement exercises, at which he spoke.[159][160]
- 1939: the National Academy of Sciences awarded Hoover its Public Welfare Medal.[161]
- 1950: King George VI of the United Kingdom appointed Hoover Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.[162]
- 1955: President Dwight D. Eisenhower awarded Hoover the National Security Medal.[163]
- 1966: President Lyndon B. Johnson bestowed the State Department's Distinguished Service Award on Hoover for his service as director of the FBI.
- 1973: The newly built FBI headquarters in Washington, D.C., was named the J. Edgar Hoover Building.
- 1974: Congress voted to honor Hoover's memory by publishing a memorial book, J. Edgar Hoover: Memorial Tributes in the Congress of the United States and Various Articles and Editorials Relating to His Life and Work.
- 1974: In Schaumburg, Illinois, a grade school was named after J. Edgar Hoover. However, in 1994, after information about Hoover's illegal activities was released, the school's name was changed to commemorate Herbert Hoover instead.[164]
Theater and media portrayals
Hoover has been portrayed by numerous actors in films and stage productions featuring him as FBI Director. The first known portrayal was by Kent Rogers in the 1941 Looney Tunes short "Hollywood Steps Out". Some notable portrayals (listed chronologically) include:
- Hoover portrayed himself (filmed from behind) in a cameo, addressing FBI agents in the 1959 film The FBI Story.
- Dorothi Fox "portrayed" Hoover in disguise in the 1971 film Bananas.
- Broderick Crawford and James Wainwright in the Larry Cohen film The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover (1977).
- Dolph Sweet in the television miniseries King (1978).
- Sheldon Leonard in the William Friedkin film The Brink's Job (1978).[165]
- Ernest Borgnine in the television film Blood Feud (1983).
- Vincent Gardenia in the television miniseries Kennedy (1983).
- Jack Warden in the television film Hoover vs. The Kennedys (1987).
- Treat Williams in the television film J. Edgar Hoover (1987).
- Kevin Dunn in the film Chaplin (1992).
- Pat Hingle in the television film Citizen Cohn (1992).
- Richard Dysart in the television film Marilyn & Bobby: Her Final Affair (1993)
- Santa Monica (1994).[166]
- Richard Dysart in the theatrical film Panther (1995).
- Bob Hoskins in the Oliver Stone drama Nixon (1995).
- Wayne Tippit in two episodes of Dark Skies (1996) and (1997).[167][168]
- David Fredericks in the episodes "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man" (1996) and "Travelers" (1998) of The X-Files.
- David Fredericks in the episode "Millennium.
- Ernest Borgnine in the theatrical film Hoover (2000).
- Larry Drake in the Robert Dyke film Timequest (2002).
- Ryan Drummond voiced him in the Bethesda Softworks game Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth (2005).
- Michael Mann film Public Enemies(2009).
- The Kennedys(2011).
- Leonardo DiCaprio in the Clint Eastwood biopic J. Edgar (2011).
- William Harrison-Wallace in the Dollar Baby 2012 screen adaptation of Stephen King's short story, "The Death of Jack Hamilton" (2001).[169]
- Rob Riggle in the "Atlanta" (2013) episode of Comedy Central's Drunk History.[170]
- Boardwalk Empire, season 4 (2013).[171]
- Michael McKean in Robert Schenkkan's play All the Way at the American Repertory Theater (2013).
- Sean McNall in the movie No God, No Master (2014).[172]
- Dylan Baker in Ava DuVernay's Martin Luther King Jr. biopic Selma (2014).
- Stephen Root in the HBO television film All the Way (2016).
- Genius(2017).
- Amazon television series The Man in the High Castle(2018).
- Stephen Stanton in the film Bad Times at the El Royale (2018)
- Martin Sheen in the film Judas and the Black Messiah (2021).
- Giacomo Baessato in the CW television series Legends of Tomorrow (2021).
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Summers, Anthony (January 1, 2012). "The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover". The Guardian. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
Hoover never joined a political party and claimed he was 'not political'. In fact, he admitted privately, he was a staunch, lifelong supporter of the Republican Party.
- ^ a b c
Cox, John Stuart; Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-532-4.
- ^ Gruberg, Martin. "J. Edgar Hoover". www.mtsu.edu. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
- ^ a b "J. Edgar Hoover". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. April 28, 2023.
- ^ "HOOVER'S ABUSE OF POWER". Chicago Tribune. September 8, 1991. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
- ^ Modern American Lives: Individuals and Issues in American History since 1945, Blaine T. Browne and Robert C. Cottrell, M. E. Sharpe (New York and London), 2008, p. 44
- ISBN 9780593511466.
- ISBN 9780593511466.
- ^ D'au Vin, Constance (December 9, 1977). "Church Celebrates Anniversary". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ Hoover had 7 Children Spannaus, Edward (August 2000). "The Mysterious Origins of J. Edgar Hoover". American Almanac.
- ^ "The secret life of J. Edgar Hoover". The Guardian. London, UK. January 1, 2012.
- ^ a b c
ISBN 978-0-679-64389-0.
- ^ Burrough, Bryan (2009). Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34. Penguin Books.
- ^ J. Edgar Hoover (28 June 2012). "The Hoover Legacy, 40 Years After". FBI. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016.
- ^ "FBI — John Edgar Hoover". Fbi.gov. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
- ISBN 9780593511466.
- ^ "J. Edgar Hoover's GW Years". GW Today.
- ^ "Prominent Alumni". George Washington University. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010.
- ^ a b Gentry 2001, p. 68
- ^ a b
ISBN 978-0-679-64389-0.
- ^
Murray, Robert K. (1955). Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8166-5833-6.
- ^ Ruch was one of two people to name their own sons J. Edgar, and complained of the idea that radicals should "be allowed to speak and write as they like." (Summers, 2011)
- ^
Ellis, Mark (April 1994). "J. Edgar Hoover and the 'Red Summer' of 1919". Journal of American Studies. 28 (1): 39–59. BI, he nailed Garvey for mail fraud. Garvey was imprisoned in February 1925 and deported to Jamaica in November 1927.
- ^
Kornweibel Jr., Theodore (1998). "The Most Colossal Conspiracy against the United States". Seeing Red: Federal Campaigns Against Black Militancy, 1919–1925. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780253333377.
Convinced that the crusader was "financed by the Communist Party," agents described Briggs as one of Rose Pastor Stokes' "able assistants in this work."
- ^
Hoover, J. Edgar (August 23, 1919). "Memorandum for Mr. Creighton". Berkeley Digital Library: War Resistance, Anti-Militarism, and Deportation, 1917–1919. Washington, D.C.: Department of Justice. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are, beyond doubt, two of the most dangerous anarchists in this country and if permitted to return to the community will result in undue harm.
- ^ Summers, Anthony (December 31, 2011). "The secret life of J Edgar Hoover". The Observer. London, UK. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
- ^ "A few famous freemasons". Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018.
- ^ "Famous Masons in History". Matawan Lodge No. 192 F&AM. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008.
- ^ "Famous Masons". Penrhyn Gold Hill #32. Mastermason.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016.
- ^ Sterbenz, Christina; Johnson, Robert (March 20, 2014). "17 Of The Most Influential Freemasons Ever". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2018.
- ^ Lewis, Anthony (May 4, 1964). "President Seeks to Retain Hoover". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
- ^ "William J. Burns, August 22, 1921 – June 14, 1924". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
- ^
Samuels, Richard J. (December 21, 2005). Encyclopedia of United States National Security. SAGE. ISBN 9780761929277.
- PMID 29595805.
- ^
Schott, Joseph L. (1975). No Left Turns: The FBI in Peace & War. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-33630-1.
- ISBN 978-1-58648-301-2.
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"Washington Develops a World Clearing House For Identifying Criminals by Fingerprints". The New York Times. August 10, 1932. Retrieved April 17, 2008.
Through the medium of the fingerprint, the Department of Justice is developing an international clearinghouse for the identification of criminals.
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- ^ "Lying in State or in Honor". US Architect of the Capitol (AOC). Retrieved September 1, 2018.
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Summers, Anthony (January 1, 2012). "The secret life of J. Edgar Hoover". The Guardian. London, UK.
(quoting former president
Harry S Truman) - : In note: Confirmation and Compensation of Director; Term of Service
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- ^ Preston, John (January 21, 2012). "In defence of J. Edgar Hoover". The Telegraph. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0807845622.
Many Americans were so disgusted by the revelations about the bureau and its late director that they demanded a new name for the J. Edgar Hoover FBI headquarters... A week later, Gilbert Gude, a Republican congressman from Maryland, introduced a bill to change the building's name. The Post editorial board, op-ed columnists, and other citizens urged Congress to pass the bill... Although Gude's bill attracted twenty-five cosponsors, it died in the Public Works and Transportation Committee. The bill was reintroduced in two subsequent sessions but never made it out of committee.
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- ^ a b King, Colbert I. (May 5, 2001). "No Thanks to Hoover". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
Three years ago, the Senate was given the chance to delete Hoover's name from the FBI building. Hoover was denounced on the floor for his longstanding secret investigation of one of the Senate's own, Quentin Burdick from North Dakota. Hoover was slammed for his secret files, his trampling upon civil liberties and his disrespect for civil rights. "J. Edgar Hoover's name on the FBI building is a stain on the building," said Sen. Harry Reid (D-Nev.), sponsor of the amendment to strip Hoover's name. When the roll was called on February 4, 1998, the vote to keep Hoover's name aloft was 62 to 36.
- ^ O'Keefe, Ed. "FBI J. Edgar Hoover Building 'Deteriorating,' Report Says." Washington Post. November 9, 2011. Accessed September 29, 2012.
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Terry, Jennifer (1999). An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society. Chicago, Illinois: ISBN 978-0-226-79366-5.
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Hyena, Hank (5 January 2000). "J. Edgar Hoover: Gay marriage role model?". Salon. Archived from the originalon 2 December 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
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Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri (2003). Cloak and Dollar: A History of American Secret Intelligence. New Haven, Connecticut: ISBN 978-0-300-10159-1.
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Cox, John Stuart; Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. New Haven, Connecticut: ISBN 978-0-87722-532-4.
The strange likelihood is that Hoover never knew sexual desire at all.
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Percy, William A.; Johansson, Warren (1994). Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Haworth Press. pp. 85+. ISBN 978-1-56024-419-6.
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ISBN 978-0-89774-991-6.
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Doherty, Thomas (2003). Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. New York City: ISBN 978-0-231-12952-7.
- ^ a b c d Donaldson James, Susan (November 16, 2011). "J. Edgar Hoover: Gay or Just a Man who has Sex with Men?". ABC News. p. 2.
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- ^ "The secrets of J. Edgar Hoover". MSNBC. April 12, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
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- ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (February 15, 1993). "Books of The Times; Catalogue of Accusations Against J. Edgar Hoover". The New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
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"J. Edgar Hoover Was Homosexual, Blackmailed by Mob, Book Says". ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
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Summers, Anthony (2012). Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. Open Road Media. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-4532-4118-9.
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- ^ "John Edgar Hoover". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
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Summers, Anthony (2012). Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover. Open Road Media. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-4532-4118-9.
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Holden, Henry M. (April 15, 2008). FBI 100 Years: An Unofficial History. Zenith Imprint. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-7603-3244-3.
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Kessler, Ronald (2002). The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI. St. Martin's Paperbacks. pp. 120+. ISBN 978-0-312-98977-4.
- ^ Ronald Kessler. "Did J. Edgar Hoover Really Wear Dresses?". History News Network.
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Doherty, Thomas (2003). Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-231-12952-7.
- ^ Ackerman, Kenneth D. (November 14, 2011). "Five myths about J. Edgar Hoover". The Washington Post.
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Cohn, R.; Zion, S. (1988). The Autobiography of Roy Cohn. Lyle Stuart. pp. viii, 67, 142. ISBN 978-0818404719.
- ^ Bonanno, Bill (1999). Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story. St. Martin's Press. pp. 166–167.
They were all pictures of Hoover in women's clothing. His face was daubed with lipstick and makeup and he wore a wig of ringlets. In several of the photos, he posed alone, smiling, even mugging for the camera. In a few other photos, he was sitting on the lap of an unidentified male, stroking his cheek in one, hugging him in another, holding a morsel of food before his mouth in yet another. 'Louie [meaning Lewis Rosentiel] took most of these,' Cohn said, 'at a party on a houseboat in the Keys, 1948–1949... Hoover knows about these, believe me; he's always been aware of what would happen if they ever got out.'
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Von Hoffman, N. (1988). Citizen Cohn. Doubleday. pp. 142–151. ISBN 978-0385236904.
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ISBN 978-0-312-87497-1.
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Powers, Richard Gid (2004). Broken: the troubled past and uncertain future of the FBI. Free Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-684-83371-2.
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Theoharis, Athan G., ed. (1998). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Oryx Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-89774-991-6.
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General and cited references
Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2007). Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties. Carroll & Graf.
Beverly, William (2003). On the Lam: Narratives of Flight in J. Edgar Hoover's America.
Carter, David (2003). Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked The Gay Revolution. New York:
Denenberg, Barry (1993). The True Story of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI.
Charles, Douglas (2007). J. Edgar Hoover and the Anti-interventionists: FBI Political Surveillance and the Rise of the Domestic Security State, 1939–1945.
Cox, John Stuart; Theoharis, Athan G. (1988). The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple University Press.
Hack, Richard (2007), Puppetmaster: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover, Phoenix Books,
Gid Powers, Richard (1986). Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover. Free Press.
Schott, Joseph L. (1975). No Left Turns: The FBI in Peace & War. Praeger.
Swearingen, M. Wesley. FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose.
"The Secret File on J. Edgar Hoover". Frontline episode #11.4 (1993).[citation needed]
Further reading
- Adams, Cecil (December 6, 2002). "Was J. Edgar Hoover a crossdresser?". The Straight Dope.
- Caballero, Raymond. McCarthyism vs. Clinton Jencks. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.
- Cecil, Matthew (2016). Branding Hoover's FBI: How the Boss's PR Men Sold the Bureau to America. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2016.
- DeLoach, Cartha D. (1995). Hoover's FBI: The Inside Story by Hoover's Trusted Lieutenant. Regnery Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9780895264794.
- Elias, Christopher (September 2, 2015). "A Lavender Reading of J. Edgar Hoover". Slate.
- Gage, Beverly (2022). OCLC 1343299496.
- Lindorff, Dave (January 4, 2022). "Brothers Against the Bureau". The Nation: 26–31. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
- Martin, Lerone A. (Feb. 2023) The Gospel of J. Edgar Hoover: How the FBI Aided and Abetted the Rise of White Christian Nationalism
- Silberman, Laurence H. (July 20, 2005). "Hoover's Institution". Opinion. The Wall Street Journal.
- "The Truth about J. Edgar Hoover". Time. December 22, 1975.
- Yardley, Jonathan (June 26, 2004). "'No Left Turns': The G-Man's Tour de Force". The Washington Post.
External links
- Works by J. Edgar Hoover at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about J. Edgar Hoover at Internet Archive
- J. Edgar Hoover at IMDb
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Assassination Records Review Board Staff (September 1998). Final Report of the Assassination Records Review Board.
- "FBI file on J. Edgar Hoover". Archived from the original on April 13, 2011.
- "J. Edgar Hoover Biography". Zpub.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ^ Smietana, Bob (March 10, 2023). "For FBI legend J. Edgar Hoover, Christian nationalism was the gospel truth, argues new book". Religion News Service. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ^ "Stanford's Lerone A. Martin on his new book about J. Edgar Hoover and White Christian nationalism | Stanford Humanities and Sciences". humsci.stanford.edu. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-691-17511-9.