J. G. Ballard

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

J. G. Ballard
New Wave
Notable worksCrash
Empire of the Sun
High-Rise
The Atrocity Exhibition
Spouse
Helen Mary Matthews
​
​
(m. 1955; died 1964)​
Children3, including Bea Ballard

James Graham Ballard (15 November 1930 – 19 April 2009)

post-apocalyptic novels such as The Drowned World (1962), but later courted political controversy with the short-story collection The Atrocity Exhibition (1970), which includes the story "Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan" (1968) and the novel Crash (1973), a story about car-crash fetishists
.

In 1984, Ballard won broad critical recognition for the war novel Empire of the Sun, a semi-autobiographical story of the experiences of a British boy during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai;[4] three years later, the American film director Steven Spielberg adapted the novel into a film of the same name. The novelist's journey from youth to mid-age is chronicled, with fictional inflections, in The Kindness of Women (1991), and in the autobiography Miracles of Life (2008). Some of Ballard's early novels have been adapted as films, including Crash (1996), directed by David Cronenberg, and High-Rise (2015), directed by Ben Wheatley, an adaptation of the 1975 novel.

From the distinct nature of the literary fiction of J. G. Ballard arose the adjective

Thanatos, mass media and emergent technologies".[6]

Life

Shanghai

J. G. Ballard was born to Edna Johnstone (1905–1998)[6] and James Graham Ballard (1901–1966), who was a chemist at the Calico Printers' Association, a textile company in the city of Manchester, and later became the chairman and managing director of the China Printing and Finishing Company, the Association's subsidiary company in Shanghai.[6] The China in which Ballard was born featured the Shanghai International Settlement, where Western foreigners "lived an American style of life".[7] At school age, Ballard attended the Cathedral School of the Holy Trinity Church, Shanghai.[8] Upon the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the Ballard family abandoned their suburban house, and moved to a house in the city centre of Shanghai to avoid the warfare between the Chinese defenders and the Japanese invaders.

After the Battle of Hong Kong (8–25 December 1941), the Imperial Japanese Army occupied the International Settlement and imprisoned the Allied civilians in early 1943. The Ballard family were sent to the Lunghua Civilian Assembly Centre where they lived in G-block, a two-storey residence for 40 families, for the remainder of the Second World War. At the Lunghua Centre, Ballard attended school, where the teachers were prisoners with a profession. In the autobiography Miracles of Life, Ballard said that those experiences of displacement and imprisonment were the thematic bases of the novel Empire of the Sun.[9][10]

Concerning the violence found in Ballard's fiction,

human consciousness."[14]

Britain and Canada

In late 1945, Ballard's mother returned to Britain with J.G. and his sister, where they resided at Plymouth, and he attended The Leys School in Cambridge,[15] where he won a prize for a well-written essay.[16] Within a few years, Mrs Ballard and her daughter returned to China and rejoined Mr Ballard; and, whilst not at school, Ballard resided with grandparents. In 1949, he studied medicine at King's College, Cambridge, with the intention of becoming a psychiatrist.[17]

Ballard's Vermilion Sands story "The Singing Statues" took the cover of the July 1962 issue of Fantastic, featuring artwork by Ed Emshwiller.

At university, Ballard wrote avant-garde fiction influenced by psychoanalysis and the works of surrealist painters, and pursued writing fiction and medicine. In his second year at Cambridge, in May 1951, the short story "The Violent Noon", a Hemingway pastiche, won a crime-story competition and was published in the Varsity newspaper.[18][19] In October 1951, encouraged by publication, and understanding that clinical medicine disallowed time to write fiction, Ballard forsook medicine and enrolled at Queen Mary College to read English literature.[20] After a year, he quit the College and worked as an advertising copywriter,[21] then worked as an itinerant encyclopaedia salesman.[22] Throughout that odd-job period, Ballard continued writing short-story fiction but found no publisher.[16]

In early 1954, Ballard joined the Royal Air Force and was assigned to the Royal Canadian Air Force flight-training base in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada. In that time, he encountered American science fiction magazines,[21] and, in due course, wrote his first science fiction story, "Passport to Eternity", a pastiche of the American science fiction genre; yet the story was not published until 1962.[16]

In 1955, Ballard left the RAF and returned to England,[23] where he met and married Helen Mary Matthews, who was a secretary at the Daily Express newspaper; the first of three Ballard children was born in 1956.[24] In December 1956, Ballard became a professional science-fiction writer with the publication of the short stories "Escapement" (in New Worlds magazine) and "Prima Belladonna" (in Science Fantasy magazine).[25] At the New Worlds magazine, the editor, Edward J. Carnell, greatly supported Ballard's science-fiction writing, and published most of his early stories.

From 1958 onwards, Ballard was assistant editor of the scientific journal Chemistry and Industry.

aesthetic ideals.[28][29]

Professional writer

In 1960, the Ballard family moved to

New Wave science fiction; he also popularized the related concept and genre of inner space.[32]: 415 [33][34]: 260  From that success followed the publication of short-story collections, and was the beginning of a great period of literary productivity from which emerged the short-story collection "The Terminal Beach
" (1964).

Another Emshwiller cover illustrating the Vermilion Sands story "The Screen Game" (1963)
Ballard's novelette "The Time Tombs" was the cover story on the March 1963 issue of If

In 1964, Mary Ballard died of pneumonia, leaving Ballard to raise their three children, James, Fay and Bea Ballard. Although he did not remarry, his friend Michael Moorcock introduced Claire Walsh to Ballard, who later became his partner.[35] Claire Walsh worked in publishing during the 1960s and the 1970s, and was Ballard's sounding board for his story ideas; later, Claire introduced Ballard to the expatriate community in Sophia Antipolis, in southern France; those expatriates provided grist for the writer's mill.[36]

In 1965, after the death of his wife Mary, Ballard's writing yielded the thematically-related short stories, that were published in New Worlds by Moorcock, as

Crash (1973), which features a protagonist named James Ballard, who lives in Shepperton, Surrey, England.[39]

Crash was also controversial upon publication.[40] In 1996, the film adaptation by David Cronenberg was met by a tabloid uproar in the UK, with the Daily Mail campaigning for it to be banned.[41] In the years following the initial publication of Crash, Ballard produced two further novels: 1974's Concrete Island, about a man stranded in the traffic-divider island of a high-speed motorway,[42] and High-Rise, about a modern luxury high rise apartment building's descent into tribal warfare.[43]

Ballard published several novels and short story collections throughout the 1970s and 1980s, but his breakthrough into the mainstream came with

Lunghua internment camp. It became a best-seller,[44] was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and awarded the Guardian Fiction Prize and James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction.[45] It made Ballard known to a wider audience, although the books that followed failed to achieve the same degree of success. Empire of the Sun was filmed by Steven Spielberg in 1987, starring a young Christian Bale as Jim (Ballard). Ballard himself appears briefly in the film, and he has described the experience of seeing his childhood memories reenacted and reinterpreted as bizarre.[9][10]

Ballard continued to write until the end of his life, and also contributed occasional journalism and criticism to the British press. Of his later novels,

crime novel.[48] Ballard was offered a CBE in 2003, but refused, calling it "a Ruritanian charade that helps to prop up our top-heavy monarchy".[49][50] In June 2006, he was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer, which metastasised to his spine and ribs. The last of his books published in his lifetime was the autobiography Miracles of Life, written after his diagnosis.[51] His final published short story, "The Dying Fall", appeared in the 1996 issue 106 of Interzone, a British sci-fi magazine. It was later reproduced in The Guardian on 25 April 2009.[52] He was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery
.

Posthumous publication

The grave of the novelist J. G. Ballard. (Kensal Green Cemetery)

In October 2008, before his death, Ballard's literary agent, Margaret Hanbury, brought an outline for a book by Ballard with the working title Conversations with My Physician: The Meaning, if Any, of Life to the

oncologist Professor Jonathan Waxman of Imperial College London, who was treating Ballard for prostate cancer. While it was to be in part a book about cancer, and Ballard's struggle with it, it reportedly was to move on to broader themes. In April 2009 The Guardian reported that HarperCollins announced that Ballard's Conversations with My Physician could not be finished and plans to publish it were abandoned.[53]

In 2013, a 17-page untitled typescript listed as "Vermilion Sands short story in draft" in the

ISBN 978-2367190068) under the title "Le labyrinthe Hardoon" as the first story of the cycle, tentatively dated "late 1955/early 1956" by B. Sigaud, David Pringle and Christopher J. Beckett. Reports From the Deep End, an anthology of short stories inspired by J. G. Ballard (London: Titan Books, 2023, edited by Maxim Jakubowski and Rick McGrath), could have included "The Hardoon Labyrinth" – the original edition by B. Sigaud enriched to about 9,400 words by D. Pringle – but opposition from the J. G. Ballard Estate terminated the project.[54][55][56][57]

Archive

In June 2010 the British Library acquired Ballard's personal archives under the British government's

holograph manuscripts for Ballard's novels, including the 840-page manuscript for Empire of the Sun, plus correspondence, notebooks, and photographs from throughout his life.[58] In addition, two typewritten manuscripts for The Unlimited Dream Company are held at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin.[59]

Dystopian fiction

With the exception of his autobiographical novels, Ballard most commonly wrote in the post-apocalyptic dystopia genre.

His most celebrated novel in this regard is Crash, in which the characters (the protagonist, called Ballard, included) become increasingly obsessed with the violent psychosexuality of car crashes in general, and celebrity car crashes in particular. Ballard's novel was turned into a controversial film by David Cronenberg.[60]

Particularly revered among Ballard's admirers is his short story collection

phototropic
self-painting canvases, etc. In keeping with Ballard's central themes, most notably technologically mediated masochism, these tawdry and weird technologies service the dark and hidden desires and schemes of the human castaways who occupy Vermilion Sands, typically with psychologically grotesque and physically fatal results. In his introduction to Vermilion Sands, Ballard cites this as his favourite collection.

In a similar vein, his collection Memories of the Space Age explores many varieties of individual and collective psychological fallout from—and initial deep archetypal motivations for—the American space exploration boom of the 1960s and 1970s.

Will Self has described much of his fiction as being concerned with "idealised gated communities; the affluent, and the ennui of affluence [where] the virtualised world is concretised in the shape of these gated developments." He added in these fictional settings "there is no real pleasure to be gained; sex is commodified and devoid of feeling and there is no relationship with the natural world. These communities then implode into some form of violence."[61] Budrys, however, mocked his fiction as "call[ing] for people who don't think ... to be the protagonist of a J. G. Ballard novel, or anything more than a very minor character therein, you must have cut yourself off from the entire body of scientific education".[62]

In addition to his novels, Ballard made extensive use of the short story form. Many of his earliest published works in the 1950s and 1960s were short stories, including influential works like Chronopolis.[63] In an essay on Ballard, Will Wiles notes how his short stories "have a lingering fascination with the domestic interior, with furnishing and appliances", adding, "it's a landscape that he distorts until it shrieks with anxiety". He concludes that "what Ballard saw, and what he expressed in his novels, was nothing less than the effect that the technological world, including our built environment, was having upon our minds and bodies."[64]

Ballard coined the term inverted Crusoeism. Whereas the original Robinson Crusoe became a castaway against his own will, Ballard's protagonists often choose to maroon themselves; hence inverted Crusoeism (e.g., Concrete Island). The concept provides a reason as to why people would deliberately maroon themselves on a remote island; in Ballard's work, becoming a castaway is as much a healing and empowering process as an entrapping one, enabling people to discover a more meaningful and vital existence.

Television

On 13 December 1965, BBC Two screened an adaptation of the short story "Thirteen to Centaurus" directed by Peter Potter. The one-hour drama formed part of the first season of Out of the Unknown and starred Donald Houston as Dr. Francis and James Hunter as Abel Granger.[65] In 2003, Ballard's short story "The Enormous Space" (first published in the science fiction magazine Interzone in 1989, subsequently printed in the collection of Ballard's short stories War Fever) was adapted into an hour-long television film for the BBC entitled Home by Richard Curson Smith, who also directed it. The plot follows a middle-class man who chooses to abandon the outside world and restrict himself to his house, becoming a hermit.

Influence

Ballard is cited as an important forebear of the

UK obscenity laws for selling the pamphlet.[67]

In his 2002 book Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals, the philosopher John Gray acknowledges Ballard as a major influence on his ideas. The book's publisher quotes Ballard as saying, "Straw Dogs challenges all our assumptions about what it is to be human, and convincingly shows that most of them are delusions."[68] Gray wrote a short essay, in the New Statesman, about a dinner he had with Ballard in which he stated, "Unlike many others, it wasn't his dystopian vision that gripped my imagination. For me his work was lyrical – an evocation of the beauty that can be gleaned from landscapes of desolation."[69]

According to literary theorist

postmodernist text based on science fiction topoi".[70][71]

Lee Killough directly cites Ballard's seminal Vermilion Sands short stories as the inspiration for her collection Aventine, also a backwater resort for celebrities and eccentrics where bizarre or frivolous novelty technology facilitates the expression of dark intents and drives. Terry Dowling's milieu of Twilight Beach is also influenced by the stories of Vermilion Sands and other Ballard works.[72]

In Simulacra and Simulation, Jean Baudrillard hailed Crash as the "first great novel of the universe of simulation".[73]

Ballard also had an interest in the relationship between various media. In the early 1970s, he was one of the trustees of the Institute for Research in Art and Technology.[74]

In popular music

Ballard has had a notable

Madonna,[77] "Warm Leatherette" by The Normal[78] and Atrocity Exhibition by Danny Brown.[79][80][81]
Songwriters Trevor Horn and Bruce Woolley credit Ballard's story "The Sound-Sweep" with inspiring The Buggles' hit "Video Killed the Radio Star",[82] and the Buggles' second album included a song entitled "Vermillion Sands".[83] The 1978 post-punk band
Comsat Angels took their name from one of Ballard's short stories.[84] An early instrumental track by British electronic music group The Human League "4JG" bears Ballard's initials as a homage to the author (intended as a response to "2HB" by Roxy Music).[85]

The Welsh rock band

Klaxons named their debut album Myths of the Near Future after one of Ballard's short story collections.[87] The band Empire of the Sun took their name from Ballard's novel.[87] The American rock band The Sound of Animals Fighting took the name of the song "The Heraldic Beak of the Manufacturer's Medallion" from Crash. UK based drum and bass producer Fortitude released an EP in 2016 called "Kline Coma Xero" named after characters in The Atrocity Exhibition. The song "Terminal Beach" by the American band Yacht is a tribute to his short story collection that goes by the same name.[citation needed] US indie musician and comic book artist Jeffrey Lewis mentions Ballard by name in his song "Cult Boyfriend", on the record A Turn in The Dream-Songs (2011), in reference to Ballard's cult following as an author.[88]

In the 2024 Met Gala

The 2024 Met Gala dress code was “The Garden of Time”, inspired by Ballard’s 1962 short story “The Garden of Time”.[89]

Awards and honours

Works

Novels

Short story collections

Non-fiction

Interviews

  • Paris Review – J.G. Ballard (1984)
  • Re/Search No. 8/9: J.G. Ballard (1985)
  • J.G. Ballard: Quotes (2004)
  • J.G. Ballard: Conversations (2005)[98]
  • Extreme Metaphors (interviews; 2012)

Adaptations

Films

Television

Radio

  • In Nov/Dec 1988, CBC Radio's sci-fi series Vanishing Point ran a seven-episode miniseries of The Stories of J. G. Ballard, which included audio adaptations of "Escapement," "Dead Astronaut," "The Cloud Sculptors of Coral D," "Low Flying Aircraft," "A Question of Re-entry," "News from the Sun" and "Having a Wonderful Time".
  • In June 2013, BBC Radio 4 broadcast adaptions of The Drowned World and Concrete Island as part of a season of dystopian fiction entitled Dangerous Visions.[101]

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Alumni and Fellows". Queen Mary University of London. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  2. ^ Jones, Thomas (10 April 2008). "Thomas Jones reviews 'Miracles of Life' by J.G. Ballard  • LRB 10 April 2008". London Review of Books. pp. 18–20.
  3. ^ Dibbell, Julian (February 1989). "Weird Science". Spin Magazine.
  4. ^ "Empire of the Sun (1984)". Ballardian. 16 September 2006. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  5. ^ "About". Ballardian. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  6. ^
    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
    , Oxford University Press, January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013, (subscription required)
  7. ^
    ISBN 0-940642-08-5
    .
  8. ^ "JG Ballard in Shanghai". Timeoutshanghai.com. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  9. ^ a b Ballard, J.G. (4 March 2006). "Look back at Empire". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  10. ^ a b "J.G. Ballard". Jgballard.ca. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  11. ^ Cowley, J. (4 November 2001). "The Ballard of Shanghai jail". The Observer. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  12. ^ a b Livingstone, D.B. (1996?). "J.G. Ballard: Crash: Prophet with Honour". Retrieved 12 March 2006.
  13. ^ Hall, C. "JG Ballard: Extreme Metaphor: A Crash Course in the Fiction Of JG Ballard". Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  14. ^ Welch, Frances. "All Praise and Glory to the Mind of Man"
  15. ^ Campbell, James (14 June 2008). "Strange Fiction". The Guardian.
  16. ^ a b c Pringle, David (19 April 2009). "Obituary:JG Ballard". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  17. ^ Frick, Interviewed by Thomas (21 May 1984). "J. G. Ballard, The Art of Fiction No. 85". The Paris Review. Winter 1984 (94). Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  18. ^ "The Papers of James Graham Ballard – Archives Hub".
  19. ^ "Collecting 'The Violent Noon' and other assorted Ballardiana". Ballardian. 5 February 2007. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  20. ^ "Notable Alumni/ Arts and Culture". Queen Mary, University of London. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  21. ^ a b Jones, Thomas (10 April 2008). "Whisky and Soda Man". London Review of Books. pp. 18–20. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  22. ^ "'What exactly is he trying to sell?': J.G. Ballard's Adventures in Advertising, part 1". Ballardian.com. 4 May 2009. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  23. ^ London Gazette, 1 July 1955.
  24. ^ "JG Ballard's Daughter on the Mother who Could Never be Mentioned". the Guardian. 20 June 2014.
  25. ^ Weber, Bruce (21 April 2009). "J.G Ballard, novelist, Is Dead at 78". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  26. ^ Bonsall, Mike (1 August 2007). "JG Ballard's Experiment in Chemical Living". Ballardian.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  27. ^ "JG Ballard Interviewed by Jannick Storm". Jgballard.ca.
  28. ^ "JGB in Ambit Magazine". Jgballard.ca.
  29. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  30. ^ Clark, Alex (9 September 2000). "Microdoses of madness". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  31. ^ Smith, Karl. "The Velvet Underground of English Letters: Simon Sellars Discusses J.G. Ballard". thequietus.com. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  32. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8
    .
  33. ^ Clute, John; David, Langford; Nicholls, Peter. "SFE: Inner Space". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  34. ISBN 978-3-030-27275-3
    .
  35. ^ "Author J. G. Ballard dies at 78", Deseret News, 20 April 2009, p. A12
  36. ^ Self, Will (15 October 2014). "Claire Walsh obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  37. ^ Budrys, Algis (October 1967). "Galaxy Bookshelf". Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 188–194.
  38. ^ "1991 Science Fiction Eye magazine article on Atrocity Exhibition". www.jgballard.ca.
  39. ^
    ISBN 0-00-711686-1
    .
  40. doi:10.1093/english/efn011
    .
  41. ISBN 978-1-903364-15-4
    . Retrieved 15 September 2009.
  42. ^ Sellars, Simon (16 September 2006). "Concrete Island (1974)". Ballardian. Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  43. ^ Sisson, Peter (28 September 2015). "New Film High-Rise Explores The Symbolism and Terror of Tower Living". Curbed. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  44. ^ Collinson, G. "Empire of the Sun Archived 6 February 2004 at the Wayback Machine". BBC Four article on the film and novel. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  45. ^ a b "James Tait Black Prizes Fiction Winners". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  46. ^ Moss, Stephen (13 September 2000). "Mad about Ballard". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  47. ^ "J. G. Ballard". British Council Literature. British Council. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  48. ^ Noys, Benjamin (2007). "La libido réactionnaire?: the recent fiction of J.G. Ballard". Sage Publishers. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  49. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  50. ^ Lea, Richard; Adetunji, Jo (19 April 2009). "Crash author JG Ballard, 'a giant on the world literary scene', dies aged 78". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  51. ^ Wavell, Stuart (20 January 2008). "Dissecting bodies from the twilight zone: Stuart Wavell meets JG Ballard". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
  52. ^ Ballard, JG. The Dying Fall, The Guardian, 25 April 2009.
  53. ^ Thompson, Liz (16 October 2008). "Ballard and the meaning of life". BookBrunch. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  54. ^ Beckett, Chris (2011). "The Progress of the Text: The Papers of J. G. Ballard at the British Library". Electronic British Library Journal. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  55. ^ Horrocks, Chris, "Disinterring the Present: Science Fiction, Media Technology and the Ends of the Archive", Journal of Visual Culture, 2013 Vol 12(3): 414–430
  56. ^ "Near Vermilion Sands: The Context and Date of Composition of an Abandoned Literary Draft by J. G. Ballard". Bl.uk. 30 November 2003. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  57. ^ King, Daniel (February 2014). ""'Again Last Night': A previously unpublished Vermilion Sands story", SF Commentary 86" (PDF). pp. 18–20.
  58. ^ "Archive of JG Ballard saved for the nation". The British Library. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  59. ^ "Manuscripts for The Unlimited Dream Company". Harry Ransom Center. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  60. ^ "JG Ballard – Prospect Magazine".
  61. ^ "John Gray and Will Self – JG Ballard". Watershed. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  62. ^ Budrys, Algis (December 1966). "Galaxy Bookshelf". Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 125–133.
  63. ^ Boyd, Jason (7 February 2019). "20 Most Influential Science Fiction Short Stories of the 20th Century". FictionPhile.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  64. doi:10.22269/170620
    . Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  65. ^ ""Out of the Unknown" Thirteen to Centaurus (TV Episode 1965)". IMDb.
  66. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  67. ^ Holliday, Mike. ""A DIRTY AND DISEASED MIND": THE UNICORN BOOKSHOP OBSCENITY TRIAL". holli.co.uk. Mike Holliday. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  68. ^ "Straw Dogs". Granta. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  69. ^ Gray, John (6 December 2018). "The night that changed my life: John Gray on having dinner with JG Ballard". New Statesman. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  70. ISBN 978-0-415-04513-1
  71. ^ Luckhurst, Roger. "Border Policing: Postmodernism and Science Fiction" Science Fiction Studies (November 1991)
  72. ^ "Terry Dowling". www.terrydowling.com. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  73. ISBN 978-0-472-06521-9
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  74. ^ "JG Ballard Interviewed by Douglas Reed". Jgballard.ca. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  75. ^ "What Pop Music Tells Us About J G Ballard". BBC News. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  76. ^ a b "What pop music tells us about JG Ballard". BBC.
  77. ^ "Madonna (New York, NY – July 25, 2001) – Feature". Slantmagazine.com. 26 July 2001. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  78. ^ Myers, Ben. "JG Ballard: The music he inspired". The Guardian.
  79. Consequence of Sound. Archived
    from the original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  80. ^ "Danny Brown Announces New Album Title Atrocity Exhibition". Pitchfork. 18 July 2016. Archived from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  81. ^ Renshaw, David (18 July 2016). "Danny Brown Names New Album Atrocity Exhibition". The Fader. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  82. ^ "The Buggles 'Video Killed The Radio Star'". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  83. ^ "Horniculture! • From the Art of Plastic to the Age of Noise". Trevorhorn.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
  84. ^ "Путеводитель по миру шоппинга – скидки, распродажи, акции – В мире модных брендов 23". Gothtronic.com. 21 November 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  85. ^ "The Human League's Phil Oakey is a man of letters – B is for Ballard". The Herald. Glasgow. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  86. ^ "What pop music tells us about JG Ballard". BBC News. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  87. ^ a b "What pop music tells us about JG Ballard". 20 April 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  88. ^ "A Turn in the Dream-Songs (2011), by Jeffrey Lewis". Jeffrey Lewis.
  89. ^ "And the 2024 Met Gala Dress Code Is…". Vogue. 15 February 2024.
  90. ^ "1979 BSFA Awards". sfadb.com.
  91. ^ "1984 Guardian JG Ballard interview by W.L. Webb". Jgballard.ca. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  92. ^ "The Man Booker Prize Archive 1969–2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  93. ^ Williams, Lynne (12 September 1997). "Honorary Degrees". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  94. ^ "J.G. Ballard cops Commonwealth prize". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  95. ^ "Golden Pen Award, official website". English PEN. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  96. ^ "2009 Honorary Graduates". Royal Holloway University of London. 7 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  97. ^ a b c None of the "complete" collections are in fact fully exhaustive, since they contain only some of the Atrocity Exhibition stories.
  98. ^ Deadhead, Daisy (8 December 2009). "We won't give pause until the blood is flowing". DeadAir. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
  99. ^ "reel 23". Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  100. ^ Sellars, S. (10 August 2007). "Crash! Full-Tilt Autogeddon Archived 4 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine". Ballardian.com. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  101. ^ Martin, Tim (14 June 2013). "Do have nightmares". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

Bibliography

External links

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