Jack L. Warner

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Jack L. Warner
Born
Jacob Warner

(1892-08-02)August 2, 1892
London, Ontario, Canada
DiedSeptember 9, 1978(1978-09-09) (aged 86)
Resting placeHome of Peace Cemetery, East Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Other namesJack Leonard Warner
OccupationFilm executive
Years active1918–1973
Political partyRepublican
Spouses
Irma Claire Salomon
(m. 1914; div. 1935)
Ann Page
(m. 1936)
Children3, including Jack M. Warner and stepdaughter Joy Page
Relativesbrothers Harry, Albert, and Sam Warner

Jack Leonard Warner (born Jacob Warner;[1] August 2, 1892 – September 9, 1978) was a Canadian-American film executive, who was the president and driving force behind the Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California. Warner's career spanned over 55 years, surpassing that of any other of the seminal Hollywood studio moguls.[2]

As co-head of production at Warner Bros. Studios, Warner worked with his brother, Sam Warner, to procure the technology for the film industry's first talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927).[3] After Sam's death, Jack clashed with his surviving older brothers, Harry and Albert Warner. He assumed exclusive control of the company in the 1950s when he secretly purchased his brothers's shares in the business after convincing them to participate in a joint sale of stocks.[4]

Although Warner was feared by many of his employees and inspired ridicule with his uneven attempts at humor, he earned respect for his shrewd instincts and tough-mindedness.[2] He recruited many of Warner Bros.' top stars[5] and promoted the hard-edged social dramas for which the studio became known.[6] Given to decisiveness, Warner once commented, "If I'm right fifty-one percent of the time, I'm ahead of the game."[2]

Throughout his career, Warner was viewed as a contradictory and enigmatic figure.

Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[6] He also opposed European fascism and criticized Nazi Germany well before America's involvement in World War II.[8] An opponent of communism, after the war Warner appeared as a friendly witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee, voluntarily naming screenwriters who had been fired at the time as suspected communists or sympathizers.[9]
Despite his controversial public image, Warner remained a force in the motion picture industry until his retirement in the early 1970s.

Early years

Jacob Warner (as he was named at birth) was born in

Polish-Jewish[10][11][12][13][14] immigrants from Congress Poland (then part of the Russian Empire), who spoke mainly Yiddish. He was the fifth surviving son of Benjamin Warner[15] (originally "Wonsal" or "Wonskolaser"),[16] a cobbler from Krasnosielc, and his wife, the former Pearl Leah Eichelbaum.[17][18] Following their marriage in 1876, the couple had three children in Poland, one of whom died at a young age;[19] another was Jack's eldest brother, Hirsch (later Harry).[20]

In 1888 Benjamin made his way to

Baltimore less than a year later. There the couple had five more children, including Abraham (later known as Albert) and Sam Warner.[21]

Youngstown, Ohio, c. 1910

In the early 1890s, Benjamin Warner decided to move to Canada, following a friend's advice that he could make an excellent living bartering tin wares with trappers in exchange for furs.[22] Sons Jack and David were born in Ontario.[17][22] After two arduous years in Canada, the Warners returned to Baltimore,[23] where two more children were born, Sadie and Milton.[17] In 1896, they relocated to Youngstown, Ohio, following the lead of the eldest son Harry, who had established a shoe repair shop in the burgeoning steel town.[24] Father and son worked in the repair shop until Benjamin secured a loan to open a downtown meat and grocery store.[25]

Jack spent much of his youth in Youngstown, and wrote of his formative experiences there in his autobiography: "J. Edgar Hoover told me that Youngstown in those days was one of the toughest cities in America, and a gathering place for Sicilian thugs active in the Mafia. There was a murder or two almost every Saturday night in our neighborhood, and knives and brass knuckles were standard equipment for the young hotheads on the prowl."[26] Warner claimed that he briefly belonged to a street gang in Westlake's Crossing, a notorious neighborhood west of downtown.[27] Meanwhile, he received his first taste of show business, singing at local theaters and partnering with another aspiring song-and-dance man.[28] During his brief career in vaudeville, he officially changed his name to Jack Leonard Warner.[29] Jack's older brother Sam disapproved of these youthful pursuits. "Get out front where they pay the actors," he advised Jack. "That's where the money is."[30]

Professional career

Early business ventures

Harry Warner – February 1919 MPW

In Youngstown, the Warner brothers took their first tentative steps into the entertainment industry. In the early 20th century, Sam formed a business partnership with another local resident and took over the city's Old Grand Opera House as a venue for "cheap vaudeville and

Idora Park, a local amusement park. He convinced the family of the new medium's possibilities, and purchased of a Model B Kinetoscope for $1000 from a projectionist "down on his luck".[32][33] Jack contributed $150 to the venture by pawning a horse.[34]

The enterprising brothers screened a well-used copy of

reel changes".[36]

In 1906, the brothers purchased a small theater in New Castle, which they called the Cascade Movie Palace.

Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement Company, a distribution firm that proved lucrative until the advent of Thomas Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company (also known as the Edison Trust), which charged distributors exorbitant fees.[38] In 1909, Harry agreed to bring Jack into the family business, sending him to Norfolk, Virginia, where Jack assisted Sam in the operation of a second film exchange company.[39] Later that year, the Warners sold their business to the General Film Company for "$10,000 in cash, $12,000 in preferred stock, and payments over a four-year period, for a total of $52,000"[40]
(equivalent to $1,700,000 today).

Formation of Warner Bros.

The Warner brothers pooled their resources and moved into film production in 1910.

Independent Motion Picture Company, which challenged the monopoly of the Edison Trust. That same year, Jack acquired a job as a film splicer in New York,[42] where he assisted Sam with the production of Dante's Inferno.[43] Despite the film's box office success, Harry still feared competition from the Edison Trust. He subsequently broke with Laemmle and sent Jack to establish a film exchange in San Francisco, while Sam did the same in Los Angeles.[44] The brothers were soon poised to exploit the expanding California movie market.[45]

In 1917, Jack was sent to Los Angeles to open another film exchange company.[46] Their first opportunity to produce a major film came in 1918, when they purchased the film rights for My Four Years in Germany, a bestselling novel depicting German wartime atrocities, and the film adaptation became a commercial and critical success.[47] The four brothers established a studio,[48] with Jack and Sam as co-heads of production.[49] As producers, the two solicited new scripts and story lines, secured film sets and equipment, and found ways to reduce production costs.[47]

Hollywood movie studios, 1922

In 1919, the fledgling

Hollywood, where they purchased a lot on the corner of Sunset Boulevard and Bronson Avenue,[52] known today as Sunset Bronson Studios. The new location and upgraded facilities did not significantly improve the studio's image, which remained defined by its low-budget comedies and racy films on declining morality.[53]

In 1923, the studio discovered a trained

In 1925, the studio expanded its operations and acquired the

Brooklyn-based theater company Vitagraph.[59] Later that year, Sam urged Harry to sign with Western Electric to develop a series of talking short films using the new Vitaphone technology.[60]

Sam died of pneumonia in 1927, just before the premiere of the first feature-length talking picture, The Jazz Singer,[61] and Jack became sole head of production.[62] Sam's death left Jack inconsolable: "Throughout his life, Jack had been warmed by Sam's sunshiny optimism, his thirst for excitement, his inventive mind, his gambling nature. Sam had also served as a buffer between Jack and his stern eldest brother, Harry."[63] Without his brother and co-producer, Jack ran the Warner Bros. Burbank studio with an iron hand, and became increasingly demanding and harsh with his employees.[64]

As the family grieved over Sam's sudden passing, the success of The Jazz Singer helped establish Warner Bros. as a major studio. From an investment of only $500,000 in the film, the studio reaped $3 million in profits.[65] Hollywood's other five major studios, which controlled most of the nation's movie theaters, initially attempted to block the growth of "talking pictures".[66] In the teeth of this opposition, Warner Bros. produced twelve "talkies" in 1928 alone.[66] The following year, the newly formed Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized Warner Bros. for "revolutionizing the industry with sound".[67]

Despite Warner Bros.' new prosperity, Jack kept a tight rein on costs. He placed the studio's directors on a quota system and decreed a flat, low-key lighting style to smooth out the defects of cheap film sets.

Depression era

The studio emerged relatively unscathed from the

left-wing) writers".[6]

James Cagney made 38 films with Warner Bros., cementing its position as a major studio[70]

During this period, Jack took an active role in recruiting talent. To furnish Warner Bros. with much needed "star power", he raided contract players from rival studios, in some cases offering to double their salaries. This strategy yielded three leading stars from Paramount – William Powell, Kay Francis, and Ruth Chatterton.[71] In 1929, Jack persuaded British stage and screen actor George Arliss to play the title role in a remake of the 1921 United Artists film Disraeli, which turned out to be a box-office hit.[72] Then, in 1930, he spotted future stars James Cagney, Joan Blondell, and Frank McHugh in the cast of a New York play called Penny Arcade.[73] Although Cagney turned out to be Jack's greatest prize, he was also the studio executive's biggest professional headache.[74] During their frequent arguments, Cagney would scream the Yiddish obscenities he learned as a boy in Yorkville, New York City.[75][76] According to a 1937 Fortune magazine article, Jack's most intense contract disputes involved Cagney, "who got sick of being typed as a girl-hitting mick and of making five pictures a year instead of four."[76]

Zanuck resigned during a contract dispute with Harry Warner in 1933.

Fox Film Corporation in 1935.[78] A longtime Warner Bros. producer, Hal B. Wallis, took over as executive producer.[79] Jack, however, denied Wallis the sweeping powers enjoyed by Zanuck, and the result was a decentralization of creative and administrative control that often created confusion at the studio.[80] Under the new system, each picture was assigned a supervisor usually plucked from the ranks of the studio's screenwriters.[81] Although Warner Bros. maintained a high rate of production throughout the 1930s, some pictures showed an uneven quality that reflected "not only the difficulty of shifting to a supervisory system but also the consequences of dispersing authority into the creative ranks".[81]

Meanwhile, Jack's role in production became somewhat limited. After acquiring a creative property, he often had little to do with a film's production until it was ready for preview.[82] Nevertheless, he could be heavy-handed with employees and "merciless in his firings."[2] Film director Gottfried Reinhardt claimed that Jack "derived pleasure" from humiliating subordinates.[83] "Harry Cohn was a sonofabitch," Reinhardt said, "but he did it for business; he was not a sadist. Mayer could be a monster, but he was not mean for the sake of meanness. Jack was."[83]

Jack's management style frustrated many studio employees. Comedian Jack Benny, who once worked at Warner Bros., quipped, "Jack Warner would rather tell a bad joke than make a good movie".[84] Jack frequently clashed with actors and supposedly banned them from the studio's executive dining room, with the explanation, "I don't need to look at actors when I eat."[85]

Bette Davis and Errol Flynn in Warner Bros.' The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex

The studio executive did, however, win the affection of a few film personalities. Among these was Bette Davis, one of the studio's leading stars, who once fled to England to secure release from her contract.[86] In later years, Davis defended Jack against rumors of sexual impropriety when she wrote: "No lecherous boss was he! His sins lay elsewhere. He was the father. The power. The glory. And he was in business to make money."[34] Davis revealed that, after the birth of her child, Jack's attitude toward her became warm and protective. "We became father and child, no question about it." she said. "He told me I didn't have to come back to work until I really felt like it. He was a thoughtful man. Not many nice things were said about him."[2] Warner also earned the gratitude and affection of Errol Flynn. In 1935, the studio head personally selected Flynn for the title role of Captain Blood, even though he was an unknown actor at the time.[87] In 1936, following the success of another costume epic, The Charge of the Light Brigade, Jack tore up Flynn's contract and signed him to a long-term deal that doubled his weekly salary.[88]

The prewar and war years

As the 1930s came to an end, both Jack and Harry Warner became increasingly alarmed over the rise of Nazism.[89] As Bernard F. Dick observed, the Warners, "as sons of Polish Jews who fled their homeland because of antisemitic pogroms ... had a personal interest in exposing Nazism." Moreover, the attraction to films critical of German militarism had a long history with the Warners that predated their production of My Four Years in Germany in 1918. In 1917, while it was still in distribution, the Warners had secured the rights for War Brides, a movie that featured Alla Nazimova as "a woman who kills herself rather than breed children for an unidentified country whose army looks suspiciously Teutonic."[90] Beyond this, Jack was shaken by the 1936 murder of studio salesman Joe Kaufman, who was beaten to death by Nazi stormtroopers in Berlin.[91][92] He later described the incident in the following terms: "Like many an outnumbered Jew he was trapped in an alley. They [Nazi hoodlums] hit him with fists and clubs and then kicked the life out of him with their boots and left him dying there."[93] Hence, while other Hollywood studios sidestepped the issue, fearing domestic criticism and the loss of European markets, Warner Bros. produced films that were openly critical of Nazi Germany.

In 1939, the studio released

U.S. Congressman Martin Dies Jr. about defaming a "friendly country".[96]

Initially, the studio bowed to pressure from the

isolationist lawmakers to desist from similar projects. Jack announced that the studio would release no more "propaganda pictures" and promptly ordered the shelving of several projects with an anti-Nazi theme.[97] In time, however, Warner Bros. produced more films with anti-Nazi messages, including Underground and All Through the Night. In 1940, the studio produced short films that dramatically documented the devastation wrought by the German bombing raids on London. Meanwhile, the studio celebrated the exploits of the Royal Canadian Air Force with films such as Captains of the Clouds.[98] In 1941, Warner also produced the influential war film Sergeant York.[99]

Contemporary reports that Jack had banned the use of the German language throughout the company's studios were denied by studio representatives who indicated that this move would have prevented scores of studio employees from communicating with each other.[100]

After the American declaration of war against the

U.S. Army Air Corps.[101][102]

In 1943 the studio's film Casablanca won the Academy Award for Best Picture. When the award was announced, Wallis got up to accept, only to find Jack had rushed onstage "with a broad, flashing smile and a look of great self-satisfaction" to take the trophy, Wallis later recalled. "I couldn't believe it was happening. Casablanca had been my creation; Jack had absolutely nothing to do with it. As the audience gasped, I tried to get out of the row of seats and into the aisle, but the entire Warner family sat blocking me. I had no alternative but to sit down again, humiliated and furious. ... Almost forty years later, I still haven't recovered from the shock."[103]

Also in 1943, Jack, at the advice of President Roosevelt, produced a film adaptation of the controversial book Mission to Moscow,[104] a film intended to inspire public support of the uneasy military alliance between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.[105] Later, while testifying before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) on October 27, 1947,[106] Jack dismissed allegations during the Cold War that this film was subversive, and he argued that Mission to Moscow was produced "only to help a desperate war effort, and not for posterity."[107] After the film's lackluster response under distribution, the Republican National Committee accused him of producing "New Deal propaganda."[108]

In line with the Warner brothers' early opposition to Nazism, Warner Bros. produced more pictures about the war than any other studio, covering every branch of the armed services.[109] In addition, the studio produced patriotic musicals such as This Is the Army and Yankee Doodle Dandy.[109]

Postwar era

Warner responded grudgingly to the rising popularity of television in the late 1940s.

television department.[116]

The "Warner Bros. Presents" title card from the first wave of color cartoons in the "Looney Tunes" series of cartoon shorts, from October 1942 until May 1947.

During this period, Warner showed little foresight in his treatment of the studio's

Walt Disney Productions.[118] Several years later, Jack sold all of the 400 cartoons Warner Bros. made before 1948 for $3,000 apiece. As Thomas noted, "They have since earned millions, but not for Warner Bros."[119]

Jack's tumultuous relationship with his brother Harry worsened in February 1956, when Harry learned of Jack's decision to sell Warner Bros.' pre-1950 films to

stockholder, appointed himself as the new company president.[123] Shortly after the deal was closed, he announced that the company and its subsidiaries would be "directed more vigorously to the acquisition of the most important story properties, talents, and to the production of the finest motion pictures possible".[124]

The two brothers had often argued, and earlier in the decade, studio employees claimed they saw Harry chase Jack through the studio with a lead pipe, shouting, "I'll get you for this, you son of a bitch" and threatening to kill him.[125] This subterfuge, however, proved too much for Harry. He never spoke to Jack again.[4] When Harry died on July 27, 1958, Jack did not attend the funeral, and he departed for his annual vacation at Cap d'Antibes.[126] Asked to respond to his brother's death, he said, "I didn't give a shit about Harry."[127] At the same time, Jack took pride in the fact that President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent him a letter of condolence.[127]

The Sixties

In the 1960s, Warner kept pace with rapid changes in the industry and played a key role in developing films that were commercial and critical successes. In February 1962, he purchased the film rights for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady, paying an unprecedented $6.5 million. The previous owner, CBS director William S. Paley set terms that included fifty percent of the distributor's gross profits "plus ownership of the negative at the end of the contract."[128] Despite the "outrageous" purchase price, and the ungenerous terms of the contract, the deal proved lucrative for Warner Bros., securing the studio $12 million in profits. Warner was criticized for choosing a non-singing star, Audrey Hepburn, to play the leading role of Eliza Doolittle; indeed, the 1964 Academy Award for Best Actress went to Julie Andrews, who had played Eliza in both the Broadway and London productions of the musical, for Mary Poppins, while Hepburn wasn't even nominated. However, the film won the Best Picture Oscar for 1964.[129]

In 1965, Warner surprised many industry observers when he purchased the rights to

Motion Picture Association of America, recalled that a meeting with Warner and studio aide Ben Kalmenson left him "uneasy".[132] "I was uncomfortable with the thought that this was just the beginning of an unsettling new era in film, in which we would lurch from crisis to crisis without any suitable solution in sight," Valenti wrote.[132] Meanwhile, Lehman and the film's director, Mike Nichols, battled with studio executives and exhibitors who insisted that the film be shot in color rather than black and white.[133] These controversies soon faded into the background while Warner challenged the validity of the Production Code by publicly requiring theaters showing the film to post an "adults only" label and restrict ticket sales accordingly, all as a marketing tease to entice audiences to see what warranted that restriction. At this, the MPAA — wary of a repeat of the embarrassment it had trying to censor the highly acclaimed film The Pawnbroker — gave in and approved the film as a special exception because of its quality, which led other filmmakers to challenge the Code themselves even more aggressively.[134] Upon its release, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? was embraced by audiences and critics alike. It secured thirteen nominations from the Academy, including one for Best Picture of 1966.[135]

Despite these achievements, Warner grew weary of making films, and he sold a substantial amount of his studio stock to

Lerner & Loewe's Camelot.[138] The sale yielded, after capital gains taxes, about $24 million[139] (equivalent to $211 million today). Eight months after the sale, Warner quipped, "Who would ever have thought that a butcher boy from Youngstown, Ohio, would end up with twenty-four million smackers in his pocket?"[139] At the time of the sale, he had earned the distinction of being the second production chief to also serve as company president, after Columbia Pictures
' Harry Cohn.

Warner's decision to sell came at a time when he was losing the formidable power that he once took for granted. He had already survived the dislocations of the 1950s, when other studio heads – including Mayer,

Golden Age of Hollywood had died, and Warner was regarded as one of the last of a dying breed. Evidence of his eroding control at Warner Bros. included his failure to block production of the controversial but highly influential film Bonnie and Clyde, a project he initially "hated".[141] Similarly, as producer of the film adaptation of Camelot, he was unable to persuade director Joshua Logan to cast Richard Burton and Julie Andrews in the leading roles. Instead, Logan selected Richard Harris and Vanessa Redgrave, a move that contributed to the project's critical – and commercial – failure.[142] Another factor was that Logan was able to manipulate Warner's ego to persuade him from cutting the screenplay's length, despite the fact that the studio executives had already agreed with the film's unofficial producer, Joel Freeman, that it was overlong.[143] Warner officially retired from the studio in 1969.[144]

After Warner Bros.

Warner remained active as an independent producer until the early 1970s to run some of the company's distributions and exhibition division.[145] Among his last productions was a film adaptation of a Broadway musical, 1776, which was released through Columbia Pictures.[146] Before the film's release, Warner showed a preview cut to President Richard Nixon, who recommended substantial changes, including the removal of the song 'Cool, Cool, Considerate Men' that struck him as veiled criticisms of the ongoing Vietnam War.[147] Without consulting the film's director, Peter H. Hunt, Warner ordered the film re-edited.[147] The cuts have since been restored in most television showings and in the film's DVD release.

In November 1972, the film opened to enthusiastic audiences at Radio City Music Hall, but it fared poorly in theaters.[147] Faced with a polarized political climate, few Americans were drawn to "a cheery exercise in prerepublic civics".[148] Warner's efforts to promote the film were sometimes counterproductive; during an interview with talk show host Merv Griffin, the elderly producer engaged in a lengthy tirade against "pinko communists". This would become his only television interview.[149]

Personal life

On October 14, 1914, Warner married Irma Claire Salomon, the daughter of Sam Salomon and Bertha Franklin Salomon from one of San Francisco's pioneer Jewish families.[150] Irma gave birth to the couple's only child, Jack M. Warner, on March 27, 1916. Jack Sr. named the child after himself, disregarding an Eastern European Jewish custom that children should not be named after living relatives. Although his son bore a different middle initial, he "has been called Junior all his life".[151]

Warner's first marriage ended in 1935, when he left his wife for another woman, Ann Page, with whom he had a daughter named Barbara.[152][153] Irma sued her husband for divorce on the grounds of desertion. Harry Warner reflected the family's feelings about the marriage when he exclaimed, "Thank God our mother didn't live to see this". Jack married Ann after the divorce. The Warners, who took Irma's side in the affair, refused to accept Ann as a family member.[154] In the wake of this falling out, Warner's relationship with his son, Jack Jr., also became strained.[155]

In the late 1950s, Warner was almost killed in a car accident that left him in a

Prince Aly Khan.[156] Warner was thrown from the car, which burst into flames upon impact. Shortly after the accident, Jack Jr. joined other family members in France, where the unconscious studio head was hospitalized. In an interview with reporters, Jack Jr. suggested that his father was dying. Then, during a visit to his father's hospital room, the young man offended Ann, whom he largely blamed for his parents' divorce.[157] When Warner regained consciousness, he was enraged by reports of his son's behavior and their "tenuous" relationship came to an end.[158] On December 30, 1958, Jack Jr. was informed, by Jack Sr.'s lawyer Arnold Grant, that the elder Warner had released him from the company.[159] When he attempted to report for work, studio guards denied him entry.[160] The two men never achieved a reconciliation, and Jack Jr. is not mentioned in his father's 1964 autobiography.[161]

Warner made no pretense of faithfulness to his second wife, Ann, and kept a series of mistresses throughout the 1950s and 1960s.[162][163] The most enduring of these "girlfriends" was an aspiring actress named Jacquelyn (Jacqueline[164]) "Jackie" Park (née Mary Scarborough[165]),[166][167][168] who bore a "startling" resemblance to his second wife.[169] The relationship was in its fourth year when Ann pressed her husband to terminate the affair.[162] Park later tried to publish her memoirs describing the affair, but nothing materialized.[170]

Although Ann did once have an affair with studio actor Eddie Albert in 1941, she was much more devoted to the marriage by contrast.[171] In the 1960s, she insisted that, despite his reputation for ruthlessness, Warner had a softer side. In a note to author Dean Jennings, who assisted Jack on his 1964 autobiography, My First Hundred Years in Hollywood, Ann wrote: "He is extremely sensitive, but there are few who know that because he covers it with a cloak."[172]

In 1937, Warner bought a mansion in

Beverly Hills that he would develop into the later named Jack Warner Estate
. After his death in 1978, Ann, his widow, lived there until her death in 1990.

Political views

An "ardent Republican", Warner nevertheless supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal in the early 1930s.

Alvah Bessie, Howard Koch, Ring Lardner Jr., John Howard Lawson, Albert Maltz, Robert Rossen, Dalton Trumbo, Clifford Odets, and Irwin Shaw.[175] As one biographer observed, Warner "was furious when Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Paul Henreid and John Huston joined other members of the stellar Committee for the First Amendment in a flight to Washington to preach against the threat to free expression".[174] Lester D. Friedman noted that Warner's response to the HUAC hearings was similar to other Jewish studio heads who "feared that a blanket equation of Communists with Jews would destroy them and their industry".[176]

Warner publicly supported Richard Nixon during the

Joseph P. Kennedy, and within a short time, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights for Robert Donovan's book, PT 109, a bestseller concerning John Kennedy's exploits during World War II.[178] "I don't think President Kennedy would object to my friendship with Dick Nixon," Warner said later. "I would have voted for both of them if I could. You might think this is a form of fence-straddling, but I love everybody."[179] In the late 1960s, he emerged as an outspoken proponent of the Vietnam War.[149]

Death and legacy

By the end of 1973, those closest to Warner became aware of signs that he was becoming disoriented.[149] Shortly after losing his way in the building that housed his office, Warner retired.[180] In 1974, Warner suffered a stroke that left him blind and enfeebled. During the next several years, he gradually lost the ability to speak and became unresponsive to friends and relatives.[181] Finally, on August 13, 1978, Warner was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Hospital, where he died of a heart inflammation (edema) on September 9.[34] He was 86 years old.[182][183] A funeral service was held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple, the synagogue to which many members of the Warner family belonged.[184][185] He was interred at Home of Peace Cemetery in East Los Angeles, California.[185]

Warner left behind an estate estimated at $15 million.

will.[186] In the days following his death, newspaper obituaries recounted the familiar story of "the four brothers who left the family butcher shop for nickelodeons" and went on to revolutionize American cinema.[187] A front-page story in Warner's adopted hometown of Youngstown featured accounts of the family's pre-Hollywood struggles in Ohio, describing how Warner drove a wagon for his father's business when he was only seven years old.[34] The late movie mogul was widely eulogized for his role in "shaping Hollywood's 'Golden Age'".[34]

Several months after Warner's death, a more personal tribute was organized by the Friends of the Libraries at the University of Southern California.[187] The event, called "The Colonel: An Affectionate Remembrance of Jack L. Warner", drew Hollywood notables such as entertainers Olivia de Havilland and Debbie Reynolds, and cartoon voice actor Mel Blanc.[188] Blanc closed the event with a rendition of Porky Pig's famous farewell, "A-bee-a-bee-a-bee–that's all, folks."[188] In recognition of his contributions to the motion picture industry, Warner was accorded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6541 Hollywood Boulevard.[189] He is also represented on Canada's Walk of Fame (where he was inducted in 2004) in Toronto, which honours outstanding Canadians from all fields.[190]

Warner is portrayed by Richard Dysart in Bogie (1980), Michael Lerner in This Year's Blonde (1980), Jason Wingreen in Malice in Wonderland (1985), Mike Connors in James Dean: Race with Destiny (1997), Tim Woodward in RKO 281 (1999), Len Kaserman in The Three Stooges (2000), Richard M. Davidson in Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (2001), Mark Rydell in James Dean (2001), Danny Wells in Gleason (2002), Barry Langrishe in The Mystery of Natalie Wood (2004), Ben Kingsley in Life (2015) and Stanley Tucci in Feud (2017).

See also

Source citations and notes

  1. ^ Foster, Charles. Once Upon a Time in Paradise: Canadians in the Golden Age of Hollywood, Dundurn (2003) p. 990
  2. ^ a b c d e Thomas (1990), p. 4.
  3. ^ Thomas (1990), pp. 52–62.
  4. ^ a b c d Thomas (1990), p. 226.
  5. ^ Thomas (1990), pp. 45–49.
  6. ^ a b c d Buhle and Wagner (2002), p. 59.
  7. ^ Thomas (1990), pp. 4–7.
  8. ^ Buhle and Wagner (2002), p. 68.
  9. ^ a b Buhle and Wagner (2002), pp. 377–378.
  10. ^ Jacobson, Lara (2018). "The Warner Brothers Prove Their Patriotism". Voces Novae. 10 (1). Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  11. from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2020 – via Google Books.
  12. from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2020 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ "California Hall of Fame to induct the four Warner brothers". California Museum. March 17, 2013. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  14. ^ "From Polish village to Hollywood fame: The Polish movie mogul behind Warner Bros. Pictures". www.thefirstnews.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  15. ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 20.
  16. ^ According to Bette-Ann Warner, a second cousin to the Warner brothers, in The Brothers Warner, 2008 documentary written and directed by Cass Warner, viewed on Turner Classic Movies March 8, 2010. Bette-Anne Warner's grandfather was a brother of the Warner brothers' father.
  17. ^ a b c Sinclair, Doug. "The Family of Benjamin and Pearl Leah (Eichelbaum) Warner: Early Primary Records". Doug Sinclair's Archives. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
  18. ^ In the United States Census of 1930, Jack L. Warner identified the birthplace of both of his parents as Russia. "Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930",[permanent dead link] enumeration date April 23, 1930, "Beverly Hills City", Los Angeles County, California. Digital copy of original enumeration page at FamilySearch, a free online genealogical database provided as a public service by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
  19. ^ Thomas (1990), pp. 9–10.
  20. ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), p. 18.
  21. ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), p. 20.
  22. ^ a b Thomas (1990), p. 11.
  23. ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 23–24.
  24. ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 24–25.
  25. ^ Thomas (1990), pp. 12–13.
  26. ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), p. 29.
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References

External links