Jack Steinberger
Jack Steinberger | |
---|---|
Born | Hans Jakob Steinberger May 25, 1921 Bad Kissingen, Germany |
Died | December 12, 2020 (aged 99) Geneva, Switzerland |
Nationality | American[5] |
Education | University of Chicago |
Known for | Discovery of the muon neutrino |
Spouse(s) | Cynthia Alff; Joan Beauregard (1920-2009) |
Children | 4, including Joseph, Ned, Julia, and John |
Awards | Nobel Prize in Physics (1988) National Medal of Science (1988) Matteucci Medal (1990) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Particle physics |
Institutions | University of California, Berkeley Columbia University CERN |
Thesis | On the range of the electrons in meson decay. (1949) |
Academic advisors | Edward Teller Enrico Fermi |
Notable students | Melvin Schwartz[1] Eric L. Schwartz[2] Theodore Modis[3] David R. Nygren[4] |
Jack Steinberger (born Hans Jakob Steinberger; May 25, 1921 – December 12, 2020) was a German-born American
Early life and education
Steinberger was born in the city of
Steinberger emigrated to the
Steinberger studied chemical engineering at Armour Institute of Technology (now
Career
Early research
After receiving his doctorate, Steinberger attended the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton for a year. In 1949 he published a calculation of the lifetime of the neutral pion,[13] which anticipated the study of anomalies in quantum field theory.[14]
Following Princeton, in 1949, Steinberger went to the
Steinberger accepted a faculty position at Columbia University in 1950. The newly commissioned meson beam at Nevis Labs provided the tool for several important experiments. Measurements of the production cross-section of pions on various nuclear targets showed that the pion has odd parity.[17] A direct measurement of the production of pions on a liquid hydrogen target, then not a common tool, provided the data needed to show that the pion has spin zero. The same target was used to observe the relatively rare decay of neutral pions to a photon, an electron, and a positron. A related experiment measured the mass difference between the charged and neutral pions based on the angular correlation between the neutral pions produced when the negative pion is captured by the proton in the hydrogen nucleus.[18] Other important experiments studied the angular correlation between electron–positron pairs in neutral pion decays, and established the rare decay of a charged pion to an electron and neutrino; the latter required use of a liquid-hydrogen bubble chamber.[19]
Investigations of strange particles
During 1954–1955, Steinberger contributed to the development of the
An important characteristic of the
Neutrinos and the weak neutral current
In the 1960s, the emphasis in the study of the weak interaction shifted from strange particles to neutrinos. Leon Lederman, Steinberger and
Study of CP violation
The
Back in the United States, Steinberger conducted an experiment at Brookhaven to observe CP violation in the semi-leptonic decays of neutral kaons. The charge asymmetry relates directly to the epsilon parameter, which was thereby measured precisely.[29] This experiment also allowed the deduction of the phase of epsilon, and confirmed that CPT is a good symmetry of nature.[30]
CERN
In 1968, Steinberger left Columbia University and accepted a position as a department director at
These new techniques proved crucial for the first demonstration of direct
Steinberger worked on the
He retired from CERN in 1986, and went on to become a professor at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in Italy.[8] He continued his association with the CERN laboratory through his visits into his 90s.[37][7]
Nobel Prize
Steinberger was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988, "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino".[38] He shared the prize with Leon M. Lederman and Melvin Schwartz; at the time of the research, all three experimenters were at Columbia University.[39]
The experiment used charged
He gave his Nobel medal to New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois (USA), of which he was an alumnus.[40]
He was also awarded the
Selected publications
- Steinberger, J. & A. S. Bishop. "The Detection of Artificially Produced Photomesons with Counters", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (March 8, 1950).
- Steinberger, J., W. K. H. Panofsky & J. Steller. "Evidence for the Production of Neutral Mesons by Photons", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (April 1950).
- Panofsky, W. K. H., J. Steinberger & J. Steller. "Further Results on the Production of Neutral Mesons by Photons", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (October 1, 1950).
- Steinberger, J. "Experimental Survey of Strange Particle Decays", Columbia University, Nevis Laboratories, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 1964).
- Steinberger, J. (2005). Learning about particles : 50 privileged years. Berlin: Springer. OCLC 56654442.
Personal life
Steinberger's first marriage to Joan Beauregard ended in a divorce, after which he married his former student, biologist Cynthia Alff.
In the 1980s Steinberger resumed relations with his native town Bad Kissingen. He often visited Bad Kissingen after that. The school he had attended there was named Jack-Steinberger-Gymnasium in 2001. In 2006 Steinberger was made honorary citizen of Bad Kissingen. "I feel welcome in Bad Kissingen. This is my hometown and I was raised there. I feel as a German again now" he told the Bavarian broadcasting company Bayerischer Rundfunk in 2013.[46]
He died on December 12, 2020, at his home in Geneva. He was aged 99.[16]
See also
References
- ^ "INSPIRE". inspirehep.net. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ "Eric L Schwartz – AI Profile". www.aminer.org. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ "Theodore Modis – AI Profile".
- ^ "David Robert Nygren | Explore University Of Texas At Arlington". University of Texas at Arlington. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Physics". www.jinfo.org. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
- ^ from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Jack Steinberger – Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-8103-9185-7. Archivedfrom the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ISBN 978-981-322-747-7.
- ^ "Nobel Prize Winning Physicist Jack Steinberger". freepressonline.com. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^
J. Steinberger (1949). "On the use of subtraction fields and the lifetimes of some types of meson decay". doi:10.1103/PhysRev.76.1180. Archived from the originalon December 10, 2012.
- S2CID 204961417.
- ^
J. Steinberger; W. K. H. Panofsky; J. Steller (1950). "Evidence for the production of neutral mesons by photons". S2CID 15696296. Archived from the originalon December 15, 2012.
- ^ from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ^
C. Chedester; P. Isaacs; A. Sachs; J. Steinberger (1951). "Total cross-sections of π-mesons on protons and several other nuclei". doi:10.1103/PhysRev.82.958. Archived from the originalon December 12, 2012.
- ^ W. Chinkowsky; J. Steinberger (1954). "The mass difference of neutral and negative π mesons". .
- ^
G. Impeduglia; R. Plano; A. Prodell; N. Samios; M. Schwartz; J. Steinberger (1958). "β decay of the pion". S2CID 119538301.
- ^ R. Budde; M. Chretien; J. Leitner; N.P. Samios; M. Schwartz; J. Steinberger (1956). "Properties of heavy unstable particles produced by 1.3 BeV π− mesons". .
- ^
R. Plano; N. Samios; M. Schwartz; J. Steinberger (1957). "Demonstration of the existence of the Σ0 hyperon and a measurement of its mass". S2CID 118504283.
- from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ F. Eisler, R. Plano, A. Prodell, N. Samios, M. Schwartz, J. Steinberger, P. Bassi, V. Borelli, G. Puppi, G. Tanaka, P. Woloschek, V. Zoboli, M. Conversi, P. Franzini, I. Mannelli, R. Santangelo, V. Silvestrini, D. A. Glaser, C. Graves, and M. L. Perl Demonstration of Parity Nonconservation in Hyperon Decay.Phys. Rev. 108, 1353 – Published December 1, 1957
- ^
C. Alff-Steinberger; et al. (1963). Siena 1963 Conference Report: 205.
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(help) - ^ a b
G. Danby; J.-M. Gaillard; K. Goulianos; L. M. Lederman; N. B. Mistry; M. Schwartz; J. Steinberger (1962). "Observation of high-energy neutrino reactions and the existence of two kinds of neutrinos". doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.36. Archived from the originalon December 5, 2012.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ C. Alff-Steinberger; et al. (1966). "KS and KL interference in the π+π− decay mode, CP invariance and the KS−KL mass difference". .
- .
- ^
S. Bennett; D. Nygren; H. Saal; J. Steinberger; J. Sutherland (1967). "Measurement of the charge asymmetry in the decay
K0
L →
π±
+
e∓
+ν". . - ^ Siegel, Ethan. "This Is The One Symmetry That The Universe Must Never Violate". Forbes. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ "Happy birthday, Jack Steinberger". CERN. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ "Charpak's 1968 paper on multiwire proportional counters | CERN". home.cern. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ Sauli, Fabio (May 12, 2004). "From Bubble Chambers to Electronic Systems: 25 Years of Evolution in Particle Detectors at CERN (1979–2004)" (PDF). European Organization for Nuclear Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ^ H. Burkhardt; et al. (1988). "First evidence for direct CP violation". .
- ^ "CERN Accelerators – Jack Steinberger". CERN. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
- ^ "Jack Steinberger (1921-2020)". CERN. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
- ^ Anthony, Katarina (July 11, 2011). "In conversation with Nobel laureate Jack Steinberger". CERN Bulletin (28–29).
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ "CELEBRITIES WALKED THESE HALLS OF FAME – Chicago Tribune". www.chicagotribune.com. October 12, 2000. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ "Medaglia Matteucci – Accademia XL" (in Italian). Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ a b "Washington Post – Jack Steinberger Obituary". Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ^ "Physik-Nobelpreisträger Jack Steinberger ist gestorben". inFranken.de (in German). Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
- ^ The International Academy of Humanism Archived April 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine at the website of the Council for Secular Humanism. Retrieved October 18, 2007. Some of this information is also at the International Humanist and Ethical Union Archived April 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine website
- ISBN 9781860948855.
Jack Steinberger: "I'm now a bit anti-Jewish since my last visit to the synagogue, but my atheism does not necessarily reject religion."
- ^ Bad Kissingen trauert um Nobelpreisträger Jack Steinberger, Bayerischer Rundfunk, December 16, 2020 (in German)
External links
- Media related to Jack Steinberger at Wikimedia Commons
- Jack Steinberger on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1988 Experiments with High-Energy Neutrino Beams
- Jack Steinberger at CERN
- Jack Steinberger on INSPIRE-HEP
- Jack Steinberger at Biographical Memorial Book of the Jews of Bad Kissingen