Jack the Ripper suspects

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Cartoon of a man holding a bloody knife looking contemptuously at a display of half-a-dozen supposed and dissimilar likenesses
The cover of the 21 September 1889 issue of Puck magazine, featuring cartoonist Tom Merry's depiction of the unidentified Whitechapel murderer Jack the Ripper.

A series of murders that took place in the East End of London from August to November 1888 was blamed on an unidentified assailant who was nicknamed Jack the Ripper. Since then, the identity of the killer has been widely debated, with over 100 suspects named.[1][2] Though many theories have been advanced, experts find none widely persuasive, and some are hardly taken seriously at all.[3]

Contemporaneous police opinion

Illustrated Police News sketch depicting the discovery of the body of Catherine Eddowes in Mitre Square

Metropolitan Police files show that their investigation into the serial killings encompassed 11 separate murders between 1888 and 1891, known in the police docket as the "Whitechapel murders".[4] Five of these—the murders of Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly—are generally agreed to be the work of a single killer, known as "Jack the Ripper". These murders occurred between August and November 1888 within a short distance of each other, and are collectively known as the "canonical five". The six other murders—those of Emma Elizabeth Smith, Martha Tabram, Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, Frances Coles, and the Pinchin Street torso
—have been linked with Jack the Ripper to varying degrees.

The swiftness of the attacks, and the manner of the mutilations performed on some of the bodies, which included disembowelment and removal of organs, led to speculation that the murderer had the skills of a physician or butcher.[5] However, others disagreed strongly, and thought the wounds too crude to be professional.[6] The alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry.[7] Over 2,000 people were interviewed, "upwards of 300" people were investigated, and 80 people were detained.[8]

During the course of their investigations of the murders, police regarded several men as strong suspects, though none were ever formally charged.

Montague John Druitt

Thames in Kent.[14] Inspector Frederick Abberline appeared to dismiss Druitt as a serious suspect on the basis that the only evidence against him was the coincidental timing of his suicide shortly after the last canonical murder.[15]

Jacob Isenschmid

Jacob Isenschmid or Joseph Isenschmid (born c. 1845) was a Swiss butcher living in the Milford Road. He suffered from severe depression and psychiatric disorders and had a history of violent attacks on women in the Whitechapel area, which had seen him hospitalized for psychiatric treatment in the past. On 11 September 1888 two doctors reported to the police that they suspected Isenschmid of being the Ripper due to his strange habits. Isenschmid's wife told police that he was violent and erratic, that he always carried large knives even when they were not required for his trade, that he had threatened to kill her on at least one occasion, and that he had left home for no reason two months ago and only returned sporadically. Isenschmid was arrested on 13 September and a psychiatric evaluation found he was violently insane and potentially dangerous, with a judge ordering him imprisoned in a mental hospital. However, the "Double Event" murder of Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes occurred on 30 September while Isenschmid was in the hospital, exonerating him of the murders.[16]

Seweryn Kłosowski

Pall Mall Gazette reported that Abberline suspected Chapman after his conviction.[19] However, others disagree that Chapman is a likely culprit, as he murdered his three wives with poison, and it is uncommon (though not unheard of) for a serial killer to make such a drastic change in modus operandi.[20]

Aaron Kosminski

Aaron Kosminski (born Aron Mordke Kozminski; 11 September 1865 – 24 March 1919) was a

Sir Robert Anderson's memoirs.[23]

Anderson wrote that “the only person who had ever had a good view of the murderer unhesitatingly identified the suspect the instant he was confronted with him”. This suspect also apparently fit their profile: “a sexual maniac of a virulent type; that he was living in the immediate vicinity of the scenes of the murders; and that, if he was not living immediately alone, his people knew of his guilt, and refused to give him up to justice”. Furthermore a “house-to-house search was conducted” for “the case of every man in the district whose circumstances were such that he could go and come and get rid of his bloodstains in secret.” Sir Robert Anderson goes on to state the conclusion the police came to following this investigation "was that he [Jack the Ripper] and his people were certain low-class Polish Jews" but since the person who identified him was also a Polish Jew and "people of that class in the East End will not give up one of their number to Gentile justice" the suspect was never prosecuted.[24] Anderson was firmly convinced of the suspect’s guilt, also writing within “The Whitechapel Murders” section of his memoirs that "'undiscovered murders' are rare in London and the 'Jack-the-Ripper' crimes are not within that category".[25] Some authors are skeptical of this, while others use it in their theories.[26]

In his memorandum, Macnaghten stated that no one was ever identified as the Ripper, which directly contradicts Anderson's recollection.[27] In 1987, author Martin Fido searched asylum records for any inmates called Kosminski, and found only one: Aaron Kosminski. Kosminski lived in Whitechapel;[28] however, he was largely harmless in the asylum. His insanity took the form of auditory hallucinations, a paranoid fear of being fed by other people, a refusal to wash or bathe, and "self-abuse".[29] In his book The Cases That Haunt Us, former FBI profiler John Douglas states that a paranoid individual such as Kosminski would likely have openly boasted of the murders while incarcerated had he been the killer, but there is no record that he ever did so.[30]

There was another very young adult man named David Cohen (possibly confused for Kosminski, who suffered the consequences of David's own actions potentially) from a low-class background who matched his ethnic details (see below), and in 2014,

DNA analysis tenuously linked Kosminski with a shawl said to have belonged to victim Catherine Eddowes,[31] but experts – including Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys, the inventor of genetic fingerprinting – dismissed the DNA claims about Kosminski as unreliable. This was because the genetic match, determined from maternal descendants of Eddowes and Kosminski, was based on mitochondrial DNA; strands of mitochondrial DNA can be shared by thousands of people, and therefore can only be reliably used in crime analysis to exclude a suspect, not to implicate them.[32][33] Furthermore, many consider it conjecture without substantial evidence that the shawl, purportedly removed from the crime scene by police constable Amos Simpson, even belonged to Eddowes – who herself was impoverished, and arguably could not have afforded to purchase it herself.[34] In March 2019, the Journal of Forensic Sciences published a study[35] that claimed DNA from Kosminski and Catherine Eddowes was found on the shawl,[36][37][38] though other scientists have cast doubt on the study.[39] A BBC documentary Jack the Ripper: The Case Reopened, broadcast the same year and presented by Emilia Fox, concluded that Kosminski was the most likely suspect.[40]

Michael Ostrog

Philip Sugden discovered prison records showing that Ostrog was jailed for petty offences in France during the Ripper murders.[43] Ostrog was last mentioned alive in 1904; the date of his death is unknown.[44]

John Pizer

John Pizer
John Pizer

John Pizer or Piser (c. 1850–1897) was a Polish Jew who worked as a bootmaker in Whitechapel. In the early days of the Whitechapel murders, many locals suspected that "Leather Apron" was the killer, which was picked up by the press, and Pizer was known as "Leather Apron". He had a prior conviction for a stabbing offence, and Police Sergeant William Thicke apparently believed that he had committed a string of minor assaults on prostitutes.[45] After the murders of Mary Ann Nichols and Annie Chapman in late August and early September 1888 respectively, Thicke arrested Pizer on 10 September, even though the investigating inspector reported that "there is no evidence whatsoever against him".[46] He was cleared of suspicion when it turned out that he had alibis for two of the murders. He was staying with relatives at the time of one of the murders, and he was talking with a police officer while watching a spectacular fire on the London Docks at the time of another.[47] Pizer and Thicke had known each other for years,[48] and Pizer implied that his arrest was based on animosity rather than evidence.[45] Pizer successfully obtained monetary compensation from at least one newspaper that had named him as the murderer.[49] Thicke himself was accused of being the Ripper by H. T. Haslewood of Tottenham in a letter to the Home Office dated 10 September 1889; the presumably malicious accusation was dismissed as without foundation.[50]

James Thomas Sadler

James Thomas Sadler or Saddler (c. 1837 – 1906 or 1910) was a friend of Frances Coles, the last victim added to the Whitechapel murders police file. Coles was murdered on 13 February 1891. Her body was discovered beneath a railway arch in Swallow Gardens, Whitechapel. Two deep slash wounds had been inflicted to her neck. She was still alive but died before medical help could arrive.[51] Sadler was arrested, but little evidence existed against him. Though briefly considered by the police as a Ripper suspect, he was at sea at the time of the first four "canonical" murders, and was released without charge.[52] Sadler was named in Macnaghten's 1894 memorandum in connection with Coles's murder. Macnaghten thought Sadler "was a man of ungovernable temper and entirely addicted to drink, and the company of the lowest prostitutes".[53]

Francis Tumblety

Francis Tumblety (c. 1833–1903) earned a small fortune posing as an "Indian Herb" doctor throughout the United States and Canada, and was commonly perceived as a

George R. Sims.[4][64]

Contemporaneous press and public opinion

The Whitechapel murders were featured heavily in the media and attracted the attention of Victorian society at large. Journalists, letter writers, and amateur detectives all suggested names either in the press or to the police. Most were not and could not be taken seriously.[65] For example, at the time of the murders, Richard Mansfield, a famous actor, starred in a theatrical version of Robert Louis Stevenson's book Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The subject matter of horrific murder in the London streets and Mansfield's convincing portrayal led letter writers to accuse him of being the Ripper.[66]

William Henry Bury

William Henry Bury
William Henry Bury

William Henry Bury (25 May 1859 – 24 April 1889) had recently moved to Dundee from the East End of London, when he strangled his wife Ellen Elliott, a former prostitute, on 4 February 1889. He inflicted extensive wounds to her abdomen after she was dead and packed the body into a trunk. On 10 February, Bury went to the local police and told them his wife had committed suicide. He was arrested, tried, found guilty of her murder, and hanged in Dundee. A link with the Ripper crimes was investigated by police, but Bury denied any connection, despite making a full confession to his wife's homicide. Nevertheless, the executioner, James Berry, promoted the idea that Bury was the Ripper.[67] This hypothesis was built upon by historians Euan Macpherson and William Beadle,[68] who argued that comments by Ellen had indicated she had inside knowledge of the Ripper's whereabouts.[69] There was also graffiti at Bury's flat accusing the occupant of being "Jack Ripper", which Macpherson argues Bury had written as a form of confession,[70] and the final of the Ripper's five "canonical" murders occurred shortly before Bury moved away from Whitechapel.[71] Upon arrest, Bury had remarked to Lieutenant James Parr that he was afraid of being accused of being the Ripper[72] and an acquaintance of his claimed that Bury had thrown down a newspaper with a loud cry after being asked to look up news of the Ripper.[73] However, Ellen Elliott had been strangled to death and had only light cuts to her abdomen, whereas the victims of the Ripper had their throats cut and had much more extensive abdominal wounds.

Thomas Neill Cream

Edward Marshall-Hall suspected that his prison term may have been served by a look-alike in his place.[77] Such notions are unlikely and contradict evidence given by the Illinois authorities, newspapers of the time, Cream's solicitors, Cream's family and Cream himself.[78]

Thomas Hayne Cutbush

Thomas Hayne Cutbush (1865–1903) was a medical student sent to Lambeth Infirmary in 1891 suffering delusions thought to have been caused by syphilis.[79] After stabbing a woman in the backside and attempting to stab a second, he was pronounced insane and committed to Broadmoor Hospital in 1891, where he remained until his death in 1903.[80] In a series of articles in 1894, The Sun newspaper suggested that Cutbush was the Ripper. There is no evidence that police took the idea seriously, and Melville Macnaghten's memorandum naming the three police suspects—Druitt, Kosminski and Ostrog—was written to refute the idea that Cutbush was the Ripper.[81] Cutbush was the suspect advanced in a 1993 book by A. P. Wolf,[82] who suggested that Macnaghten wrote his memo to protect Cutbush's uncle, a fellow police officer.[83] In a 2011 book, author Peter Hodgson considers Cutbush the most likely candidate.[84] David Bullock, in his 2012 book, also firmly believes Cutbush to be the real Ripper.[85]

Frederick Bailey Deeming

St. Helens, Lancashire, in 1891. His crimes went undiscovered and later that year he emigrated to Australia with his second wife, whom he then also murdered. Her body was found buried under their house, and the subsequent investigation led to the discovery of the other bodies in England. He was arrested, sent to trial, and found guilty. He wrote in a book, and later boasted in jail that he was Jack the Ripper, but he was either imprisoned[86] or in South Africa[87] at the time of the Ripper murders. The police denied any connection between Deeming and the Ripper.[88] He was hanged in Melbourne.[89] According to Robert Napper, a former Scotland Yard detective, the British police did not consider him a suspect because of his two possible alibis but Napper believed Deeming was not in jail at the time, and there is some evidence that he was back in England.[90]

Carl Feigenbaum

Carl Ferdinand Feigenbaum (alias Anton Zahn; 1840 – 27 April 1896) was a German merchant seaman arrested in 1894 in New York City for cutting the throat of Mrs Juliana Hoffmann. After his execution, his lawyer, William Sanford Lawton, claimed that Feigenbaum had admitted to having a hatred of women and a desire to kill and mutilate them. Lawton further stated that he believed Feigenbaum was Jack the Ripper. Though covered by the press at the time, the idea was not pursued for more than a century. Using Lawton's accusation as a base, author Trevor Marriott, a former British murder squad detective, argued that Feigenbaum was responsible for the Ripper murders as well as other murders in the United States and Germany between 1891 and 1894.[91] According to Wolf Vanderlinden, some of the murders listed by Marriott did not actually occur; the newspapers often embellished or created Ripper-like stories to boost sales. Lawton's accusations were disputed by a partner in his legal firm, Hugh O. Pentecost, and there is no proof that Feigenbaum was in Whitechapel at the time of the murders.[92] Xanthé Mallett, a Scottish forensic anthropologist and criminologist who investigated the case in 2011, wrote there is considerable doubt that all of the Jack the Ripper murders were committed by the same person. She concludes that "Feigenbaum could have been responsible for one, some or perhaps all" of the Whitechapel murders.[93]

Robert Donston Stephenson

William Thomas Stead.[97] In his books on the case, author and historian Melvin Harris argued that Stephenson was a leading suspect,[97] but the police do not appear to have treated either him or Dr Davies as serious suspects.[98] London Hospital night-shift rosters and practices indicate that Stephenson was not able to leave on the nights of the murders and hence could not have been Jack the Ripper.[99]

Proposed by later authors

Suspects proposed years after the murders include virtually anyone remotely connected to the case by contemporary documents, as well as many famous names, who were not considered in the police investigation at all. As everyone alive at the time is now dead, modern authors are free to accuse anyone they can, "without any need for any supporting historical evidence".[3] Most of their suggestions cannot be taken seriously,[3] and include English novelist George Gissing, British prime minister William Ewart Gladstone, and syphilitic artist Frank Miles.[100]

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale

Prince Albert
Prince Albert

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (8 January 1864 – 14 January 1892) was first mentioned in print as a potential suspect when Philippe Jullian's biography of Prince Albert Victor's father, King Edward VII, was published in 1962. Jullian made a passing reference to rumours that Prince Albert Victor might have been responsible for the murders. Though Jullian did not detail the dates or sources of the rumour, it is possible that the rumour derived indirectly from Dr Thomas E. A. Stowell. In 1960, Stowell told the rumour to writer Colin Wilson, who in turn told Harold Nicolson, a biographer loosely credited as a source of "hitherto unpublished anecdotes" in Jullian's book. Nicolson could have communicated Stowell's theory to Jullian.[101][102] The theory was brought to major public attention in 1970 when an article by Stowell was published in The Criminologist that revealed his suspicion that Prince Albert Victor had committed the murders after being driven mad by syphilis. The suggestion was widely dismissed, as Prince Albert Victor had strong alibis for the murders, and it is unlikely that he suffered from syphilis.[103] Stowell later denied implying that Prince Albert Victor was the Ripper[104] but efforts to investigate his claims further were hampered, as Stowell was elderly, and he died from natural causes just days after the publication of his article. The same week, Stowell's son reported that he had burned his father's papers, saying "I read just sufficient to make certain that there was nothing of importance."[105]

Subsequently,

Freemason friends, and the Metropolitan Police conspired to murder anyone aware of Albert Victor's supposed child. Many facts contradict this theory and its originator, Joseph Gorman (also known as Joseph Sickert), later retracted the story and admitted to the press that it was a hoax.[106] Variations of the theory involve the physician William Gull, the artist Walter Sickert, and the poet James Kenneth Stephen to greater or lesser degrees, and have been fictionalised in novels and films, such as Murder by Decree and From Hell
.

Joseph Barnett

Joseph Barnett
Joseph Barnett

Joseph Barnett (c. 1858–1927) was a former fish porter, and victim Mary Kelly's lover from 8 April 1887 to 30 October 1888, when they quarrelled and separated after he lost his job and she returned to prostitution to make a living. Inspector Abberline questioned him for four hours after Kelly's murder, and his clothes were examined for bloodstains, but he was then released without charge.[107] A century after the murders, author Bruce Paley proposed him as a suspect as Kelly's scorned or jealous lover, and suggested that he'd committed the other murders to scare Kelly off the streets and out of prostitution.[107] Other authors suggest he killed Kelly only, and mutilated the body to make it look like a Ripper murder, but Abberline's investigation appears to have exonerated him.[108] Other acquaintances of Kelly put forward as her murderer include her landlord John McCarthy and her former boyfriend Joseph Fleming.[109]

Lewis Carroll

Lewis Caroll
Lewis Caroll

Lewis Carroll (

murder of Nicole Brown and the framing of O. J. Simpson, thus demonstrating how incriminating anagrams could be produced from any reasonably lengthy passage.[112][113]

Willy Clarkson

Willy Clarkson
Willy Clarkson

William Berry "Willy" Clarkson (1861 – 12 October 1934) was the royal wigmaker and costume-maker to Queen Victoria and lived approximately two miles (3.2 km) from each of the canonical five crime scenes. He was first named as a suspect in 2019, with many of the assertions based on Clarkson's 1937 biography written by Harry J. Greenwall.[114] Clarkson is known to have stalked his ex-fiancée and was reputedly a blackmailer and arsonist. He is suspected of committing the murders to cover up his blackmail schemes. Evidence presented to support the theory of Clarkson as a suspect included the revelation that he admitted one of his custom-made wigs was found near the scene of one of the Ripper killings, a fact not previously widely known in the Ripperology community. Additionally, Clarkson's biography quotes him as stating that the police obtained disguises from him for their search for the Ripper, and as such, he would have been aware of the trails they followed, allowing him to elude capture. Hair-cutting shears and barber-surgeon tools (his father or grandfather allegedly being a barber-surgeon) of the kind used by a wig-maker at the time closely match the shape and style of the weapons suspected to have been used in the murders.[115]

David Cohen

David Cohen (1865 – 20 October 1889) was a 23 year-old Polish Jew whose incarceration at

Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum on 7 December 1888 roughly coincided with the end of the murders.[116] An unmarried tailor, Cohen was described as a violently antisocial, poor East End local. He was suggested as a suspect by author and Ripperologist Martin Fido in his book The Crimes, Detection and Death of Jack the Ripper (1987).[117]

Fido claimed that the name "David Cohen" was a generic substitute, used at that time to refer to any Jewish immigrant who either could not be positively identified, or whose name was too difficult for police to spell, much in the same fashion that "John Doe" is used in the United States today.[118] Fido identified Cohen with "Leather Apron" (see John Pizer above), and speculated that Cohen's true identity was Nathan Kaminsky, a bootmaker living in Whitechapel who had been treated at one time for syphilis, and who could not be traced after mid-1888: The same time that Cohen appeared.[119] Fido believed that police officials confused the name Kaminsky with Kosminski, resulting in the wrong man coming under suspicion (see Aaron Kosminski above).

Cohen exhibited violent, destructive tendencies while at the asylum, and had to be restrained. He died at the asylum in October 1889.[120] In his book The Cases That Haunt Us, former FBI criminal profiler John Douglas asserted that behavioural clues gathered from the murders all point to a person "known to the police as David Cohen ... or someone very much like him".[121]

William Withey Gull

Jack the Ripper (1988), Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell's graphic novel From Hell (1999), and its 2001 film adaptation, in which Ian Holm plays Gull. Conventional historians have never taken Gull seriously as a suspect due to sheer lack of evidence; in addition, he was in his seventies at the time of the murders and had recently suffered a stroke.[122]

George Hutchinson

George Hutchinson was an unemployed labourer. On 12 November 1888, he made a formal statement to the London police that in the early hours of 9 November 1888, Mary Jane Kelly approached him in the street and asked him for money. He stated that he had then followed her and another man of conspicuous appearance to her room, and had watched the room for about three-quarters of an hour without seeing either leave. He gave a very detailed description of the man, claiming he was "of Jewish appearance", despite the darkness of that night.[123] The accuracy of Hutchinson's statement was disputed among the senior police. Inspector Frederick Abberline, after interviewing Hutchinson, believed that Hutchinson's account was truthful.[124] However, Robert Anderson, head of the CID, later claimed that the only witness who got a good look at the killer was Jewish. Hutchinson was not a Jew, and thus not that witness.[125] Hutchinson's statement was made on the day that Mary Kelly's inquest was held, and he was not called to testify. Some modern scholars have suggested that Hutchinson was the Ripper himself, trying to confuse the police with a false description, but others suggest he may have just been an attention seeker who made up a story he hoped to sell to the press.[126]

Hyam Hyams

Hyam Hyams, a cigar-maker in his mid thirties, was a Jewish lunatic first uncovered by author Martin Fido during research for his book The Crimes, Detection and Death of Jack the Ripper while searching for the identity of the police's Jewish suspect, although he ultimately concluded it was another man (see David Cohen above). Hyams was later suggested as a suspect in his own right by Ripperologist Mark King.

Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum, where he remained until his death in 1913.[129]

James Kelly

James Kelly
James Kelly

James Kelly (20 April 1860 – 17 September 1929; no relation to victim Mary Kelly) was first identified as a suspect in Terence Sharkey's Jack the Ripper. 100 Years of Investigation (Ward Lock 1987) and documented in Prisoner 1167: The madman who was Jack the Ripper, by Jim Tully, in 1997.[130]

James Kelly murdered his wife in 1883 by stabbing her in the neck. Deemed insane, he was committed to the Broadmoor Asylum, from which he later escaped in early 1888, using a key he fashioned himself. The day after the November 1888 murder of Mary Jane Kelly, whose murder is widely considered by scholars to be the final murder committed by Jack the Ripper, the police searched for Kelly at what had been his residence prior to his wife's murder, but they were not able to locate him. In 1927, almost forty years after his escape, he unexpectedly turned himself in to officials at the Broadmoor Asylum. He died two years later, presumably of natural causes.

Retired New York Police Department cold-case detective Ed Norris examined the Jack the Ripper case for a Discovery Channel programme called Jack the Ripper in America. In it, Norris claims that James Kelly was Jack the Ripper and that he was also responsible for multiple murders in cities around the United States. Norris highlights a few features of the Kelly story to support his contention. Norris reported Kelly's Broadmoor Asylum file from before his escape and his eventual return had never been opened since 1927 until Norris was given special permission for access to it, and that the file is the perfect profile match for Jack the Ripper.[131]

Charles Allen Lechmere

Charles Lechmere
Charles Lechmere

Charles Allen Lechmere (5 October 1849 – 23 December 1920), also known as Charles Cross, was a van driver for the Pickfords company, and is conventionally regarded as an innocent witness who discovered the body of the first canonical Ripper victim, Mary Ann Nichols. In a documentary titled Jack the Ripper: The New Evidence, Swedish journalist Christer Holmgren and criminologist Gareth Norris of Aberystwyth University, with assistance from former detective Andy Griffiths, proposed that Lechmere was the Ripper. According to Holmgren, Lechmere lied to police, claiming that he had been with Nichols's body for a few minutes, whereas research on his route to work from his home demonstrated that he must have been with her for about nine minutes.

When Lechmere called over Robert Paul to look at her, no blood was visible, but by the time a constable found her shortly afterward, a pool had formed around her neck, suggesting the cut to her throat was extremely fresh when Lechmere and Paul were present.[citation needed] He also refused Paul's suggestion to prop her up, which would have instantly made it clear that her throat had been cut.[citation needed] In addition, neither man reported seeing or hearing anyone else in Buck's Row, which had no side exits. Her injuries were also hidden under her clothing, whereas the Ripper typically left the wounds displayed.[citation needed] It was theorized that Lechmere had killed Nichols and begun the process of mutilating her body when he heard Paul's footsteps, and then rushed to portray himself as the discoverer of her body. Lechmere did not come forward until Paul mentioned him to the press,[citation needed] and he gave evidence under the name "Charles Cross" at the inquest; Cross was the surname of a stepfather.

Lechmere's home address, visits to family, and route to work link him to the times and places of murders[citation needed]; he passed three streets where Martha Tabram, Polly Nichols, and Annie Chapman were murdered roughly at the same time the murders are estimated to have occurred.[citation needed] The "Double Event" murders of Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes occurred on a Saturday, his only night off from work: Stride was killed near Lechmere's mother's house in an area he grew up in, and the direct route from Stride's murder scene to the location of Eddowes's murder followed a path to Lechmere's route to work that he had used for twenty years.[citation needed] Mary Kelly was also murdered on his route to work,[citation needed] and the time frame in which she is estimated to have been killed matches his route,[citation needed] although the day she was killed was a holiday and he may have had the day off.

Lechmere's family background is also similar to that of many serial killers: he grew up in a "broken home"; having never known his biological father, he had two stepfathers; and his childhood was characterized by an instability of residence, growing up in a series of different homes. Holmgren believes that Lechmere may have been responsible for several other murders in addition to those of the canonical five victims and Martha Tabram.[132][133][134][135]

Jacob Levy

Jacob Levy (1856 – 29 July 1891) was born in Aldgate in 1856. He followed in his father's trade as a butcher, and by 1888 he was living in Middlesex Street with his wife and children, which was right in the heart of Ripper territory (and close to where Catherine Eddowes was murdered). Levy was a butcher with the necessary skills to remove certain organs from the victims, and was recorded as suffering from general paralysis of the insane. His 1890 asylum records report that he “feels that if he is not restrained he will do some violence to some one”.[136][137] The 2009 video game Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper uses a combination of historically attested and embellished evidence to propose his candidacy.[138]

Jacob Levy's life is featured on an episode of the podcast Bad Women: The Ripper Retold where Jennifer Wallis, a historian of medicine and psychiatry, comments that it is unlikely a person in Levy's condition would have been able to carry out serial murders and persistently conceal having done so.[139]

James Maybrick

James Maybrick
James Maybrick

James Maybrick (24 October 1838 – 11 May 1889) was a

Bristol University determined based on aged brass flakes inside the scratches that they likely predated the discovery of both the watch and the diary, and therefore the idea of Maybrick as the Ripper, by several decades and could potentially have been made in the late 1880s.[147]

Michael Maybrick

Michael Maybrick
Michael Maybrick

Michael Maybrick (alias Stephen Adams; 31 January 1841 – 26 August 1913) was an English composer and singer best known under his pseudonym Stephen Adams as the composer of "The Holy City". In his book from 2015 They All Love Jack: Busting the Ripper Bruce Robinson documents how this suspect frequented the Whitechapel area where the murders took place and investigates a description of a man seen by Matthew Packer on the night of the murder of Elizabeth Stride who resembled Michael Maybrick. The suspect's profession meant he frequently travelled around the UK and the dates and locations of his performances coincide with when and where the letters to the police were sent from. The suspect's presence in Bradford around Christmas 1888 also coincides with the murder of a seven-year-old boy, Johnnie Gill, a murder which the Ripper had foretold to police in a letter.

Alexander Pedachenko

Alexander Pedachenko (alleged dates 1857–1908) was named in the 1923 memoirs of William Le Queux, Things I Know about Kings, Celebrities and Crooks. Le Queux claimed to have seen a manuscript in French written by Rasputin stating that Jack the Ripper was an insane Russian doctor named Alexander Pedachenko, an agent of the Okhrana (the Secret Police of Imperial Russia), whose aim in committing the murders was to discredit Scotland Yard. He was supposedly assisted by two accomplices: "Levitski" and a tailoress called Winberg.[148] However, there is no hard evidence that Pedachenko ever existed, and many parts of the story as recounted by Le Queux fall apart when examined closely.[149] For example, one of the sources named in the manuscript was a London-based Russian journalist called Nideroest, who was known for inventing sensational stories. Reviewers of Le Queux's book were aware of Nideroest's background, and unabashedly referred to him as an "unscrupulous liar".[150] Pedachenko was promoted as a suspect by Donald McCormick, who may have developed the story by adding his own inventions.[151]

Walter Sickert

Walter Sickert
Walter Sickert

Walter Richard Sickert (31 May 1860 – 22 January 1942) was a German-born artist of British and Danish ancestry, who was first mentioned as a possible Ripper suspect in Donald McCormick's book The Identity of Jack the Ripper (1959).[152] He had a fascination with the Ripper murders, going so far as to stay in a room that was rumoured to have once had Jack the Ripper himself as a lodger, and depicted similar scenes in many of his paintings. Sickert subsequently appeared as a character in the royal/masonic conspiracy theory concocted by Joseph Gorman, who claimed to be Sickert's illegitimate son.[153] The theory was later developed by author Jean Overton Fuller, and by crime novelist Patricia Cornwell in her books Portrait of a Killer (2002) and Ripper: The Secret Life of Walter Sickert (2017). However, Sickert is not considered a serious suspect by most who study the case, and strong evidence shows he was in France at the time of most of the Ripper murders.[153][154][155] Cornwell's allegation that Sickert was the Ripper was based on a DNA analysis of letters that had been sent to Scotland Yard, but "experts believe those letters to be fake" and "another genetic analysis of the letters claimed the murderer could have been a woman".[156]

Johann Naldi, a French expert in 19th century paintings, claims to have confirmed the identity of the serial killer by finding a portrait that he attributes to the French painter Jacques-Émile Blanche[157] [158] [159] which depicts a man that Naldi says resembles Sickert.[160]

Joseph Silver

South African historian Charles van Onselen claimed, in the book The Fox and the Flies: The World of Joseph Silver, Racketeer and Psychopath (2007), that Joseph Silver (1868–1918), also known as Joseph Lis, a Polish Jew, was Jack the Ripper.[161] Critics note, among other things, that van Onselen provides no evidence that Silver was ever in London during the time of the murders, and that the accusation is based entirely upon speculation. Van Onselen has responded by saying that the number of circumstances involved should make Silver a suspect.[162]

James Kenneth Stephen

James Kenneth Stephen
James Kenneth Stephen

James Kenneth Stephen (25 February 1859 – 3 February 1892) was first suggested as a suspect in a biography of another Ripper suspect, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale by Michael Harrison published in 1972. Harrison dismissed the idea that Albert Victor was the Ripper but instead suggested that Stephen, a poet and one of Albert Victor's tutors from Trinity College, Cambridge, was a more likely suspect. Harrison's suggestion was based on Stephen's misogynistic writings and on similarities between his handwriting and that of the "From Hell" letter, supposedly written by the Ripper. Harrison supposed that Stephen may have had sexual feelings for Albert Victor and that Stephen's hatred of women arose from jealousy because Albert Victor preferred female company and did not reciprocate Stephen's feelings.[163] However, Harrison's analysis was rebutted by professional document examiners.[164] There is no proof that Stephen was ever in love with Albert Victor,[165] although he did commit suicide by starvation shortly after hearing of Albert's death.[166][167]

Frank Spiering further developed the theory in his book Prince Jack (1978), which depicted Albert Victor as the murderer and Stephen as his lover. The book is widely dismissed as sensational fiction based on previous theories rather than genuine historical research.

Edward VII of the United Kingdom. The New York Academy of Medicine denies possessing the records Spiering mentioned,[169] and when Spiering was offered access to the Royal Archives, he retorted: "I don't want to see any files."[170]

Francis Thompson

Francis Thompson
Francis Thompson

Francis Thompson (18 December 1859 – 13 November 1907) was an ascetic poet and opium addict with some medical training. Between 1885 and 1888, he spent some time homeless in the Docks area south of Whitechapel. He was proposed as a suspect in the self-published 2016 book Francis Thompson: A Ripper Suspect by Australian teacher Richard Patterson, who cites interpretations of his poetry.[171][172][173]

Sir John Williams

Sir John Williams
Sir John Williams

Sir John Williams, 1st Baronet (6 November 1840 – 24 May 1926) was obstetrician to

Queen Victoria's daughter Princess Beatrice, and was accused of the Ripper crimes in the book, Uncle Jack (2005), written by one of the surgeon's descendants, Tony Williams, and Humphrey Price.[174] The authors claim that the victims knew the doctor personally, that they were killed and mutilated in an attempt to research the causes of infertility, and that a badly blunted surgical knife, which belonged to Williams, was the murder weapon.[175] Jennifer Pegg demonstrated in two articles that much of the research in the book was flawed; for example, the version of the notebook entry used to argue that Williams had met Ripper victim Mary Ann Nichols had been altered for print and did not match the original document, and the line as found in the original document was in handwriting that did not match the rest of the notebook.[176]

Williams's wife, Lizzie, was named as a possible suspect by author John Morris, who claims that she was unable to have children and, in an unhinged state, took revenge on those who could by killing them.[177][178]

Boston Corbett

Boston Corbett
Boston Corbett

Boston Corbett (January 29, 1832 – c. In or after 1888) was an English-born American soldier who killed John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Abraham Lincoln. Corbett was known for his devout religious beliefs and eccentric behavior, and had disappeared in 1888, just a few months before the murders. Writer Dale L. Walker proposed Corbett as a suspect in the Ripper murders, stating that "Corbett was London-born. He was certifiably insane. He escaped from a Topeka insame asylum in June 1888... He was 'down on whores'. He had killed - men, to be sure- before. He was acquainted with sharp instruments in his hat finishing trade. He had motive, means, and opportunity."[179]

Further theories

Other named suspects include German hairdresser Charles Ludwig, apothecary and mental patient Oswald Puckridge (1838–1900), insane medical student John Sanders (1862–1901), Swedish tramp Nikaner Benelius, and even social reformer Thomas Barnardo, who claimed he had met one of the victims (Elizabeth Stride) shortly before her murder.[180] Isenschmid and Ludwig were exonerated after another murder was committed while they were in custody.[181] There was no evidence against Barnardo, Benelius, Puckridge or Sanders.[182] According to Donald McCormick, other suspects included mountebank L. Forbes Winslow,[183] whose own suspect in the case was a religious maniac, G. Wentworth Bell Smith.[184] The theories continue, such as the 2009 addition of morgue assistant Robert Mann to the long list of suspects.[185]

Named suspects who may be entirely fictional include "Dr Stanley",

needlewoman Olga Tchkersoff,[189]
as well as the aforementioned Alexander Pedachenko.

Sir

New York State for the murder of two women and her last husband, was likewise accused of the Whitechapel murders, of which she spoke "constantly". She denied any relation to them, however, and there was no evidence to contradict her claim.[193]

Some Ripper authors, such as

History Channel on 11 July 2017.[199]

Author Frank Pearse, who purports to have access to a written confession, argues that the murders were performed by a man named John Pavitt Sawyer (who held multiple similarities, such as residence and profession, to alternate suspect George Chapman), as part of an occult Freemason initiation.[200]

Several theorists suggest that "Jack the Ripper" was actually more than one killer. Stephen Knight argued that the murders were a conspiracy involving multiple miscreants,[201] whereas others have proposed that each murder was committed by unconnected individuals acting independently of each other.[202]

The police of the time believed the Ripper was a local Whitechapel resident.[203] His apparent ability to disappear immediately after the killings suggests an intimate knowledge of the Whitechapel neighbourhood, including its back alleys and hiding places.[204] However, the population of Whitechapel was largely transient, impoverished and often used aliases. There is hardly any record of the lives of its residents.[citation needed]

In 2023, historian Rod Beattie proposed police officer Bowden Endacott, who had previously been demoted and reassigned to guarding the British Museum after falsely accusing a woman of being a prostitute.[205]

Notes

  1. ^ Whiteway, Ken (2004). "A Guide to the Literature of Jack the Ripper". Canadian Law Library Review. 29. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Association of Law Libraries: 219–229.
  2. ^ Eddleston, pp. 195–244
  3. ^ a b c Evans and Rumbelow, p. 261
  4. ^ a b c "The Suspects". Metropolitan Police. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  5. ^ Haggard, Robert F. (1993). "Jack the Ripper As the Threat of Outcast London". Essays in History. 35. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  6. Robert Anderson, 10 November 1888, quoted in Rumbelow, pp. 145–147; Dr Percy Clark, assistant to George Bagster Phillips
    interviewed in the East London Observer, 14 May 1910, quoted in Cook, Jack the Ripper, p. 187 and Evans and Rumbelow, p. 238
  7. ^ Rumbelow, p. 274; Inspector Donald Swanson's report to the Home Office, 19 October 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 206
  8. ^ Inspector Donald Swanson's report to the Home Office, 19 October 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 205; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 113; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 125
  9. ^ a b Rumbelow, p. 155
  10. ^ Marriott, pp. 233–234
  11. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 260
  12. ^ "Montague John Druitt - Jack the Ripper Suspect". Jack the Ripper 1888. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  13. ^ Fido, p. 203; Marriott, pp. 231–234; Rumbelow, p. 157
  14. ^ Marriott, p. 223
  15. Pall Mall Gazette
    , 31 March 1903, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 264
  16. ^ Paul Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Uncensored Facts, a documented history of the Whitechapel murders of 1888, Editorial Robson Books, Londres, Inglaterra (1988), págs. 201-202.
  17. ^ Rumbelow, pp. 188–193; Sugden, p. 441.
  18. ^ Adam, Hargrave Lee (1930), The Trial of George Chapman, William Hodge, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 281; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 229; Fido, p. 177; and Rumbelow, p. 193
  19. ^ Pall Mall Gazette, 24 March 1903 and 31 March 1903, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 646–651
  20. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 282; Cullen, p. 204; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 229; Marriott, p. 247; Rumbelow, p. 195; Detective Inspector Edmund Reid quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 237
  21. ^ Colney Hatch Register of Admissions, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 269
  22. ^ Macnaghten's notes quoted by Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 584–587; Fido, pp. 147–148 and Rumbelow, p. 142
  23. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 269; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 243; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 635; Rumbelow, p. 179
  24. ^ ""Jack the Rpper"". The Daily Mercury. 23 April 1910. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  25. ^ Anderson, Sir Robert (1910). The Lighter Side Of My Official Life. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 138.
  26. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 276; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 249–253; Rumbelow, p. 182
  27. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 255
  28. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 269–270; Marriott, p. 238; Fido, p. 215
  29. ^ Asylum case notes quoted by Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 270 and Fido, pp. 216, 228
  30. .
  31. ^ "Jack the Ripper identified as Aaron Kosminski from 126 year old DNA from blood on the shawl of victim Catherine Eddowes". Daily Kos. 8 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  32. ^ "Jack the Ripper: Scientist who claims to have identified notorious killer has 'made serious DNA error'". The Independent. 19 October 2014.
  33. ^ "Can mitochondrial DNA in human fingerprints identify a person?". The Tech Interactive. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  34. ^ "Casebook: Jack the Ripper - Stephen White, Amos Simpson and Eddowes' Shawl". www.casebook.org. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  35. PMID 30859587
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  36. ^ Tobin, Olivia (18 March 2019). "Jack the Ripper was Polish barber Aaron Kosminski, scientists claim after fresh DNA tests". Evening Standard. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  37. ^ "Hacking the Ripper". BBC News. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  38. ^ Yancey-Bragg, N'Dea (18 March 2019). "Jack The Ripper New DNA". USA Today. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  39. ^ Adam, David (15 March 2019). "Does a new genetic analysis finally reveal the identity of Jack the Ripper?". Science. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  40. ^ "Jack the Ripper: The Case Reopened". Metro. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  41. ^ Sugden, p. 433
  42. ^ Marriott, p. 250
  43. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 277; Sugden, pp. xix
  44. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 277; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 591
  45. ^ a b Marriott, p. 251
  46. ^ Report by Inspector Joseph Helson, CID 'J' Division, in the Metropolitan Police archive, MEPO 3/140 ff. 235–8, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 99 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 24
  47. ^ Rumbelow, p. 49
  48. ^ Whitehead and Rivett, p. 48
  49. ^ O'Connor, T. P. (1929). Memoirs of an Old Parliamentarian. London: Ernest Benn. Vol. 2, p. 257, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 166 and Cook, Jack the Ripper, pp. 72–73
  50. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 213
  51. ^ Cook, pp. 53–55; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 218–219; Evans and Skinner (2000), p. 551
  52. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 218–222; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 141
  53. ^ Macnaghten's notes quoted in Rumbelow, p. 143
  54. ^ Rumbelow, p. 266; Whitehead and Rivett, p. 126
  55. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 611–616; Rumbelow, p. 266; Whitehead and Rivett, p. 126
  56. ^ Whitehead and Rivett, p. 126
  57. ^ Roscoe, Theodore (1959) The Web of Conspiracy, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., pp. 301–302, 502.
  58. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 621
  59. ^ Sugden, pp. xxv
  60. ^ News dispatch in Ludington Record, 20 December 1888.
  61. ^ "Something About Dr Tumblety." The New York Times, 23 November 1888, quoted in Rumbelow, p. 266
  62. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 616
  63. ^ Chief Inspector Byrnes quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 280
  64. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 203
  65. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 165; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 105; Rumbelow, pp. 105–116
  66. ^ Letter dated 5 October 1888 from "M.P." to City of London Police, Corporation of London Records Office, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 277 and Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 149; letter dated 4 October 1888 from Mrs S Luckett of 10 Somerford Grove to City of London Police, Corporation of London Records Office, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 283
  67. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 207–208
  68. ^ e.g. Beadle, William (1995), Jack the Ripper: Anatomy of a Myth, quoted in Woods and Baddeley, p. 253; Macpherson, Euan (January 1988) "Jack the Ripper in Dundee", Scots Magazine, quoted in Richard Whittington-Egan's "Foreword" in Macpherson, p. 11
  69. ^ Macpherson, p. 74
  70. ^ Macpherson, p. 32
  71. ^ Macpherson, p. 15; see also Dundee Advertiser, 25 April 1889, quoted in Macpherson, p. 33
  72. ^ Parr's statement, 13 February 1889, quoted in Beadle, pp. 241–242; Macpherson, pp. 19–20
  73. ^ Macpherson, p. 83
  74. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 209
  75. ^ a b Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 212; Rumbelow, p. 206
  76. ^ Bell, Donald (1974), "Jack the Ripper – The Final Solution?", The Criminologist vol. 9, no. 33, quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 212 and Rumbelow, pp. 206–207
  77. ^ Marjoribanks, Edward, The Life of Sir Edward Marshall Hall, quoted in Rumbelow, p. 208
  78. ^ Rumbelow, pp. 206–208
  79. ^ Rumbelow, pp. 141–142
  80. ^ Moore, Wendy; Leach, Ben (8 November 2008). "Broadmoor files could unmask Jack the Ripper". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  81. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 284; Cook, pp. 198–199; Marriott, p. 235; Rumbelow, pp. 141–142; Whitehead and Rivett, pp. 105, 110
  82. .
  83. ^ Quoted in Whitehead and Rivett, p. 110
  84. .
  85. .
  86. ^ Fido, p. 182; Rumbelow, p. 268
  87. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 214
  88. ^ Pall Mall Gazette, 8 April 1892, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 577–578
  89. ^ "Deeming at the Gallows; The Wife Murderer Hanged at Melbourne This Morning". The New York Times. 23 May 1892. p. 1.
  90. ^ Prime Suspect, Jack The Ripper, Discovery channel, 2011, Narration by Dennis Cometti
  91. ^ Mallett, Xanthé (31 August 2011). "Is this the face of Jack the Ripper?". BBC News. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  92. ^ Woods and Baddeley, pp. 179–181
  93. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 608–609
  94. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 606–608
  95. ^ a b Rumbelow, pp. 254–258; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 181–182
  96. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 204
  97. ^ Dimolianis, chapter 4
  98. ^ a b Whitehead and Rivett, p. 115
  99. ^ Evans, Stewart P. (October 2002). "On the Origins of the Royal Conspiracy Theory". Casebook: Jack the Ripper. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  100. .
  101. ^ e.g. Rumbelow, pp. 211–213
  102. ^ Stowell, T. E. A. (9 November 1970). "Jack the Ripper". The Times p. 9; Issue 58018; col.F
  103. ^ "The Times Diary: Ripper file destroyed". The Times. No. 58023. 14 November 1970. p. 12.
  104. ^ The Sunday Times, 18 June 1978, quoted in Rumbelow, p. 237
  105. ^ a b Rumbelow, p. 262; Whitehead and Rivett, pp. 122–123
  106. ^ Rumbelow, p. 262
  107. ^ Whitehead and Rivett, p. 123
  108. ^ a b c Was Lewis Carroll Jack the Ripper?; Oxford Mail; 24 February 1999
  109. ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 61
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  111. ^ "Letters". Harper's. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  112. ^ Greenwall, Harry The Strange Life of Willy Clarkson, (John Long, Limited 1937)
  113. ^ Greenwall, pp. 144-146
  114. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 385
  115. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 383
  116. ^ Fido quoted in Rumbelow, pp. 180–181
  117. ^ Fido, pp. 215–219
  118. ^ Fido, p. 220
  119. ^ Douglas and Olshaker, pp. 79–80
  120. ^ Douglas and Olshaker, pp. 72–4
  121. ^ Cullen, p. 180; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 190–192; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 376–377; Fido, p. 96; Marriott, p. 263
  122. ^ Inspector Abberline's report, 12 November 1888, Metropolitan police archives, MEPO 3/140 ff. 230–2, quoted in Begg,Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 238–239 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 377–378
  123. ^ Cook, Jack the Ripper, p. 176
  124. ^ Marriott, p. 263
  125. ^ King, Mark, "Hyam Hyams", Ripperologist #35, June 2001.
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  128. ^ Tully, Jim, Prisoner 1167: The madman who was Jack the Ripper .
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  130. ^ "Jack The Ripper: The Missing Evidence". Five.
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  146. ^ Begg, p. 309
  147. ^ Quoted in Rumbelow, p. 198
  148. ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 147
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  160. .
  161. ^ Mann, Thomas J. (1975). World Association of Document Examiners Journal vol.2 no.1, quoted in Rumbelow, p. 219
  162. .
  163. ^ Aronson, p. 105
  164. .
  165. ^ Meikle, p. 177; Rumbelow, p. 244 and Trow, p. 153
  166. ^ Letter from the New York Academy of Medicine, 13 January 1986, quoted in Rumbelow, p. 244
  167. ^ Spiering quoted in Rumbelow, p. 244
  168. ^ Chan, Melissa (6 November 2015). "Jack the Ripper's Real Identity was Poet Francis Thompson, Teacher Claims". New York Daily News. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
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  170. ^ "Was A Famous Catholic Poet Jack the Ripper? UPDATED". NCR. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  171. ^ Quoted in Whitehead and Rivett, pp. 128–129
  172. ^ British author claims serial killer ‘Jack the Ripper' was a woman in new book (9 May 2012), Herald Sun.
  173. .
  174. .
  175. ^ Davenport-Hines, Richard (2004). "Jack the Ripper (fl. 1888)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Subscription required for an online version.
  176. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 86–88
  177. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 88, 80
  178. ^ Cullen, p. 91
  179. ^ Whitehead and Rivett, p. 109
  180. ^ Promoted by Leonard Matters in his book The Mystery of Jack the Ripper (1929), quoted in Meikle, pp. 74–75 and Whitehead and Rivett, p. 101
  181. ^ Whitehead and Rivett, pp. 104–105
  182. ^ Whitehead and Rivett, p. 111
  183. ^ Promoted by E. T. Woodhall in his book Jack the Ripper: Or When London Walked in Terror (1937), quoted in Whitehead and Rivett, pp. 101–102
  184. ^ Ackroyd, Peter, "Introduction", in Werner, p. 17
  185. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 577
  186. ^ Meikle, p. 65
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  192. ^ Worthen, Meredith. "Could H.H. Holmes Be Jack the Ripper?". Biography.
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  194. ^ Knight, Stephen (1976). Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution.
  195. ^ Robert Anderson's memoirs, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 626–633
  196. ^ A "Scotland Yard official" quoted in the Pall Mall Gazette, 8 April 1892, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 577–578
  197. ^ Warburton, Dan (3 May 2023). "Jack the Ripper was a police officer, historian declares after 20 years' research". The Daily Mirror. Retrieved 4 May 2023.

References

External links