Jackscrew

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Jackscrews
)
A 2.5-ton screw jack. The jack is inserting the bar (visible lower left) in the holes at the top and turning.

A jackscrew, or screw jack, is a type of

horizontal stabilizers of aircraft; and as adjustable supports for heavy loads, such as the foundations of houses.[citation needed
]

A leadscrew operates this automotive scissor jack.
Antique locomotive screw jack
Antique wooden jackscrew for repair of cart and wagon wheels (Ethnographic Museum of Elhovo, Bulgaria)

Description

A screw jack consists of a heavy-duty vertical

Acme threads
.

Advantages

An advantage of jackscrews over some other types of jack is that they are self-locking, which means when the rotational force on the screw is removed, it will remain motionless where it was left and will not rotate backwards, regardless of how much load it is supporting. This makes them inherently safer than

hydraulic jacks
, for example, which will move backwards under load if the force on the hydraulic actuator is accidentally released.

Mechanical advantage

The

ideal mechanical advantage of a screw jack, the ratio of the force the jack exerts on the load to the input force on the lever ignoring friction
is

where

is the force the jack exerts on the load.
is the rotational force exerted on the handle of the jack
is the length of the jack handle, from the screw axis to where the force is applied
is the lead of the screw.

The screw jack consists of two simple machines in series; the long operating handle serves as a lever whose output force turns the screw. So the mechanical advantage is increased by a longer handle as well as a finer screw thread. However, most screw jacks have large amounts of friction which increase the input force necessary, so the actual mechanical advantage is often only 30% to 50% of this figure.

Limitations

Screw jacks are limited in their lifting capacity. Increasing load increases friction within the screw threads. A fine pitch thread, which would increase the advantage of the screw, also reduces the speed of which the jack can operate. Using a longer operating lever soon reaches the point where the lever will simply bend at its inner end.

Screw jacks have now largely been replaced by

O ring
seals reduced the price of low-cost hydraulic jacks and they became widespread for use with domestic cars. Screw jacks still remain for minimal-cost applications, such as the little-used tyre-changing jacks supplied with cars, or where their self-locking property is important, such as for horizontal stabilizers on aircraft.

Applications

In the 19th century, the Raising of Chicago involved entire city blocks being lifted with jackscrews.

The large area of sliding contact between the screw threads means jackscrews have high friction and low efficiency as power transmission linkages, around 30%–50%. So they are not often used for continuous transmission of high power, but more often in intermittent positioning applications.[citation needed]

In heavy-duty applications, such as screw jacks, a square thread or buttress thread is used, because it has the lowest friction and wear.

Industrial and technical applications

In technical applications, such as

Acme thread
is used, although it has higher friction, because it is easy to manufacture, wear can be compensated for, it is stronger than a comparably sized square thread and it makes for smoother engagement.

The

bearing balls
. The disadvantage to this type of screw is that it is not self-locking. Ball screws are prevalent in powered leadscrew actuators.

Aviation

A Boeing 737 uses an adjustable stabilizer, moved by a jackscrew, to provide the required pitch trim forces. Generic stabilizer illustrated.

Jackscrews are also used extensively in aviation to raise and lower

horizontal stabilizers
.

The failure of a jackscrew on a Yakovlev Yak-42 airliner due to design flaws resulted in the crash of Aeroflot Flight 8641 in 1982.

The failure of a jackscrew on a McDonnell Douglas MD-80, resulting from a lack of grease, brought down Alaska Airlines Flight 261 in 2000.

The destruction of a jackscrew on a

Boeing 747-400BCF brought down National Airlines Flight 102 in 2013. This flight had just departed Bagram Airfield when a MRAP
armoured vehicle broke loose and slid through the rear bulkhead, severing hydraulics lines and most importantly, destroying the jackscrew, rendering the aircraft uncontrollable.

Machinist's jacks

A machinist's jack is a miniature screw jack used to support protruding parts of a workpiece or to balance clamping forces on that workpiece during machining operations. Aside from their size, these frequently look no different from the screw jacks used to lift buildings off their foundations.[1][2] Machinist's jacks can be as simple as a threaded spacer with a bolt in it to serve as a jackscrew.[3]

In electronic connectors

An electronics module mounted on the back of a large electrical connector incorporating two very long T-handle jackscrews

The term jackscrew is also used for the captive screws that draw the two parts of some

thumbscrews
.

The idea of incorporating jack screws into electrical connectors was not considered novel in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Some patents from that era show pairs of jackscrews on opposite sides of a multi-pin connector.[4][5] Another shows a single central jackscrew.[6] These patents mention the phrase "jack screw" incidentally, without asserting a claim to the idea.

Jack screws may have either male or female threads, and on some connectors, the genders of the screws as well as various alignment pins may be mixed in order to prevent the wrong connector from being connected to the wrong socket.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ By Heinz K. Flack and Georg Möllerke, ed., Machine Jack, Illustrated Engineering Dictionary, Springer, 1997; Page 349.
  2. ^ S. L. Walton, Drill Press Vise Doubles as Machinist.s Jack, Popular Science, Vol. 188, No. 1 (Jan. 1966); page 127.
  3. ^ Mike's Workshop, Machinist Jacks, retrieved July 1, 2021.
  4. ^ Angilo M. Di Monte, Electrical Connector with Resiliantly Mounted Removable Contacts, U.S. patent 3,028,574, granted Apr. 3, 1962.
  5. ^ Lincoln E. Roberts, Electrical Connecting Device, U.S. patent 3,178,669, granted Apr 13, 1965.
  6. ^ Ronald G. Hartwell, Electrical Connector, U.S. patent 3,173,734, granted Mar. 16, 1965.
  7. ^ Douglas W. Jones, Repairing Electrical Connectors, last modified July 2017, retrieved June 2021.
  • Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "Jackscrew" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.