Jacob van Heemskerck
Jacob van Heemskerk | |
---|---|
Born | 3 March 1567 Amsterdam, Spanish Netherlands |
Died | 25 April 1607 aboard vessel in the Bay of Gibraltar | (aged 40)
Nationality | Dutch |
Occupation | Admiral |
Known for | Exploration of the Arctic |
Jacob van Heemskerck (3 March 1567 – 25 April 1607) was a Dutch explorer and naval admiral. He is generally known for his victory over the Spanish at the Battle of Gibraltar, where he ultimately lost his life.
Early life
Jacob van Heemskerck was born in Amsterdam[1] in 1567. He is described as having delicate feature, large brown eyes, a thin high nose, fair hair and beard, and a soft gentle expression. Under a quiet exterior and plain dress were a daring nature and indomitable ambition for military and naval distinction.[2]
Career
Arctic exploration
Heemskerck's early fame arose from an attempt to discover an Arctic passage from Europe to China. Two vessels sailed from Amsterdam on 10 May 1596, under the command of Heemskerck and Jan Rijp. Willem Barentsz accompanied Heemskerck as pilot, and Gerrit de Veer, the historian of the voyage, was on board as mate.[3]
The masses of ice in the straits leading to the
Arriving at Bear Island again on 1 July, Rijp parted company, while Heemskerck and Barents proceeded eastward, intending to pass round the northern extreme of Novaya Zemlya. On 26 August, they reached Ice Haven, after rounding the northern extremity of the land. Here their vessel became anchored in ice and they wintered in a house built out of driftwood and planks from the tween decks and the deck-house of the vessel.[1]
On 13 June, they made their way in two open boats to the Lapland coast; but Barents died during the voyage, on 20 June. This was the first time that an arctic winter was successfully faced; The voyage stands in the first rank among the polar enterprises of the 16th century, and led to the flourishing whale and seal fisheries which long enriched the Netherlands.[3]
The East Indies
Heemskerck later served as a vice admiral, protecting Dutch merchant shipping on voyages to China and the
On 25 February 1603, three Dutch ships under Heemskerck's command attacked and captured a Portuguese merchant carrack, Santa Catarina, off the Eastern coast of Singapore. The Admiralty of Amsterdam's subsequent decision to take the ship and her cargo as a prize, despite Portugal's demands, became the casus belli for the Dutch–Portuguese War that lasted until 1663.[3]
J. K. J. de Jonge described Heemskerck as "less of a rough sailor, more of a Drake or a Cavendish, a gentleman adventurer, somewhat proud and lofty, but polished and afraid of naught."[4] When reproached by a factor in Madura for risking the company's property, Heemskerck responded, "Where we risk our lives, the gentlemen of the Company must risk their ships and cargoes."[4] He knew how to inspire his men with a blind confidence in himself. When Heemskerck was on board a vessel, the sailors felt safe. A battle they termed a "Heemskerck fight".[4]
Gibraltar
Heemskerck died as a result of leg wounds caused by a cannonball, during the Battle of Gibraltar, an engagement in which a Spanish fleet of 21 vessels was entirely destroyed.[2] His body was returned to Amsterdam to be buried with full honours at Oude Kerk, Amsterdam. Heemskerck's suit of armour—minus a thigh plate shattered by the fatal cannonball—is on display in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.[3]
Notes
- ^ a b c "'Jacob van Heemskerck (1567–1607), survivor and accomplished admiral', Rijksmuseum". Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
- ^ a b Motley, John Lothrop. History of the United Netherlands, Vol. IV, John Murray, London, 1867
- ^ a b c d e Johan Carel Marinus Warnsinck, Twaalf Doorluchtige Zeehelden (1941), pp. 93–101 (in Dutch)
- ^ a b c d Van Spilbergen, Joris and Le Maire, Jacques. The East and West Indian mirror, Intro., (John Abraham Jacob De Villiers, trans.) Hakluyt Society, 1906