Jadwiga of Poland
Jadwiga | |
---|---|
Poland | |
Burial | 24 August 1399 Wawel Cathedral, Kraków |
Spouse | Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) |
Issue | Elizabeth Bonifacia |
House | Capetian House of Anjou |
Father | Louis I of Hungary |
Mother | Elizabeth of Bosnia |
Jadwiga (Polish:
In 1375, it was planned that when becoming old enough, she would marry
Queen Elizabeth then chose Jadwiga to reign in Poland, but did not send her to Kraków to be crowned. During the interregnum, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, became a candidate for the Polish throne. The nobility of Greater Poland favored him and proposed that he marry Jadwiga. However, Lesser Poland's nobility opposed him, and they persuaded Queen Elizabeth to send Jadwiga to Poland.
Jadwiga was crowned "king" in Poland's capital, Kraków, on 16 October 1384. Her coronation either reflected the Polish nobility's opposition to her intended husband, William, becoming king without further negotiation, or simply, emphasized her status as queen regnant. With her mother's consent, Jadwiga's advisors opened negotiations with Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, who was still a pagan, concerning his potential marriage to Jadwiga. Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo, pledging to convert to Catholicism and to promote conversion of his pagan subjects. Meanwhile, William hastened to Kraków, hoping to marry his childhood fiancé, Jadwiga, but in late August 1385 the Polish nobles expelled him.
Jogaila, who took the Catholic baptismal name Władysław, married Jadwiga on 15 February 1386. Legend says that she had agreed to marry him only after lengthy prayer, seeking divine inspiration. Jogaila, now styled in Polish as, Władysław Jagiełło, was crowned King of Poland on 4 March 1386 as Jadwiga's co-ruler. Jogaila worked closely with his wife in that role. In any case, her real political power was limited.
She remained passive when the rebellious nobles of the
After her sister Mary died in 1395, Jadwiga and Jogaila laid claim to Hungary against the widowed Sigismund of Luxembourg, but the Hungarian lords did not support their claim and Sigismund easily retained his Hungarian throne. Jadwiga died four years later due to postpartum complications.
In 1997, Jadwiga was
Childhood (1373 or 1374 – 1382)
Jadwiga was born in
King Louis, who had not fathered any sons, wanted to ensure the right of his daughters to inherit his realms.
Louis agreed to give Jadwiga in marriage to William of Austria on 4 March 1375.[11] The children's sponsalia de futuro, or "provisional marriage", was celebrated at Hainburg on 15 June 1378.[13][14][15] The ceremony established the legal framework for the consummation of the marriage without any further ecclesiastical act as soon as they both reached the age of maturity.[16] Duke Leopold agreed that Jadwiga would only receive Treviso, a town that was to be conquered from the Republic of Venice, as dowry from her father.[17] After the ceremony, Jadwiga stayed in Austria for almost two years; she mainly lived in Vienna.[7]
Catherine died in late 1378.
A delegation of the Polish lords and clergy paid formal homage to Sigismund of Luxemburg as their future king on 25 July 1382.[23][24] The Poles believed that Louis planned also to persuade the Hungarian lords and prelates to accept Jadwiga and William of Austria as his heirs in Hungary.[15] However, he died on 10 September 1382.[25] Jadwiga was present at her father's death bed.[23]
Accession negotiations (1382–84)
Jadwiga's sister, Mary, was crowned king of Hungary five days after their father's death.[23][26] With the ceremony, their ambitious mother secured the right to govern Hungary on her twelve-year-old daughter's behalf instead of Mary's fiancé, Sigismund.[27][28] Sigismund could not be present at Mary's coronation, because Louis had sent him to Poland to crush a rebellion.[24] After he learnt of Louis's death, he adopted the title "Lord of the Kingdom of Poland", demanding oaths of loyalty from the towns in Lesser Poland.[24] On 25 November, the nobles of Greater Poland assembled at Radomsko and decided to obey nobody but the daughter of the late king as she would settle in Poland.[29] On their initiative, the noblemen of Lesser Poland passed a similar agreement in Wiślica on 12 December.[29] Queen Elizabeth sent her envoys to the assembled lords and forbade them to swear an oath of loyalty to anyone other than one of her daughters, thus invalidating the oath of loyalty that the Polish noblemen had sworn to Sigismund on the late King Louis's demand.[29]
Both Elizabeth's daughters had been engaged to foreign princes (Sigismund and William, respectively) unpopular in Poland.
Queen Elizabeth's representatives released the Poles from their oath of fidelity that their representatives had sworn to Mary at an assembly in
Meanwhile, Jan Tęczyński and his allies, including
Siemowit of Mazovia took up arms and advanced as far as Kalisz.[40] His supporters assembled in Sieradz in August in order to elect him king, but Archbishop Bodzanta refused to perform his coronation.[41] In a meeting in Kassa, Queen Elizabeth promised the delegates of the Polish provinces to send Jadwiga to Poland before November.[42] The queen mother and the Poles also agreed that if either Jadwiga or Mary died childless, her kingdom would pass to her surviving sister.[42] Siemowit having laid siege to Kalisz, Queen Elizabeth sent Sigismund of Luxemburg at the head of an "improvised army"[42] to Lesser Poland. Siemowit failed to take Kalisz, but news about the appalling behaviour of Sigismund's soldiers increased Sigismund's unpopularity in Poland.[42] Sędziwój Pałuka, who was the castellan of Kalisz and starosta of Kraków, led a delegation to Zadar in Dalmatia to negotiate with Queen Elizabeth, but she had him imprisoned instead.[43] She sent Hungarian soldiers to Poland to garrison them in Wawel Castle in Kraków, but Pałuka escaped and successfully obstructed her soldiers entering the castle.[44]
At a
Reign
Coronation (1384)
The interregnum that followed Louis's death and caused such internal strife came to an end with Jadwiga's arrival in Poland.[47][48] A large crowd of clerics, noblemen and burghers gathered at Kraków "to greet her with a display of affection",[49] according to the 15th-century Polish historian, Jan Długosz.[48] Nobody protested when Archbishop Bodzanta crowned her on 16 October 1384.[46][50] According to traditional scholarly consensus, Jadwiga was crowned king.[51] Thereby, as Robert W. Knoll proposes, the Polish lords prevented her eventual spouse from adopting the same title without their consent.[52] Stephen C. Rowell, who says that sources that contradict the traditional view outnumber those verifying it, suggests that sporadic contemporaneous references to Jadwiga as king only reflect that she was not a queen consort, but a queen regnant.[51]
Bodzanta, Archbishop of Gniezno,
Refusal of William (1385)
The Polish lords did not want to accept Jadwiga's fourteen-year-old fiancé, William of Habsburg, as their sovereign.[56][57] They thought that the inexperienced William and his Austrian kinsmen could not safeguard Poland's interests against its powerful neighbours, especially the Luxemburgs which controlled Bohemia and Brandenburg, and had a strong claim on Hungary.[58][59] According to Halecki, the lords of Lesser Poland were the first to suggest that Jadwiga should marry the pagan duke Jogaila of Lithuania.[60]
Jogaila sent his envoys – including his brother, Skirgaila, and a German burgher from Riga, Hanul – to Kraków to request Jadwiga's hand in January 1385.[58][61] Jadwiga refused to answer, stating only that her mother would decide.[62] Jogaila's two envoys left for Hungary and met Queen Elizabeth.[62][63] She informed them that "she would allow whatever was advantageous to Poland and insisted that her daughter and the prelates and nobles of the Kingdom had to do what they considered would benefit Christianity and their kingdom",[64] according to Jan Długosz's chronicle.[65] The nobles from Kraków, Sandomierz and Greater Poland assembled in Kraków in June or July and the "majority of the more sensible"[64] voted for the acceptance of Jogaila's marriage proposal.[66]
In the meantime, William's father, Leopold III hurried to Buda in late July 1385, demanding the consummation of the marriage between William and Jadwiga before 16 August.
Contemporary or nearly contemporaneous records of the completion of the marriage between William and Jadwiga are contradictory and unclear.[72][68] The official accounts of the municipal authorities of Kraków record that on 23 August 1385 an amnesty was granted to the prisoners in the city jail on the occasion of the celebration of the Queen's marriage.[73] On the other hand, a contemporary Austrian chronicle, the Continuatio Claustroneubuzgis states that the Poles had tried to murder William before he consummated the marriage.[74] In the next century, Długosz states that William was "removed in a shameful and offensive manner and driven from the castle" after he entered "the Queen's bedchamber"; but the same chronicler also mentions that Jadwiga was well aware that "many people knew that ... she had for a fortnight shared her bed with Duke William and that there had been physical consummation".[75][76]
On the night when William entered the queen's bedchamber, a group of Polish noblemen broke into the castle, forcing William to flee, according to Długosz.[74] After this humiliation, Długosz continues, Jadwiga decided to leave Wawel and join William, but the gate of the castle was locked.[74] She called for "an axe and [tried] to break it open",[77] but Dymitr of Goraj convinced her to return to the castle.[78][68] Oscar Halecki says that Długosz's narrative "cannot be dismissed as a romantic legend";[79] Robert I. Frost writes that it is a "tale, almost certainly apocryphal".[68] There is no doubt, however, that William of Austria was forced to leave Poland.[80]
Marriage to Jogaila (1385–92)
Jogaila signed the
The Aeltere Hochmeisterchronik and other chronicles written in the Knights' territory accused the Polish prelates and lords of forcing Jadwiga to accept Jogaila's offer.[85] According to a Polish legend, Jadwiga agreed to marry Jogaila due to divine inspiration during her long prayers before a crucifix in Wawel Cathedral.[79] Siemowit IV of Mazovia resigned his claim to Poland in December.[86]
The Polish lords' envoys informed Jogaila that they would obey him if he married Jadwiga on 11 January 1386.[87][88] Jogaila went to Lublin where a general assembly unanimously declared him "king and lord of Poland" in early February.[89][90][91] Jogaila went on to Kraków where he was baptized, receiving the Christian name, Władysław, in Wawel Cathedral on 15 February.[80][92] Three days later, 35-year-old Władysław-Jogaila married 12-year-old Jadwiga.[93][92] Władysław-Jogaila styled himself as dominus et tutor regni Poloniae ("lord and guardian of the Kingdom of Poland") in his first charter issued after the marriage.[94]
Archbishop Bodzanta crowned Władysław-Jogaila king on 4 March 1386.[86] Poland was transformed into a diarchy – a kingdom ruled over by two sovereigns.[94] Jadwiga and her husband did not speak a common language, but they cooperated closely in their marriage.[89] She accompanied him to Greater Poland to appease the local lords who were still hostile to him.[95] The royal visit caused damage to the peasants who lived in the local prelates' domains, but Jadwiga persuaded her husband to compensate them, saying: "We have, indeed, returned the peasants' cattle, but who can repair their tears?",[96] according to Długosz's chronicle.[95] A court record of her order to the judges in favour of a peasant also shows that she protected the poor.[95]
Pope Urban VI sent his legate, Maffiolus de Lampugnano, to Kraków to enquire about the marriage of the royal couple.[97] Lampugnano did not voice any objections, but the Teutonic Knights started a propaganda campaign in favour of William of Habsburg.[98] Queen Elizabeth pledged to assist Władysław-Jogaila against his enemies on 9 June 1386,[97] but Hungary had sunken into anarchy.[37] A group of Slavonian lords captured and imprisoned Jadwiga's mother and sister on 25 July.[99] The rebels murdered Queen Elizabeth in January 1387.[100][101] A month later, Jadwiga marched at the head of Polish troops to Ruthenia where all but one of the governors submitted to her without opposition.[102][103]
Duke Vladislaus of Opole also had a claim on Ruthenia but could not convince
On William's demand, Pope Urban VI initiated a new investigation about the marriage of Jadwiga and Władysław-Jogaila.[107] They sent Bishop Dobrogost of Poznań to Rome to inform the pope of the Christianization of Lithuania.[108] In his letter to Bishop Dobrogost, Pope Urban jointly mentioned the royal couple in March 1388, which implied that he had already acknowledged the legality of their marriage.[108] However, Gniewosz of Dalewice, who had been William of Habsburg's supporter, spread rumours about secret meetings between William and Jadwiga in the royal castle.[108] Jadwiga took a solemn oath before Jan Tęczyński, stating that she had only had marital relations with Władysław-Jogaila.[109] After all witnesses confirmed her oath, Gniewosz of Dalewice confessed that he had lied.[110] She did not take vengeance on him.[110]
Strife with Sigismund (1392–95)
Jadwiga's brother-in-law, Sigismund, who had been crowned King of Hungary,[111] started negotiations with the Teutonic Knights about partitioning Poland in early 1392.[112] Jadwiga met Mary in Stará Ľubovňa in May and returned to Kraków only in early July.[113] She most probably accompanied her husband to Lithuania, according to Oscar Halecki, because she was far from Kraków till the end of August.[114] On 4 August, Władysław-Jogaila's cousin, Vytautas, who had earlier fled from Lithuania to the Teutonic Knights, paid homage to Władysław-Jogaila near Lida in Lithuania on 4 August.[114]
Negotiations between Sigismund and the
Jadwiga was a skilful mediator, famed for her impartiality and intelligence.[103] She went to Lithuania to reconcile her brother-in-law, Skirgaila, with Vytautas in October 1393.[118] Relations between Poland and Hungary remained tense.[119] Sigismund invaded Moldavia, forcing Stephen I of Moldavia to accept his suzerainty in 1394.[119] Soon after the Hungarian troops left Moldavia, Stephen sent his envoys to Jadwiga and Jogaila, promising to assist Poland against Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and the Teutonic Knights.[119]
On 17 May 1395, Mary died after a riding accident.
Conflict with the Teutonic Knights (1395–99)
The relationship between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights remained tense.
Jadwiga and Jungingen met in Włocławek in the middle of June, but they did not reach a compromise.[133] The Teutonic Order entrusted Vladislaus of Opole with the task of representing their claims to Dobrzyń against Jadwiga.[134] Jadwiga and her husband met Sigismund of Hungary, who had returned there after his catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Nicopolis, on 14 July.[135] They seem to have reached a compromise, because Sigismund offered to mediate between Poland, Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights.[136] On Jadwiga's request, Wenceslaus of Bohemia granted permission for the establishment of a college for Lithuanian students in Prague on 20 July 1397.[137] Jadwiga, who had spent "many sleepless nights" thinking of this project, according to herself, issued a charter of establishment for the college on 10 November.[137]
She opened new negotiations with the Teutonic Knights, but Konrad von Jungingen dispatched a simple knight to meet her in May 1398.
Pregnancy and death (1399)
Jadwiga was childless for over a decade, which, according to chronicles written in the Teutonic lands, caused conflicts between her and her husband.[142] She became pregnant in late 1398 or early 1399.[143] Sigismund, King of Hungary, came to Kraków in early March to negotiate for a campaign to defend Wallachia against the Ottoman Turks.[144] Vytautas, in order to bolster his authority over the Rus' principalities, decided to launch an expedition against Timur, who had subdued the Golden Horde.[145] According to Jan Długosz's chronicle, Jadwiga warned the Polish noblemen not to join Vytautas' campaign because it would end in failure.[145] Halecki says that the great number of Polish knights who joined Vytautas's expedition proves that Długosz's report is not reliable.[146]
On the occasion of the expected birth to the royal couple, Jogaila's cousin
The newborn princess was named Elizabeth Bonifacia (
Jadwiga and her daughter were buried together in Wawel Cathedral, on 24 August 1399,[152][146] as stipulated in the Queen's last will. On 12 July 1949, 550 years later, their tomb was opened; nothing remained of the child's soft cartilage.[155]
Family
Ancestors of Jadwiga of Poland Stephen Dragutin of Serbia | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13. Elizabeth of Serbia | ||||||||||||||||
27. Catherine of Hungary | ||||||||||||||||
3. Elizabeth of Bosnia | ||||||||||||||||
28. Ziemomysł of Kuyavia | ||||||||||||||||
14. Kazimierz III of Gniewkowo | ||||||||||||||||
29. Salome of Pomerania | ||||||||||||||||
Elizabeth of Kuyavia | ||||||||||||||||
The following family tree illustrates Jadwiga's connection to her notable relatives. Kings of Poland are colored blue.
Konrad I of Masovia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Casimir I of Kuyavia | Siemowit I of Masovia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Władysław the Elbow-high (r. 1320–1333) | Ziemomysł of Kuyavia | Bolesław II of Masovia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Casimir II of Kuyavia | Trojden I of Masovia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elizabeth of Poland | Elizabeth of Kuyavia | Władysław the White | Anna of Poland | Siemowit III of Masovia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Louis the Great (r. 1370–1382) | Elizabeth of Bosnia | Siemowit IV of Masovia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sigismund of Luxemburg | Mary of Hungary | Jadwiga (r. 1384–1399) | Władysław-Jogaila (r. 1386–1434) | Anna of Cilli | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Legacy
Achievements
Two leading historians, Oscar Halecki and S. Harrison Thomson, agree that Jadwiga was one of the greatest rulers of Poland, comparable to
Jadwiga's cultural and charitable activities were of exceptional value.[158] She established new hospitals, schools and churches, and restored older ones.[158] Jadwiga promoted the use of vernacular in church services, especially the singing of hymns in Polish.[158] The Scriptures were translated into Polish on her order.[158]
Casimir the Great had already in 1364 established the
Holiness
Saint Jadwiga of Poland | |
---|---|
Venerated in | Catholic Church |
Beatified | 8 August 1986, Kraków, Poland by Pope John Paul II |
Canonized | 8 June 1997, Kraków, Poland by Pope John Paul II |
Major shrine | Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland |
Feast | 17 July |
Attributes | Royal dress and shoes, apron full of roses |
Patronage | Poland, queens, united Europe, students, mothers[165] |
Oscar Halecki writes that Jadwiga transmitted to the nations of East Central Europe the "universal heritage of the
Jadwiga was venerated in Poland soon after her death.[169] Stanisław of Skarbimierz states that she had been "the most Christian queen" in his sermon composed for her funeral.[169] Paul of Zator referred to the wax figures placed by her grave.[169] Sermons written in the early 15th century emphasized that Jadwiga had been a representative of the traditional virtues of holy women, such as mercy and benevolence.[169] Jadwiga's contribution to the restoration of the University of Kraków was also mentioned by early 15th-century scholars.[169]
Numerous legends about miracles were recounted to justify her sainthood. The two best-known are those of "Jadwiga's cross" and "Jadwiga's foot":
Jadwiga often prayed before a large black
In yet another legend, Jadwiga was taking part in a Corpus Christi Day procession when a coppersmith's son drowned by falling into a river. Jadwiga threw her mantle over the boy's body, and he regained life.[172]
On 8 June 1979
Popular culture
Hedvigis. Dziedziczka królestwa (2021), a Polish historical novel about the early life and reign of Jadwiga by Krzysztof Konopka, follows the story of Jadwiga, her sister Mary, and their mother.[173]
Queen Jadwiga is the main character of the third season of Polish historical TV series
Jadwiga appears as the leader of the Polish civilization in the turn-based strategy game Civilization VI, specializing in religion and territorial expansion. She also features in Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition - Dawn of the Dukes in a campaign of her own.[175]
Jadwiga is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms.
See also
- History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
- History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty
- Saint Hedwig of Poland, patron saint archive
Notes
- ^ Jadwiga was officially crowned as "King of Poland" — Hedvig Rex Poloniæ, not Hedvig Regina Poloniæ. Polish law had no provision for a female ruler (queen regnant), but did not specify that the monarch had to be male.
References
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 56.
- ^ Wolf 1993, p. xliii.
- ^ a b c d Engel 2001, p. 169.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 78.
- ^ ISBN 83-08-02577-3.
- ^ a b Sroka 1999, pp. 54–55.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 93.
- ^ a b c d Gromada 1999, p. 434.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 89.
- ^ a b Davies 2005, p. 90.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 58.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, pp. 39–40.
- ^ a b c d Frost 2015, p. 8.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 65, 93.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 170.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 65.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 64–65.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 71.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 52.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 8, 10.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 72–73.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 73.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 75.
- ^ a b c d e Frost 2015, p. 10.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 173.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 195.
- ^ Monter 2012, p. 195.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 97.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 99.
- ^ a b c d Halecki 1991, p. 100.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 66, 100.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 11.
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- ^ Frost 2015, p. 15.
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- ^ a b Deletant 1986, p. 202.
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- ^ Frost 2015, p. 16.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 109.
- ^ Jackson 1999, p. 188.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 113.
- ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1384), p. 344.
- ^ Davies 2005, p. 91.
- ^ a b Frost 2015, p. 17 (note 38).
- ^ Knoll 2011, p. 37.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 114–115.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 114.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 116.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 17.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 116–117.
- ^ a b Frost 2015, pp. 17, 33.
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- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 118.
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- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 123.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 3.
- ^ a b The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385), p. 345.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 127.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 129.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 127, 129.
- ^ a b c d Frost 2015, p. 34.
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- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 131.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 132.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 132-135.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 132–133.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 135.
- ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385 and 1386), pp. 346–347.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 134–135.
- ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385), p. 346.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 138.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 139.
- ^ a b Davies 2005, p. 95.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 47, 50.
- ^ Gromada 1999, pp. 434–435.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 34, 47.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 157.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 139–140.
- ^ a b Frost 2015, p. 4.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 49.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 147.
- ^ a b c Monter 2012, p. 74.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 150–151.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 152.
- ^ Jackson 1999, p. 190.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 155.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 160.
- ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1386), p. 348.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 158.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 157–159.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 198.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 198–199.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 164.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 165–166.
- ^ a b Gromada 1999, p. 435.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 166.
- ^ a b c Deletant 1986, p. 203.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 156.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 167–168.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 170.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 137, 180.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 180.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 199.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 194.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 195–197.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 198.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 207.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 211.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 199.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 214.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 201.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 220.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 221.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 222.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 224.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 223–224.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 225.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 226–227.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 230–233.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 233.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 234–235.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 235.
- ^ a b c d e Frost 2015, p. 89.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 236–237.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 237.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 236, 238.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 240.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 247.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 241.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, pp. 242–243.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 243–244.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 244.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 245.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 252.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 252–253.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, pp. 256–257.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 257.
- ^ Jadwiga Krzyżaniakowa. "Interview about Queen Jadwiga of Poland" (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ Ozog, p. 135, 322
- ^ Wdowiszewski, p. 443
- ^ The astrologer said the Queen would deliver on 18 June, but she delivered on 22 June; Śnieżyńska-Stolot, pp. 5–32
- ^ Wdowiszewski, p. 250
- ^ a b c d e f g Frost 2015, p. 91.
- ^ Brzezińska 1999, pp. 407–408.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 264–265.
- ^ Olbrycht and Kusiak, pp. 256–66.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 365.
- ^ a b c Gromada 1999, p. 433.
- ^ a b c d e Gromada 1999, p. 436.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 263.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 265.
- ^ a b Davies 2005, p. 80.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 262.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, pp. 261–262.
- ^ a b c Gromada 1999, p. 437.
- ^ a b "St. Hedwig of Poland - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online". Catholic Online. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 82, 90.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 170–171.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 115.
- ^ a b c d e Brzezińska 1999, p. 408.
- ^ Jasienica 1988.
- ^ "Legend of the little foot of Queen Jadwiga". krakow.travel. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ Catholic World Culture Chapter XXIII, pp. 146–151
- ^ "Hedvigis. Dziedziczka królestwa | Krzysztof Konopka". Lubimyczytać.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- ^ "Nowe odcinki "Korony królów" od września w TVP1. Dagmara Bryzek i Wasyl Wasyłyk w rolach głównych (wideo)". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). 26 June 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ Beckhelling, Imogen (11 August 2021). "Age Of Empires 2: Definitive Edition adds new civilisations - the Poles and the Bohemians". RPS. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
Sources
Primary sources
- The Annals of Jan Długosz (An English abridgement by Maurice Michael, with commentary by Paul Smith) (1997). IM Publications. ISBN 1-901019-00-4.
Secondary sources
- Brzezińska, Anna (1999). "Jadwiga of Anjou as the Image of a Good Queen in Late Medieval and Early Modern Poland". The Polish Review. XLIV (4). The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America: 407–437.
- ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9.
- Deletant, Dennis (1986). "Moldavia between Hungary and Poland, 1347–1412". The Slavonic and East European Review. 64 (2): 189–211.
- Duczmal, Małgorzata (1996). Jagiellonowie. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ISBN 83-08-02577-3.
- Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
- Frost, Robert I. (2015). The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1567. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820869-3.
- Gromada, Thaddeus V. (1999). "Oscar Halecki's Vision of Saint Jadwiga of Anjou". The Polish Review. XLIV (4). The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America: 433–437.
- ISBN 0-88033-206-9.
- Jackson, Guida M. (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-091-3.
- ISBN 83-06-01796-X.
- Knoll, Paul W. (2011). "Religious Toleration in Sixteenth-Century Poland: Political Realities and Social Constraints". In ISBN 978-0-85745-108-8.
- Monter, William (2012). The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300–1800. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17327-7.
- Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97290-4.
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- Wdowiszewski, Zygmunt (2005). Genealogia Jagiellonów i Domu Wazów w Polsce (in Polish). Avalon.
- Wolf, Armin (1993). "Reigning Queens in Medieval Europe: When, Where, and Why". In Parsons, John Carmi (ed.). Medieval Queenship. Sutton Publishing. pp. 169–188. ISBN 0-7509-1831-4.
Further reading
- Heinze, Karl (8 December 2003). Baltic Sagas. Virtualbookworm Publishing. ISBN 1-58939-498-4.
- Kellogg, Charlotte (1931). Jadwiga, Poland's Great Queen. The Macmillan Company.
- Rowell, S. C. (2006). "1386: the Marriage of Jogaila and Jadwiga embodies the union of Lithuania and Poland". Lithuanian Historical Studies. 11. Lietuvos istorijos institutas: 137–144. ISSN 1392-2343.
- Lukowski, Jerzy; Hubert Zawadzki (20 September 2001). A Concise History of Poland. ISBN 0-521-55917-0.
- Turnbull, Stephen; Richard Hook (30 May 2003). Tannenberg 1410. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-561-9.
External links
- St Jadwiga, Wawel Cathedral official page
- Queen Jadwiga Foundation Activities of QJF are inspired by life and achievements of St. Jadwiga Queen