Jagannath Temple, Puri
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Jagannath Temple, Puri | |
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Kalinga Architecture | |
Creator | Indradyumna |
Completed | 1161 CE[1] |
Specifications | |
Temple(s) | 31 |
Elevation | 65 m (213 ft) |
Website | |
www |
Part of a series on |
Hinduism |
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Part of a series on |
Vaishnavism |
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The Jagannath Temple is an important
The temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated raths, or temple cars. The worship is performed by the Bhil Sabar tribal priests, as well as priests of other communities in the temple.[5] Unlike the stone and metal icons found in most Hindu temples, the image of Jagannath is made of wood, and is ceremoniously replaced every 12 or 19 years by an exact replica.[6] The temple is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites. It is also famous because many legends believe that Krishna's heart was placed here, and the material that it is made from damages the heart, so they have to change it every seven years.[7]
The temple is sacred to all Hindus, and especially in those of the
History
The temple was rebuilt by the King of the
According to a story in the temple chronicles, it was founded by Anangabhimadeva II. Different chronicles variously mention the year of construction as 1196, 1197, 1205, 1216, or 1226.
Deities
Legends
According to legends in
Indradyumna's prayer to Brahma
King Indradyumna put up for Jagannath to build the tallest monument in the world. It was 1,000 cubits (457.2 metres) high. He invited Brahma, the cosmic creator, consecrate the temple and the images.[22]
Legend surrounding the temple's origin
The traditional story concerning the origins of the Jagannath temple is that the original image of
Then, Indradyumna found the log of wood. He did a
When this log, radiant with light, was seen floating in the sea, Narada told the king to make three deities out of it and place them in a pavilion. Indradyumna got Vishwakarma, the architect of gods, to build a magnificent temple to house the deities, and Vishnu himself appeared in the guise of a carpenter to make the deities, on condition that he was to be left undisturbed until he finished the work.[23][26]
But just after two weeks, the queen, i.e., spouse of Indradyumna became very anxious. She took the carpenter to be dead as no sound came from the temple. Therefore, she requested the king to open the door. Thus, they went to see Vishnu at work, at which the latter abandoned his work, leaving the deities unfinished. The deity was devoid of any hands. But a divine voice told Indradyumna to install them in the temple. It has also been widely believed that in spite of the deity being without hands, it can watch over the world and be its lord. Thus, the idiom.[23][26]
Invasions and desecrations of the Temple
The temple annals, the Madala Panji, records that the Jagannath temple has been invaded and plundered eighteen times.[27]
Entry and Darshan
Non-
Cultural integrity
Starting from
Acharyas and Jagannatha Puri
All of the renowned acharyas, including Madhvacharya, have been known to visit this kshetra. Adi Shankaracharya established his Govardhan Math here. Guru Nanak had visited this place with his disciples, Bala and Manda. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Gaudiya Vaishnavism stayed here for 24 years, declaring that the love of God can be spread by chanting the Hare Krishna mantra. Vallabha visited the temple and performed a 7-day recitation of the Srimad Bhagavata. His sitting place is still famous as his baithakji, literally translating to his seat. It confirms his visit to Puri.[36]
Some of the pandits who participated became jealous of the young Vallabha, and wanted to test him. The next day was Ekadashi, a fasting day where one must fast from grains. The pandits gave Vallabha rice prasad of Lord Jagannath, for which the temple is still famous. If Vallabha ate it, he would break his vow of fasting, but, if he did not take it, he would disrespect Jagannath. Hence, Vallabha, with all honour and respect, accepted the prasad in his hand. He stood there in the temple, spent the rest of the day and night, explaining the shlokas of the greatness of prasad, and ate the prasad the next morning after sunrise.[37]
The
Char Dham
The temple is one of the holiest
Structure
The temple complex covers an area of over 37,000 square metres (400,000 sq ft), and is surrounded by high fortified wall. This 6.1 metres (20 ft)-high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
Nila Chakra
The Nila
The Nila Chakra is a disc with eight Navagunjaras carved on the outer circumference, with all facing towards the flagpost above. It is made up of Ashtadhatu and is 3.5 metres (11 ft) high, with a circumference of about 11 metres (36 ft).[53]
The Singhadwara
The Singhadwara, which in Sanskrit means "The Lion Gate", is one of the four gates to the temple, and forms the main entrance. The Singhadwara is so named because of two huge statues of crouching lions existing on either side of the entrance. The gate faces eastward, opening on to the Bada Danda or the "Grand Road".[54] The Baisi Pahacha, or the flight of twenty-two steps, leads into the temple complex. A deity of Jagannath known as Patita Pavana, which in Sanskrit means the "saviour of the downtrodden and the fallen", is painted on the right side of the entrance. In ancient times, when untouchables were not allowed inside the temple, they could pray to the Patita Pavana. The statues of the two guards to the temple, Jaya and Vijaya, stand on either side of the doorway.[55] Just before the commencement of the Ratha Yatra, the deities of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra are taken out of the temple through this gate. On their return from the Gundicha Temple, they have to ceremonially placate Goddess Lakshmi, whose deity is carved atop the door, for neglecting to take her with them on the Yatra. Only then, the goddess allows them permission to enter the temple. A magnificent sixteen-sided monolithic pillar, known as the Aruna Stambha, stands in front of the main gate. This pillar has an idol of Aruna, the charioteer of the sun god, Surya, on its top. One notable fact about the Aruna Stambha is that prior to its current location, it was located in the Konark Sun Temple.[56][57] Later, the Maratha guru, Brahmachari Gosain, brought this pillar from Konark.[58]
The Mandapas
There are many mandapas, or pillared halls on raised platforms within the temple complex meant for religious congregations. The most prominent is the Mukti Mandapa, the congregation hall of the holy seat of selected literate Brahmins.[59]
Daily food offerings
Daily offerings are made to the deity six times a day. These include:
- The offering to the deity in the morning that forms his breakfast, and is called Gopala Vallabha Bhoga. It consists of seven items i.e., Khoa, Lahuni, sweetened coconut grating, coconut water, and popcorn sweetened with sugar known as Khai, curd and ripe bananas.
- The Sakala Dhupa forms his next offering at about 10 am. This generally consists of 13 items, including the Enduri pitha and the Mantha puli.
- The Bada Sankhudi Bhoga forms the next offering, consisting of Adi Shankaracharyain the eighth century to help pilgrims share the temple food.
- The Madhyanha dhupa forms the next offering at the noon.
- The next offering to the deity is made in the evening at around 8 pm, known as Sandhya Dhupa.
- The last offering to the deity is called the Bada Singhara Bhoga.[60]
Rosaghara
The temple's kitchen is the second largest in the world.[48][61][62][63] Tradition holds that all the Mahaprasad that is cooked in the temple kitchen is supervised by Goddess Lakshmi, the empress of the temple herself, and that if the food prepared has any fault in it, a shadow dog appears near the temple kitchen, a sign of her displeasure. If the shadow dog is seen, the food is promptly buried and a new batch is cooked.[64] All 56 varieties of food produced are vegetarian and prepared without onions and garlic, as prescribed by the Manusmriti.[65]
Festivals
There are elaborate daily worship services. There are many festivals each year attended by millions of people. The most important festival is the
Every year, the main deities of
Ratha Yatra at Puri
The
The most significant ritual associated with Ratha Yatra is the Chhera Pahara (lit. sweeping with water). During the festival, the Gajapati king wears the outfit of a sweeper, and sweeps all around the deities and their chariots in the Chhera Pahara ritual. The Gajapati king cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom, and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been considered the most exalted person in the Kalinga kingdom, he still renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign Gajapati king and the most humble devotee.[74]
Moreover, the ruling
Niladri Bije
Celebrated on Ashadha Trayodashi,[79] Niladri Bije is the concluding day of Ratha Yatra. On this day, deities return to the Ratnabedi.[80][81] Here, Jagannath offers Rasgulla to Goddess Lakshmi to enter into the temple.[82][83]
Gupta Gundicha
It is celebrated for 16 days from Ashwin month's Krishna dwitiya to Vijayadashami.[84] As per tradition, Madhava, along with Durga, (known as Durgamadhaba), is taken on a tour of the temple premises. The tour within the temple is observed for the first eight days. For the next eight days, the deities are taken outside the temple on a palanquin to the nearby Narayani temple situated in the Dola mandapa lane. After their worship, they are brought back to the temple.[85]
Nabakalebara
Management
After independence, the Government of Odisha, with a view to getting better administrative system, passed "The Puri Shri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1952".[89]
Dibyasingha Deba, the incumbent Gajapati king and King of Puri, is the current adhyasevak (chief servitor) of the temple.[90][91] He took the role in 1970 at the age of 17, after the death of his father, Birakishore Deb, then King of Puri.[92]
Security
The security at the temple has increased ahead of Ratha Yatra, the homecoming festival of the deities of Jagannath temple. In the wake of terror alert on 27 June 2012, the security forces were increased to ensure smooth functioning of the crowded Ratha Yatra and Suna Besha.[93] As part of the modernisation of the temple premises and surroundings, the temple's security force has been further advanced, such as 44 police platoons with 30 police officers each, and 135 CCTV cameras with advanced face-scanning technology have been installed in the premises, to cater to more pilgrims and visitors and provide them with enhanced security.[94]
Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor
The "Shree Mandir Parikrama", also known as the Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor (SJHC), is a 75-metre-long corridor around the Jagannath temple. It has been built to provide expansive and unobstructed corridors around the Meghanad Pacheri for giving an opportunity to devotees and pilgrims to have better
See also
- History of Odisha
- List of historic sites in Odisha
- Jagannath
- Indradyumna
- Char Dham
- Chota Char Dham
- Vaishnavism
- Chanakya
- Guru Nanak
- Kalinga architecture
- Gajapati Empire
- Dibyasingha Deba
- Archaeological Survey of India
- Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor, Puri
- Konark Sun Temple
- Lingaraj Temple
- Kashi Vishwanath temple
- Chari Kshetra
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This temple was built in approximately 1135–1150 by Codaganga, a king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty
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Similarly, places like Srirangam associated with Ramanuja, Udupi (in Karnataka) with Madhvacharya, Pandharpur with the Maharashtra saints like Jnanesvar and Tukaram and Puri Jagannath with Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
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along with Balabhadra, Subhadra, Sudarshan, Madhaba, Sridevi and Bhudevi on the Ratnabedi or the bejewelled platform.
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The King wanted Lord Brahma to consecrate the temple
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The outermost is called 'Meghanad Pacheri' which has a length of 650ft from east to west and breadth of 644ft from north to south direction. The height of Meghanad Pacheri is 20ft and thickness of 6ft
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The temple is divided into four chambers: Bhogmandir, Natamandir, Jagamohana and Deul
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wheel on top of the Jagannath Temple made of an alloy of eight metals (astadhatu). It is called the Nila Chakra (Blue Wheel)
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Two colossal lions flank the Purba Dwara (Eastern Gate) also known as Singha Dwara. This is a mini tower and the main entrance to the temple
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To the front of the eastern staircase of the porch, once stood the free-standing chlorite pillar, the dhvaja-stambha, with Aruna, the charioteer of Surya as the crowning element
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this Pillar was a part of Sun Temple Of Konark and was located in front of Sun Temple
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It is allowed only for Sankaracharya, Brahmins of 16 sasans and for Jhulan yatra.
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This is the last bhoga of the day.
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the Jagannath temple in Puri has the world's largest kitchen that can feed more than one lakh people at a time
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Not only is it the largest temple kitchen in the world
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The Jagannath temple kitchen at Puri is reputed to be the largest kitchen in the world
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If the dog is seen, all the food must be buried and prepared again
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The Prasad is prepared in a very traditional way, without using onion, garlic, chillies
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Pana Sankranti or Mahabishuba sankranti:
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peoples believe that Lord Jagannath during this time manifests as Alarnath Dev,
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suffer from fever on the account of elaborate bath and for that they are kept in dietary provisions (No cooked food is served) and are nursed by the Daitas
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NILADRI BIJE – Celebrated on 13th day of bright fortnight of Asadha.
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entering in to the sanctum sanctorum popularly called Niladri Bije
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'Niladri Bije', the return journey to Shree Mandir. It is the welcome festival of Lord Jagannath to Shree Mandir
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Jagannath then offers Mahalakshmi rasgullas to placate her and to forgive him
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Beginning from Ashwina Krishna dwitiya to the last day of Dusherra,
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The Vimanbadu servants ( who carry the chariot) carry Sri Durga – Madhab ( Sri Jagannath & Jaya Durga ) in a chariot to the temple of Narayani at Dolamandap Sahi.
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Nabakalebar ritual of Lord Jagannath to be held in 2015,
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Gajapati King, who is considered as the chief servitor of the temple
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The Gajapati (The King of Puri) is treated as the first and foremost Servitor of the Temple
- ^ "I can walk and not take the palanquin'". The Times of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
I ascended the throne in July 1970 when my father Gajapati Birakishore Deb died in the midst of the car festival. I was then only 17
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Notes
- ^ Pranipatya Jagannatham Sarvajina Vararchitam. Sarva Buddha Mayam Siddhi Vyapinam Gaganopamam.[19]
- ^ In Adi Parva: Salute thee Sri Jagannath the revered One whose domain is the Blue Hills: He sits pretty as Sri Buddha there in the Blue Cavern. In Madhya Parva: There comes Sri Jagannath as Buddha to liberate the Mankind ...[20]
Bibliography
- Avinash Patra (2011). Origin & Antiquity of the Cult of Lord Jagannath. Oxford University Press.
- Das, J. P. (1982). Puri Paintings: The Chitrakara and His Work. Prafulla. ISBN 978-81-901589-7-8.
- Mahadev Chakravarti (1986). The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0053-3.
- Norbert C. Brockman (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places. California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-655-3.
- O. M. Starza (1993). The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09673-6.
- Partha Mitter (1992). Much Maligned Monsters: A History of European Reactions to Indian Art. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-53239-4.
- Paul Gwynne (2017). World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-97228-1.
- Suryanarayan Das (2010). Lord Jagannath. Sanbun. ISBN 978-93-80213-22-4.
External links
- Puruṣottama-kṣetra-māhātmya, Skanda Purana
- Official website
- Sri Jagannath Temple – Jagannath Dharma (Official website of the Puri district administration)
- Street View around Jagannath Temple