Jagir

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Jagirdar
)
For the 1984 film, see Jagir (film).
"Jagirdar" redirects here. For the 1937 film, see Jagirdar (film).

Jagirdars, Istamuradars and Mankaris) of the state
.

A jagir (

feudal land grant in the Indian subcontinent at the foundation of its Jagirdar (Zamindar) system.[2][3]: 57–59  It developed during the Islamic era of the Indian subcontinent, starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state.[2] The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar.[4] There were two forms of jagir, one conditional, the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.[2][3]: 61–62  The land grant, called iqta'a, was usually for a holder's lifetime; the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.[2][5]

The jagirdar system was introduced by the

British East India Company.[2][3]: 61–62 [8]

Definition

Jagir (Persian: جاگیر, Devanagari: जागीर, Bengali: জায়গীর) is a Persian word meaning 'place holder'.[2]

In its 1955 judgment of the case Thakur Amar Singhji v. State Of Rajasthan, the Supreme Court of India used the following definition of jagir in interpreting the Rajasthan Land Reforms and Resumption of Jagirs Act (Rajasthan Act VI of 1952):[9]

The word 'jagir' connoted originally grants made by Rajput Rulers to their clansmen for military services rendered or to be rendered. Later on grants made for religious and charitable purposes and even to non-Rajputs were called jagirs, and both in its popular sense and legislative practice, the word jagir came to be used as connoting all grants which conferred on the grantees rights in respect of land revenue, and that is the sense in which the word jagir should be construed ...

— Singhji v. Rajasthan, (15 April 1955; SCR 1955 2 303; AIR 1955 SC 504)

Succession

A jagir was technically a feudal

munsif, qanungo, chaudhri, and dewan.[12]

13th-century origin and successors

This

British East India Company.[2]

Some Hindu jagirdars were converted into Muslim vassal states under

Indian government in 1951.[13][14]

See also

References

  1. ^ Davies, H. H.; Blyth, W. (1873). Report of the revised settlement of the pargunnahs of Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Umritsur District [=Report of the revised settlement of the parganas of Amritsar, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Amritsar District]. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press. p. 29.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Jāgīrdār system: INDIAN TAX SYSTEM, Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-32127-9
    .
  4. ISBN 978-1-134-18617-4
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1-84331-152-2
    .
  6. ISBN 978-90-04-16859-6
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7
    .
  8. ISBN 978-81-89899-54-7
    .
  9. ^ Thakur Amar Singhji v. State Of Rajasthan, 2 SCR 303, 305 (Supreme Court of India 15 April 1955) ("(iv) ... that is the sense in which the word jagir should be construed in Art. 31-A.
    "The object of Art. 31-A was to save legislation which was directed to the abolition of intermediaries so as to establish direct relationship between the State and the tillers of the soil. Construing the word in that sense which would achieve that object in full measure, it must be held that jagir was meant to cover all grants under which the grantees had only rights in respect of revenue and were not tillers of the soil. Maintenance grants in favour of persons who were not cultivators such as members of the ruling family would be jagirs for purposes of Art. 31-A."). 1955 825 SC 1955 AIR SC 504
  10. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2
    .
  11. ^ Pollen, J. (Assistant Commissioner in Sind Province) ; Revenue Department of the Sind Commissioner's Office (1886). History of Alienations in the Province of Sind. Karachi: Government of Bombay. p. 143.
  12. ISBN 978-1-134-11988-2. See pp. 71–72
  13. ISBN 0-87779-017-5
    . Retrieved 9 January 2024. After independence, measures were taken to abolish absentee landownership.
  14. ISBN 81-7991-106-3
    .
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