Jahan Shah

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Shah Jahan.
Jahan Shah
Padishah-i Iran (in Persian)
Qara Iskander
SuccessorHasan Ali
Born1397[2] or 1405[3]
Khoy[2] or Mardin[3]
Died30 October or 11 November 1467 (aged 61–62 or 69–70)
Bingöl, Anatolia
Burial
Blue Mosque, Tabriz
ReligionIslam
OccupationPoet

Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf (

Arran who reigned c. 1438 – 1467. During his reign he managed to expand the Qara Qoyunlu's territory to its largest extent, including Eastern Anatolia, most of present-day Iraq, central Iran, and even eventually Kerman. He also conquered neighbouring states. He was one of the greatest rulers of the Qara Qoyunlu. He was also allegedly fond of drinking and entertainment. During his reign Jahan Shah had the Gökmedrese and Muzafferiye theological schools constructed in his capital city Tabriz
.

During reign of Qara Yusuf

He was sent to retake Soltaniyeh and Qazvin just before his father's death.[5]

During reign of Qara Iskander

Around 1420 Jahan Shah married the daughter of

Goharshad Begum and crowned on 19 April 1438, along taking epithet "Muzaffar al-Din".[4]

Campaigns against Georgia

In 1440, King

Vakhtang IV at Akhaltsikhe, but the fighting was inconclusive and Jahan Shah returned to Tabriz
once more.

Conquest of Baghdad

Jahan Shah’s brother Ispend, who had ruled over Baghdad and its environs for twelve years, died in 1445 and he bequeathed the government of the state to his nephew Alvand Mirza since his son Fulad Mirza was too young at the time. However most of the emirs preferred Fulad. He decided to organise a military expedition against Baghdad with the backing of some of the emirs, who had sought refuge with him. After a siege of seven months, Baghdad was captured on 9 June 1446.[8][4] He also appointed his nephews Alvand Mirza, Rustam, Tarkhan and Mahmud to jointly govern Mosul. He appointed his son Mirza Muhammad to govern Baghdad in his name.

Reign

Upon the death of the Timurid ruler

Sultan Muhammad bin Baysonqor was married to a daughter of Jahan Shah. However, he retook lands he lost from Mirza Babur. He appointed his son Pirbudag to govern Isfahan in 1452.[5] In the summer of 1458, he advanced as far as Herat, but had to turn back soon because of a revolt by his son Hasan Ali and also because Abu Said's march on Tabriz.[9]

Hasan Ali was kept in

Fars. However, he was spared at the request of his mother and replaced by Mirza Yusuf, another son of Jahan Shah.[5] Pirbudag was sent to govern Baghdad, his other sons Qasim beg was assigned to Kerman
with Hasan Ali being imprisoned again. However, Pirbudag again rebelled, now controlling Baghdad. He was defeated in 1464 and was executed by Mirza Muhammad.

Conflict with the Aq Qoyunlu

Conflict with Jahangir

From around 1447 Jahan Shah was involved in a struggle against the

Jahangir, chief of Ak Koyunlu. Jahan Shah demanded his rebellious nephew, but Jahangir refused to hand him over. Jahan Shah invaded Erzincan and sent his commander - Rustem beg to subdue Jahangir. Hopeless Jahangir sent his mother Sara Khatun to Mamluk Egypt while Jahan Shah started to support his half-brother Sheikh Hasan.[10] While Sheikh Hasan was killed by Uzun Hasan, brother of Jahangir; Jahan Shah hasted to offer peace to Ak Koyunlu, in return to accept their submission. Jahangir accepted and also wed his daughter to Mirza Muhammad
.

Conflict with Uzun Hasan

Uzun Hasan did not acknowledge his elder brother's submission and rebelled against him, capturing Amid in 1457. Jahangir fled to Jahan Shah. Uzun Hasan was also supported by Safavids, their leader Shaykh Junayd being brother-in-law to Uzun Hasan.[11] He was replaced by Shaykh Jafar - his uncle.

Jahan Shah set out from Tabriz with a great army on 16 May 1466, and came to the basin of Lake Van. While there, he was furious to learn that Uzun Hasan was raiding his lands with 12,000 cavalry. Meanwhile, Uzun Hasan, suspecting that Jahan Shah was planning to attack him, had carefully guarded the mountain passes. Envoys went back and forth between them, but because of Jahan Shah’s heavy demands, an agreement could not be reached. Having advanced as far as Muş, Jahan Shah had to postpone his attack because of the onset of winter. As his troops began to complain, he decided to withdraw to a winter residence. Uzun Hasan caught his army by surprise and totally defeated them in a sudden attack. Mirza Yusuf and Mirza Muhammad was captured on 30 October or 11 November 1467 at the Battle of Chapakchur. Jahan Shah was killed in battle while fleeing. and with his death the great era of Qara Qoyunlu history came to an end. He was succeeded by his son Hasan Ali. Jahan Shah had been buried in southern part of Blue Mosque, Tabriz.

Legacy

The tomb of Jahan Shah within the southern part of the Blue Mosque in Tabriz.

In the year 1462, Abd al-Razzaq described Jahan-shah's rule in the following terms: "Owing to the benevolent administration (husn-i 'inayat va lutf-i atifat) of Mirza Jahan-shah, Azarbaijan was a highly thriving state. That well-meaning sovereign was anxious to practice justice, to secure prosperity of the country, and to treat his subjects honourably. The capital, Tabriz, by its numerous population and the prevalence of tranquility, emulated Egypt (misr-i jami). The rumours of the good behaviour of that felicitous king spread throughout the world. The inhabitants of his God-protected kingdom, indifferent to the arrows of events, enjoyed peace".[12]

Jahan Shah, along with being a poet, promoted culture, learning and architecture.[13] Using the pseudonym "Haqiqi",[13] Jahan Shah wrote poetry in Azerbaijani Turkic[14] and Persian.[13] In 1447 he married his daughter to a descendant of the famous mystic Shah Nimatullah Vali whom the Shia revered as a saint and a worker of miracles.

Family

He was married several times. Known marriages include: a daughter of Alexios IV of Trebizond[6][15] and Jan Begüm (daughter Tajuddin Rajab bin Afridun):

Sons

  • Pirbudag — governor of Isfahan and Fars, then Baghdad. Killed by Mirza Muhammad.
  • Hasan Ali succeeded his father.
  • Mirza Muhammad — son-in-law to Jahangir Beg, captured on 11 November 1467 at the Battle of Chapakchur and executed.
  • Mirza Yusuf — captured on 11 November 1467 at the Battle of Chapakchur and blinded. Executed by Ughurlu Muhammad on 22 October 1469.
  • Qasim Beg

Daughters

References and notes

  1. ISSN 1027-3875
    . Subsequently, lahanshah (sic) Qara-Qoyunlu presented himself as padishah-i Iran immeuiately after the takeover of Tabriz (...)
  2. ^ a b Macit, M., "Cihanşah ve Türkçe Şiirleri", Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (bilig), bilig-13, ppː10, 2000.
  3. ^ a b YINANÇ, Mükrimin H.(1945), Cihânşâh, İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul
  4. ^ a b c d "CİHAN ŞAH- TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  5. ^
    S2CID 162273460
    .
  6. ^
    ISSN 0766-5598
    .
  7. OCLC 17261212
    .
  8. ^ Minorsky 1954, p. 275.
  9. ^ Christoph Baum (2018). History of Central Asia. Vol. 4. p. 297.
  10. ^ ÇAKMAK, Mehmet Ali (2014-11-21). "Fights Between Akkoyunlu and Karakoyunlu". Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). 25 (3).
  11. OCLC 430224867.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  12. ^ Minorsky 1954, p. 277.
  13. ^ a b c Sumer 1997, p. 588.
  14. ^ Minorsky 1954, p. 283.
  15. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-86078-204-9
    .

Sources
Preceded by
Qara Iskander
 Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu
1436–67 		Succeeded by
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