Jaipur

Coordinates: 26°54′N 75°48′E / 26.9°N 75.8°E / 26.9; 75.8
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Jaipur, Rajasthan
)

Jaipur
Rapid transit system
Jaipur Metro
Websitejaipurmc.org
(Jaipur Greater)
jaipurmcheritage.org
(Jaipur Heritage)
Official nameJaipur City, Rajasthan
CriteriaCultural: (ii), (iv), (vi)
Designated2019 (43rd session)
Reference no.1605
RegionSouthern Asia

Jaipur (/ˈpʊər/ , Hindi: [ˈdʒeəpʊr]), formerly known as Jeypore, is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. As of 2011, the city has a population of 3.1 million, making it the tenth most populous city in the country. Located 268 km (167 miles) from the national capital New Delhi, Jaipur is also known as the Pink City due to the dominant color scheme of its buildings in old city.[9]

Jaipur was founded in 1727 by

Indian independence
in 1947, Jaipur was made the capital of the newly formed state of Rajasthan in 1949.

Jaipur is a popular

Amer Fort and Jantar Mantar. On 6 July 2019, the city was named to the World Heritage Cities list.[13]

Etymology

Jaipur derives its name from

Amer, who founded the city in 1727.[9] In Sanskrit, variations of the word "pur" or "pura" are commonly used to refer to a city or town with "Jaipur" essentially meaning "The City of Jai" or "Jai's City," paying homage to Maharaja Jai Singh II, who established the city.[14]

History

Sawai Jai Singh, the founder of Jaipur

Jaipur was founded by Rajput chief of

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales in 1876.[17] Many of the avenues still remain painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance and the epithet Pink city.[18]

In the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and had a population of 160,000 in 1900. The wide boulevards were paved and its chief industries were the working of metals and marble, fostered by a school of art founded in 1868.[19] In August 1981, large areas of the city including the airport were flooded due to heavy rains from a cloud burst, resulting in the death of eight people and much damage to the city's Dravyavati River.[20][21] On 6 July 2019, the city was named to the World Heritage Cities list.[22]

Geography

Topography

Jaipur is located in the northeastern part of Rajasthan and covers a total area of 467 square kilometres (180 sq mi). The city is surrounded by fertile alluvial plains to the east and south and hill chains and desert areas to the north and west.[23][24] Jaipur generally slopes downwards from north to south and then to the southeast.[25] The city is surrounded by the Nahargarh hills in the north and Jhalana in the east, which is a part of the Aravalli range.[25]

The Dravyavati River is the primary drainage channel, which by 2014 had degenerated into an untreated sewage nallah. To address this issue, a plan for the rejuvenation of the river was developed by Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) in 2015.[26] A 13 km (8.1 mi) stretch of Dravyavati riverfront out of 47.5 km (29.5 mi) was opened after rejuvenation in 2018 and the remaining project was completed in 2022.[27]

Climate

Jaipur has a monsoon-influenced

hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh) with long, extremely hot summers and short, mild to warm winters. Annual precipitation is over 625 millimetres or 25 inches, falling mostly in July and August due to the southwest monsoon, causing the average temperatures in these two months to be lower compared to drier May and June. During the monsoon, there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The highest temperature ever recorded was 49.0 °C (120.2 °F), on 23 May 1994. The city's average temperature remains below 20 °C or 68 °F between December and February. These months are mild, dry, and pleasant, sometimes chilly. The lowest temperature ever recorded was −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) on 31 January 1905, 1 February 1905 and 16 January 1964. Jaipur, like many other major cities of the world, is a significant urban heat island zone with surrounding rural temperatures occasionally falling below freezing in winters.[28]

Climate data for Jaipur (Jaipur International Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1952–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.7
(89.1)
36.7
(98.1)
42.8
(109.0)
44.9
(112.8)
49.0
(120.2)
47.2
(117.0)
46.7
(116.1)
41.7
(107.1)
41.7
(107.1)
40.0
(104.0)
36.4
(97.5)
32.0
(89.6)
49.0
(120.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5)
26.1
(79.0)
32.0
(89.6)
37.6
(99.7)
41.1
(106.0)
39.7
(103.5)
34.8
(94.6)
32.7
(90.9)
34.2
(93.6)
34.1
(93.4)
29.6
(85.3)
25.1
(77.2)
32.5
(90.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5)
19.1
(66.4)
24.9
(76.8)
30.1
(86.2)
34.1
(93.4)
33.5
(92.3)
30.1
(86.2)
28.5
(83.3)
28.8
(83.8)
27.0
(80.6)
21.9
(71.4)
17.1
(62.8)
25.9
(78.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1)
12.0
(53.6)
17.4
(63.3)
22.8
(73.0)
27.1
(80.8)
27.9
(82.2)
26.2
(79.2)
24.9
(76.8)
24.0
(75.2)
20.1
(68.2)
14.4
(57.9)
9.9
(49.8)
19.6
(67.3)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0)
−2.2
(28.0)
3.3
(37.9)
9.4
(48.9)
15.6
(60.1)
18.4
(65.1)
20.6
(69.1)
18.9
(66.0)
15.0
(59.0)
11.1
(52.0)
3.3
(37.9)
0.0
(32.0)
−2.2
(28.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 5.9
(0.23)
10.2
(0.40)
4.4
(0.17)
7.1
(0.28)
12.2
(0.48)
61.9
(2.44)
190.5
(7.50)
203.4
(8.01)
79.6
(3.13)
19.4
(0.76)
1.9
(0.07)
3.8
(0.15)
600.3
(23.63)
Average rainy days 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.3 4.2 9.8 9.4 4.8 1.2 0.2 0.3 34.3
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
)
38 31 22 18 19 35 62 69 52 32 34 39 38
Average dew point °C (°F) 6
(43)
7
(45)
7
(45)
8
(46)
12
(54)
19
(66)
24
(75)
24
(75)
21
(70)
13
(55)
9
(48)
6
(43)
13
(55)
Average ultraviolet index 5 7 9 11 12 12 12 12 10 8 6 5 9.1
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[29][30][31][32][33] Climate of Jaipur[34] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)[35]
Source 2: Weather Atlas,[36] Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[37]

Demographics

Historical population
Year188118911901191119211931194119511961196819711981199120012011
Pop.142,600158,900160,000137,100120,200144,200175,800291,000403,400533,200636,8001,004,7001,518,2002,322,5753,073,350
±%—    +11.4%+0.7%−14.3%−12.3%+20.0%+21.9%+65.5%+38.6%+32.2%+19.4%+57.8%+51.1%+53.0%+32.3%
Source: Census of India[38][39][40]

According to the provisional report of 2011 census, Jaipur city had a population of 3,073,350.[40] The overall literacy rate for the city is 84.34%.[40] The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males and the child sex ratio was 854.[40]

Languages

The official language of Jaipur is Hindi and the additional official language is English.[6] The native and main dialect of the city is Dhundari with Marwari and Standard Hindi dialects are also spoken, along with English.[41]

Religion

Religion in Jaipur City (2011)
Religion Percent(%)
Hinduism
87.9%
Islam
8.6%
Jainism
2.4%
Others
1.2%

According to the 2011 census,

Jains (2.4%) and others (1.2%).[42]

Government and politics

Administration

House tax, Urban Development tax and octroi compensation along with various fees and user charges.[8] Law and order is maintained by Jaipur city police under the jurisdiction of the Rajasthan state department.[51] There is a district and sessions court at Jaipur to handle civil and criminal cases.[52]

Politics

Jaipur consists of two

Jaipur Rural.[53][54] The Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight legislative assembly segments, all of which fall partly in Jaipur city.[55][56][57]

Infrastructure

Jaipur Development Authority is the nodal government agency responsible for the planning and development of Jaipur.[58] The municipal corporation is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure and carrying out associated administrative duties.[59] Electricity is distributed through Jaipur Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (JVVNL) owned by the Government of Rajasthan.[60] Jaipur municipal corporaiton has a fire department wing with 11 fire stations and 50 fire tenders.[61]

Established in 2018, Jaipur Water Supply and Sewerage Board (JWSSB) is responsible for the management of water supply and sewerage services in the city.[62] The agency is responsible for water supply as per the standards stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the State Pollution Control Board and the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED).[62] It will also be responsible for financing, designing, constructing, altering, repairing, operating, and maintaining various water supply and sewerage schemes in addition to commercial services such as meter reading, billing, and revenue collection.[62] The city has been divided into four main drainage zones with the northern and central zones draining into the Dravyavati river while the western zone drains into the Chandler lake and the eastern and southern areas combined drain into the Dhundh River.[63] Sewerage systems and STPs have been constructed accordingly with the installed capacity being 730 km of sewer lines and 442 MLD of sewage treatment.[64] The corporation has a solid waste management system that includes door-to-door collection, transportation of garbage in covered vehicles, proper deployment of dustbins, use of modern equipment.[65] The system ensures private investment as well as public participation with a small amount of monthly user charges. The size of the JMC garbage can be kept at a manageable level.[65] Sanitation work in three zones have been contracted out to private agencies.[65]

Economy

As per the official records released by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Rajasthan), the GDP (nominal) of Jaipur district is estimated at INR 1,22,140 crores ($15.8 billion) in 2020–21, with a per-capita GDP of INR 141,305.[66] In addition to its role as the provincial capital, educational, and administrative center, the economy of Jaipur is fueled by tourism, gemstone cutting, the manufacture of jewellery and luxury textiles, and information technology.[67]

Three major trade promotion organizations have their offices in Jaipur: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional offices here. In 2008, Jaipur was ranked 31 among the 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing cities.[68] Jaipur Stock Exchange was one of the regional stock exchanges in India and was founded in 1989 but was closed in March 2015.[69]

Jaipur has emerged as a hub of automotive industries with

Robert Bosch GmbH having their manufacturing plants in Jaipur.[70][71][72] There are chemical manufacturers in the city including Emami and National Engineering Industries.[73] The city is among top emerging IT hubs of India. Mahindra World City is an integrated business zone in Jaipur with several software and IT companies.[74][75] The Government of Rajasthan have built Asia's largest incubator in Jaipur – the Bhamashah Techno Hub.[76]

Jaipur is a major hub for arts and crafts. It has many traditional shops selling antiques, jewellery, handicrafts, gems, bangles, pottery, carpets, textiles, leather and metal products. Jaipur is one of India's largest manufacturers of

prosthetic leg for people with below-knee amputations, was designed and is produced in Jaipur.[79][80] World Trade Park Jaipur
, is a shopping mall in Jaipur opened in 2012.

Culture and citiscape

Tourism

Nahargarh Fort

Jaipur is a major tourist destination in India forming a part of the Golden Triangle.[81] In the 2008 Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked the seventh best place to visit in Asia.[82] According to TripAdvisor's 2015 Traveller's Choice Awards, Jaipur was ranked first among the Indian destinations for the year.[83] The Presidential Suite at the Raj Palace Hotel, billed at US$45,000 per night, was listed in second place on CNN's World's 15 most expensive hotel suites in 2012.[84] Jaipur was ranked eighth in "The Top 15 Cities in Asia".[85]

Jaipur Exhibition & Convention Centre (JECC) is Rajasthan's biggest convention and exhibition center.

Jantar Mantar, Nahargarh Fort, Jaigarh Fort, Birla Mandir, Galtaji, Govind Dev Ji Temple, Garh Ganesh Temple, Moti Dungri Ganesh Temple, Sanghiji Jain temple and the Jaipur Zoo.[88] The Jantar Mantar observatory, a collection of 19 astronomical instruments and Amer Fort are World Heritage Sites.[89] Hawa Mahal is a five-storey pyramidal shaped monument with 953 windows[90] that rises 15 metres (50 ft) from its high base. Sisodiya Rani Bagh and Kanak Vrindavan are the major parks in Jaipur.[91]

Culture

Jaipur has many cultural sites like

Jaipur has its own performing arts. The Jaipur Gharana for

Mahavir Jayanti and Christmas. Jaipur is also famous for the Jaipur Literature Festival, the world's largest free literature festival in which authors, writers and literature lovers from all over the country participate.[99]

Architecture

The city was planned according to the Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727.

Amer.[16][101] The architecture of the city was heavily influenced by the 17th century architectural renaissance during Mughal rule in Northern India. The city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates.[102] The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, and the division of the city into six sectors by broad streets 34 m (111  ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five-quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses the Hawa Mahal palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city.[91]

Cuisine

Typical dishes include Dal Baati Churma, Missi Roti, Gatte ki Sabzi, Lahsun ki chutney, Ker Sangri, Makke ki Ghat, Bajre ki Ghat, Bajre ki Roti and Laal Maans.[103] Jaipur is also known for its sweets which include Ghevar, Feeni, Mawa Kachori, Gajak, Meethi thuli, Chauguni ke laddu, and Moong Thal.[104][105]

Transport

Air

apron
can accommodate 14 aircraft, and the new integrated terminal building can handle up to 1,000 passengers at peak hours.

Rail

North Western Railway Zone of Indian Railways.[108] Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan with more than 45,000 passengers daily.[109]

Metro
Jaipur Metro

Jaipur Metro commenced commercial operation on 3 June 2015.[110] Construction on the mostly elevated part of the first line, called Phase 1A, comprising 9.63 kilometres (5.98 mi) of route from Mansarovar to Chandpole Bazaar, started in November 2010, and was completed in 2014. The Jaipur Metro began commercial service between Chandpole and Mansarovar on 3 June 2015. The Jaipur Metro Rail system is India's sixth metro rail system. The Jaipur Metro is the first metro in India to run on triple-storey elevated road and metro track. Phase 1-B, from Chandpole to Badi Chaupar, began operation on 23 September 2020. Phase-1A is operational between Mansarovar and Chandpole consisting of nine stations namely Mansarovar, New Aatish Market, Vivek Vihar, Shyam Nagar, Ram Nagar, Civil Line, Railway Station, Sindhi Camp and Chandpole.[111] The Phase-1B was constructed with an estimated cost of 97.32 billion ($1.74 billion).[112] It became operational on 23 September 2020.[113][114]

Road

Way to Amer Fort (Amber Fort) Jaipur

Jaipur is located on

Rambagh Palace, Golf Club and Jaipur Development Authority Office falling on its path.[121]

Education

The city had three colleges, including a

Arya Group of Colleges
.

Communication

Major telecommunication providers include

VI (Vodafone-Idea) and BSNL which are providing mobile telephony and there are also various internet service providers in the city. The government of Rajasthan has started free WiFi at various public places like Central Park, Jantar Mantar among others. Rajasthan's first ISP Data Ingenious Global Limited still providing large number of broadband customers and email services in entire Jaipur.[125]

Media

Major daily newspapers in Jaipur include

Red FM 93.5 (93.5 MHz) and Gyan Vani (105.6 MHz). The city has a community FM channel in FM Radio 7 (90.4 MHz) by India International School Institutional Network. The public broadcaster Doordarshan (Prasar Bharati
) provides a regional channel in addition to the private broadcasters.

Sports

Sawai Mansingh Stadium

The main cricket stadium in the city,

Sardar Patel Stadium and the Melbourne Cricket Ground
. [130][131] The city is represented in the IPL by Rajasthan Royals (2008–2016; 2018–present)[132][133] and in Pro Kabaddi League by Jaipur Pink Panthers.[134]

In popular culture

Paul McCartney wrote and recorded the Jaipur tribute song "Riding into Jaipur" (4:08) whose minimalist lyrics say: « riding to Jaipur, riding through the night, riding with my baby, oh what a delight, oh what a delight, it is. » The song was released on his 2001 studio album Driving Rain.

Jaipur is the setting for the film The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel and its sequel, The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel, which follow the adventures of a group of senior European ex-pats who retire to Jaipur and in the process discover their true selves.

Notable people

See also

References

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Further reading

External links