Jaish-e-Mohammed
Jaish-e-Mohammed | |
---|---|
جيشِ محمدؐ | |
Notable attacks | 2016 Uri attack
2019 Pulwama attack |
Part of | United Jihad Council Operation Tupac[4] |
Allies | State allies Non-State allies
|
Opponents | State opponents |
Battles and wars | |
Designated as a terrorist group by |
Jaish-e-Mohammed (
Since its inception in 2000, the group has carried out several attacks in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It portrays Kashmir as a "gateway" to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. It has carried out several attacks primarily in the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir.[2][19] It also maintained close relations with the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and continues to be allied with these groups.[20][7][8]
JeM was apparently created with the support of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI),[3][21][22] which uses it to fight in Kashmir and other places, and continues to provide it backing.[23][24] The JeM has been banned in Pakistan since 2002, but resurfaced under other names.[25][26][27] Its apparent variants openly continue to operate several facilities in the country.[28][29]
According to
In 2016, JeM was suspected of being responsible for an attack on the Pathankot airbase in India. The Indian government,[35] and some other sources, accused Pakistan of assisting JeM in conducting the attack.[23][24] Pakistan denied assisting JeM, and arrested several members of JeM in connection with the attack,[36] who were then released by the security establishment according to a report in Dawn.[37] Pakistan called the report an "amalgamation of fiction and fabrication".[38] In February 2019, the group took responsibility for a suicide bombing attack on a security convoy in the Pulwama district that killed 40 security personnel, named as one of the largest attacks in recent years.[39][40]
Origins
Pakistan's
In December 1999, Harkat Islamic jihadis hijacked the
Azhar's leadership is said to be nominal. The group has a largely decentralised structure. JeM's membership, drawn from the former members of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, was allied to the Taliban in Afghanistan and
History
2000–2001
On 20 April 2000, JeM carried out the first suicide bombing in Kashmir, exploding a bomb in an Indian army barracks. Five Indian soldiers were killed.[44]
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Following the
Security specialist
Bans, revolts and split
Earlier in 2001, when the group anticipated that the US State Department would declare it a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation, it renamed itself Tehrik-ul-Furqan and transferred its assets to low-profile supporters. JeM was declared a foreign Islamic jihadist organisation by the United Nations in October 2001 and by the US in December 2001.[54]
In response to the January 2002 ban by Pakistan, JeM changed its name to Khuddam ul-Islam. Khuddam was also banned in 2003, after which it re-branded itself as a charity called Al-Rehmat Trust through which they are accused of raising funds for their activities.[55][18][56]
By this time, the JeM had split into two groups, due to conflicts among the members. Three JeM commanders, Abdul Jabbar, Maulana Umar Farooq and Abdullah Shah Mazhar, left the group and formed Jamaat ul-Furqan. The remaining group that stayed with Masood Azhar used the name Khuddam ul-Islam.[54]
The rank and file of the JeM were angered by Musharraf's U-turn in joining the War on Terror. By staying loyal to the Pakistani state, Masood Azhar lost majority support in the JeM Supreme Council, who demanded his resignation. Particularly influential among the rebels was Maulana Abdul Jabbar, whose faction led a jihad against what they called the "slave" government of Pakistan and the US influence upon it. They were supported by Al Qaeda, and joined by members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Harkatul Mujahideen.[53]
From March to September 2002, the rebels carried out suicide missions on Pakistani officials in cities like Islamabad, Karachi, Murree, Taxila and Bahawalpur. After the fall of the Taliban government, the JeM activists returning from Afghanistan attacked Christian temples, Shia mosques and diplomatic missions inside Pakistan. The ISI demanded Masood Azhar to rein in the rank-and-file. However he had lost control over them. He maintained that they were already expelled from the organisation and the state should arrest them. In fact, most of the factions remained within the JeM and competed with the parent organisation for authority and resources. Some rebellious factions gathered around Abdul Jabbar who launched Jamaat-ul-Furqan in late 2002. The rebel factions were supported by "rogue" members of the ISI.[57]
In November 2003, the Musharraf government banned the renamed Khuddam ul-Islam as well as Jamaat-ul-Furqan. Then the rebels carried out two assassination attempts on President Musharraf himself, on 14 December and 25 December 2003. There was evidence of Pakistan military members providing logistical support for the attempts. The explosives used in the bombings were traced to an Al Qaeda camp in South Waziristan. Masood Azhar too had publicly called for the assassination of Musharraf.[58]
Eventually, the government cracked down on the rogue elements in the military and intelligence establishments. More than a hundred members were apprehended and dismissed, with some members being sentenced to death. However, the majority of the militant infrastructure was left intact. Azhar's group, which had fallen into relative obscurity by 2004, was allowed to rebuild itself after the problematic portions of the leadership were purged.
Revival
Masood Azhar stayed loyal to the Pakistani state after 2004. Pakistan in turn protected his group despite the official bans. The group continued to grow in Bahawalpur.[41] In 2009, it was reported to have built a large 6.5 acre walled complex in Bahawalpur, along with a swimming pool and a stable for a dozen horses, which could be used for training militants.[28] India Today later revealed that the complex has been branded as 'Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah' and that it was 8 km. away from the headquarters of Pakistan Army's 31 Corps.[60] In the centre of the city, the group runs an "imposing" madrassa, attended by hundreds of children every year. In 2008, the organisation held a massive three-day rally in the city, with its own armed security guards posted at all the entrances to the city centre. The police were conspicuous by their absence.[28]
Masood Azhar kept a low profile for several years until he resurfaced in 2014, giving fiery speeches calling for more attacks on India and the United States. He boasted of having 300 suicide attackers at his command and threatened to kill Narendra Modi if he were to become the Prime Minister.[42][61]
Bruce Riedel connects the revival of JeM to the return to office of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, who had long advocated a 'détente' with India. The developing links between him and the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, especially following the latter's visit to Lahore on the Christmas Day in 2015, angered the group.[42]
2016
A week after Narendra Modi's visit, in January 2016, the group launched an attack on the Pathankot air base in which seven security personnel were killed. This was immediately followed by an attack on the Indian consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan.[42] Both India and Pakistan condemned the attack and stayed on course with their peace process. Pakistan has also followed on the leads provided by India and carried out raids on the offices of JeM. It announced the formation of a joint investigation team with India to investigate the attack.[62] It was also announced that Masood Azhar was taken into "protective custody".[63] However, JeM issued a statement denying that anybody had been arrested.[64]
In April 2016, the JeM chief Masood Azhar was said to be free but "within reach, if needed". According to
Following the onset of the
In September 2016, jihadi militants attacked the Indian brigade headquarters in Uri, close to the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir. The attack resulted in the death of 19 soldiers, described as the deadliest attack in over two decades. India suspected JeM for the attack. It also made its feelings felt with heavy rhetoric, the Indian Home Minister calling Pakistan a "terrorist state" and noting that the perpetrators were "highly trained, heavily armed, and specially equipped". Pakistan denied involvement.[66] India then launched a diplomatic offensive, trying to isolate Pakistan in the world community. On 28 September, it declared that it had carried out "surgical strikes" on alleged JeM camps in Pakistani-administered Kashmir. The claim was however denied by Pakistan.[67]
2019
On 14 February 2019, Jaish-e-Mohammed carried out and claimed responsibility [68] for a suicide attack in Lathpora near Awantipora in Pulwama District in Kashmir on a convoy of security forces that killed at least 40 Indian personnel. A bus carrying 39 Central Reserve Police Force personnel was rammed by a car carrying 350 kg of explosives.[69]
On 26 February 2019, 12
On 27 August 2019, two members of a nomadic community were killed by terrorists believed to be members of Jaish-e-Mohammed in the higher reaches of Tral in south Kashmir after they were abducted from their temporary shelter.[76]
2021
After the Taliban seizure of Afghanistan, many JeM cadres were released, the JeM and Taliban have held meetings and the JeM has been assured of all support in carrying out its activities in India.[77] The Hindustan Times reported on Oct 27, 2021 that JeM's leader Masood Azhar met w/ Taliban leaders including Mullah Baradar in Khandar in late August 2021 seeking their help in the Kashmir fight.
Ideology and goals
The declared objective of the JeM is to liberate Kashmir and merge it with Pakistan. However, it projects Kashmir as a "gateway" to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry its jihad to other parts of India, with an intent to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the Indian subcontinent.[78][79]
JeM also aims to drive the United States and Western forces from Afghanistan.[79][80] The JeM leader Masood Azhar is reported to have said in a speech in Karachi:
Marry for jihad, give birth for jihad and earn money only for jihad till the cruelty of America and India ends.[81]
In late 2002, Christians were targeted across Pakistan and the gunmen belonging to JeM were caught for the acts.
Organisation
Leadership
JeM's founder and leader (emir) is Maulana Masood Azhar, who had earlier been a leader of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. Having trained at the same religious seminary (Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia in Karachi) as the Taliban founder Mullah Omar, he had long-standing connections to Taliban and Al Qaeda.[83] He had fought in Afghanistan and set up Harkat affiliates in Chechnya, Central Asia and Somalia. He was reputed to have taught the Somalis how to shoot down American Black Hawk helicopters.[44] He was regarded as a close associate of Osama bin Laden, when he was sent to Britain for fund raising in the early 1990s.[84] In 1994 Azhar went to Indian-administered Kashmir on a "mission" and got arrested by Indian security forces. Reportedly, Osama bin Laden wanted Azhar freed and ordered Al Qaeda to arrange the hijacking that led to his release. Subsequently, Azhar was lionized in Pakistan and promoted by the ISI as the leader of the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed.[44] Azhar was specially designated as a "global Islamic terrorist" by the US Treasury Department in 2010.[83]
JeM is run by Azhar's family like a family enterprise.
Latif was mysteriously assassinated in Daska town, Sialkot district[88]
Membership
The launch of JeM in Karachi in 2000 was attended by 10,000 armed followers.[89] The majority of the early membership was drawn from Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.[18] Having fought in Afghanistan alongside the Taliban and Al Qaeda, these members carried loyalty to those organisations and enmity towards the United States.[7]
Approximately three-quarters of JeM's membership is drawn from Punjab in Pakistan, from
Following the split in 2002, the majority of the original fighters left the parent organisation and joined renegade groups. When the organisation was revived by 2009, JeM was believed to have between one and two thousand fighters and several thousand supporting personnel.[59] Masood Azhar claimed having 300 suicide attackers at his command.[42]
Infrastructure
JeM originally operated training camps in Afghanistan, jointly with the other militant groups. After the fall of the Taliban government, it relocated them to
Publications
Like other jihadi outfits in the country, JeM distills its ideology through the print media, its publications including the weekly Al-Qalam in Urdu and English, monthly Ayeshatul Binat in Urdu for women and weekly Musalman Bachy for children.[93]
Other E-publications are made on telegram channels usually stating their successes in their operations against Indian
army and publishing statements of the leadership of the organization[94]
Links to other organisations
When JeM started, it had strong ties to the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, sharing their training camps in Afghanistan, and exchanging intelligence, training and coordination.[95] Bruce Riedel suggests that the 2001 Indian Parliament attack was possibly a "payback" to Al-Qaeda for its earlier help in getting Masood Azhar released. With the Indian reaction to the attack, Pakistan was forced to move its forces from the Afghan border to the Indian border, relieving pressure on Al-Qaeda.[96]
Most of the JeM members with loyalties to the Taliban left to join renegade groups in 2002. However, Masood Azhar's group was noticed recruiting fighters for the Afghan jihad in 2008.
JeM continues to have links to its ancestor, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. In addition, the group has operational ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba, which it employed in launching the 2001 Indian Parliament attack.[42] It joined the ISI-sponsored United Jihad Council, an umbrella organisation of 13–16 militant organisations that fight in Indian-administered Kashmir.[99]
Khuddam ul-Islam is a militant splinter group of the Jaish-e-Mohammed. It is a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the
Notable attacks
- The group, in co-ordination with Lashkar-e-Taiba, has been implicated in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack in New Delhi.[18][42]
- It has been suspected in the murder of American journalist Daniel Pearl in Karachi.[2][28]
- Rahul Gandhi kidnap plot was a failed plot of this militant group to kidnap a prominent Indian political personality in lieu of 42 militant imprisoned in India. Several newspapers reported that the political personality was Rahul Gandhi, scion of the India's Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty.[103][104] The three Pakistani nationals were arrested namely Mohammed Abid alias Fateh from Lahore, Yusuf alias Faisal of Multan and Mirza Rashid Beg alias Raja Kajafi of Sialkot.[105][106][107]
- An informant, posing as a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed, helped police to arrest four people allegedly plotting to bomb a New York City synagogue as well as to shoot Stinger missiles at military aircraft in the United States. The arrest of the four took place in May 2009. One of the four, by the name of James Cromitie, allegedly expressed the desire to join Jaish-e-Mohammed. This expression allegedly took place approximately a year prior to this arrest.[108][109][110]
- In January 2016, members of the group were suspected of carrying out the Pathankot attack.[111][112]
- In September 2016, the group was accused of carrying out an attack over an army camp at Uri, Kashmir.[113]
- On 14 February 2019, a suicide bomber of the group, Adil Ahmad Dar, carried out a suicide bombing attack on a convoy of security vehicles near Pulwama, Jammu & Kashmir and killed at least 40 CRPF personnel.[69]
See also
- List of Deobandi organisations
- 2009 detention of Americans by Pakistan
- Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
- Abdul Rauf Asghar
- Khuddam ul-Islam
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General bibliography
- Abou Zahab, Mariam; ISBN 978-1-85065-704-0
- Bowen, Innes (2014), Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam, Hurst, ISBN 978-1-84904-529-2
- Cronin, Audrey Kurth; Aden, Huda; Frost, Adam; Jones, Benjamin (6 February 2004), "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (PDF), CRS Report for Congress, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service: 40–43, retrieved 2 December 2012
- ISBN 978-0-19-989271-6
- Gregory, Shaun (2007), "The ISI and the War on Terrorism", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30 (12): 1013–1031, S2CID 71331428
- Gunaratna, Rohan; Kam, Stefanie (2016), Handbook of Terrorism in the Asia–Pacific, World Scientific, ISBN 978-1-78326-997-6
- Honawar, Rohit (November 2005), Jaish-e-Mohammed (PDF), New Delhi: Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, retrieved 11 October 2016
- ISBN 978-0-19-023518-5
- Majidyar, Ahmad (June 2010), Could the Taliban Take Over Pakistan's Punjab Province? (PDF), American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, retrieved 16 October 2016
- Moj, Muhammad (2015), The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-78308-389-3
- Moore, John (2001). "The Evolution of Islamic Terrorism: An Overview". Frontline: Target America. PBS Online and WGBH/Frontline. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- Popovic, Milos (2015), "The Perils of Weak Organization: Explaining Loyalty and Defection of Militant Organizations Toward Pakistan", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (11): 919–937, S2CID 108668097
- ISBN 978-0-14-191909-6
- Riedel, Bruce O. (2012), Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8157-2274-8
- "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) Factsheet". United States Department of State. 11 October 2005.