Jalal al-Din Mangburni
Jalal al-Din Mangburni | |
---|---|
Gurganj | |
Died | 1231 Silvan, Diyarbakır |
Spouse | Terken Khatun Sulafa Khatun |
Dynasty | Anushtegin dynasty |
Father | Muhammad II |
Mother | Ay-Chichek |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Jalal al-Din Mangburni (
The new Shah Jalal al-Din moved to Gurganj, but departed eastwards after Terken Khatun moved against him; evading
Name and early life
The spelling and meaning of his Turkic personal name are obscure.[1] Early scholarship spelled it as Manguburti (or similar variants), whilst the most common variant today is Mangburni ("with a birthmark on the nose") or Mingirini ("valiant fighter worth one thousand men"; cf. Persian hazarmard).[2]: 142
Jalal al-Din was reportedly the eldest son of the
Mongol campaigns
Mongol invasion and accession
However, through a combination of excellent manoeuvering and planning, the Mongols managed to carve a path of destruction through Khwarazmia.
Jalal ad-Din rode to
Battles at Parwan and the Indus
Jalal al-Din, who had just married Temur Malik's daughter to solidify ties, marched towards
Jalal al-Din had won several victories against the Mongols in 1221, and after the Battle of Parwan, independent insurgency groups emerged in multiple cities inspired by his deeds. Kushteghin Pahlawan launched a revolt in Merv and ousted the Mongol administration; he then made a successful attack on Bukhara, while Herat also rebelled. These revolts would be crushed by the Mongols, and many atrocities perpetuated as retribution.
Genghis Khan, now
Later campaigns
Indian subcontinent
After the battle of Indus, Jalal al-Din crossed the Indus and settled in India. A local prince, who had six thousand men attacked Jalal al-Din's makeshift forces of no more than four thousand, but al-Din still triumphed, greatly enhancing his Indian appeal.
Under Doqshin's leadership, the Mongol army took
Persia and Georgia
Having gathered an army and entered Persia, Jalal ad-Din sought to re-establish the Khwarazm kingdom, but he never fully consolidated his power. In 1224, he confirmed Burak Hadjib, ruler of the Qara Khitai, in Kerman, and received the submission of his brother Ghiyath, who had established himself in Hamadan and Isfahan, and the province of Fars, and clashed with the Caliph An Nasser in Khuzestan, from whom he captured parts of Western Iran. The next year, he dethroned the Uzbek Muzaffar al-Din, ruler of the Eldiguzids, and set himself up in their capital of Tabriz on 25 July 1225. That same year, he attacked Georgia, defeating its forces in the battle of Garni, and conquered Tbilisi,[12]: 260 after which a hundred thousand citizens were allegedly put to death for not renouncing Christianity.
Jalal ad-Din spent the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, pretenders to the throne and the
Death
Through the ruler of
Jalal al-Din's kingdom swiftly collapsed after his death; his nobles squabbled over territory and would be overcome easily by the Mongols. Several thousand, however, took up service with the princes of Anatolia and Syria to escape the Mongols. They continued to be a force in Syrian politics until their destruction in 1246.
Some
Legacy and assessment
Jalal al-Din was considered by many to be a fearless commander and a great warrior. His biographer, Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, described him as follows:
He was swarthy (dark-skinned), small in stature, Turkic in "behavior" and speech, but he also spoke Persian. As for his courage, I have mentioned it many times when describing the battles he took part in. He was a lion among lions and the most fearless among his valiant horsemen. He was mild in his temper though, did not get easily provoked and never used bad language.[20]
Juzjani described al-Din as "endowed with great heroism, valour and high talents and accomplishments".[21] Yaqut al-Hamawi notes that Jalal al-Din was known as a bellicose warrior and Jalal al-Din's passiveness after the Battle of Yassıçemen was seen as unbelievable. Modern historians are also positive concerning his military talent. Carl Sverdrup described Jalal al-Din as "brave and energetic";[22] while Timothy May describes him as the most stalwart enemy of the Mongols in West Asia until the time of the Mamluk Sultanate.[6] Due to his reputation for resisting the Mongols, Jalal al-Din is commonly depicted on artwork resembling that of the Persian epic Shahnameh, where he is associated with the mythological warrior Rostam.[2]: 145
Though considered a successful warrior and a general, Jalal al-Din is considered a poor ruler and the loss of his re-established empire to Mongols has been attributed to his poor diplomacy and rulership; he was seen as untrustworthy and warmongering.[19] His enmity with many neighbors resulted in his isolation against the Mongol army of Chormaqan.[15] Vasily Bartold believed that Jalal al-Din executed more cruel and irrational brutality than Genghis Khan did. Even al-Nasawi was unable to justify the negative impact Jalal al-Din's rule and conduct of his soldiers had on his subjects.[2]: 145 Jalal al-Din is represented as a hero valianty fighting for "Persian independence" by the Iranian bureaucrat and historian Ata-Malik Juvayni (died 1283), who, however, was in reality aware that Jalal al-Din was fighting for his own survival and selfish motives.[23]
Cultural influence
Jalal al-Din was the subject of the Uzbek-Turkish TV series Mendirman Jaloliddin, created by Mehmet Bozdağ in collaboration with the Uzbek Ministry of Culture and Sports, where he was played by Emre Kıvılcım.[24] A sculpture of him by Saragt Babaýew won a national competition in 2015, receiving a prize from the president of Turkmenistan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow.[25]
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ "Jalāl-Al-Din Kwārazmšāh (I) Mengübirni". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ . Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8.
- ^ a b An-Nasawi. "Description of life of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu. Chapter 38". Vostochnaya Literatura (Eastern Literature) (in Russian). Retrieved 2 November 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-306-82396-1.
- ^ JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11.
- ^ ISBN 978-9943-357-21-1.
- ^ OCLC 4523164.
- ^ a b c d e Juvaini, Ata-Malik (c. 1260). Tarikh-i Jahangushay تاریخ جهانگشای [History of the World Conqueror] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Translated by Andrew Boyle, John.
- ISBN 9781139056045.
- .
- ^ ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
- ISBN 0-312-31444-2.
- ^ JSTOR 4299834.
- ^ a b c "Mongol Empire: Chormaquan and the Mongol Conquest of the Middle East". HistoryNet. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ Irwin, Robert (1999). "Islam and the Mediterranean: The rise of the Mamluks". In Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 5, c.1198–c.1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 611.
- ^ Pelliot, P. (1923). "Les Mongols et la Papauté" (PDF). Revue de l'Orient Chrétien. 23: 3–30.
- ^ Khorandezî Zeydârî, Nasawî. Sîret-i Celâleddîn-i Mingburnî. Tehran. p. 1344.
- ^ a b Taneri, Aydin (1977). Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and his era (in Turkish). Ankara: Publications of the Ministry of Culture. pp. 81–83, 85–91.
- ^ Buniyatov, Z.M (1996). Shikhab an-Nasawi. Sirat as-sultan Jalal al-Din Mankburni (Biography of sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu) (in Russian). Vostochnaya Literatura, Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 288.
- ^ Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj. Tabakat-i Nasiri. Translated by Raverty, H. G. p. 285.
- ISBN 978-1-910777-71-8.
- ^ Lane 2012, p. 251.
- ^ "New Turkish series about Sultan Jalaluddin Khwarazmshah to release in Uzbekistan". The News International. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ "Hormatly Prezidentimiz Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Türkmen bedewiniň baýramyna bagyşlanan dabaralara gatnaşdy". turkmenistan.gov.tm. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
Bibliography
- Barthold W. (1968). Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion (third ed.). Messers. Luzac and Company Ltd.
- J. A. Boyle, ed. (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06936-6.
- OCLC 938109618.
- Buniyatov, Z.M. (2015). A History of The Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids 1097–1231. IICAS Samarkand. ISBN 978-9943-357-21-1.
- Cahen, Claude (1971). "ʿAbdallaṭīf al-Baghdādī et les Khwārizmiens". In ISBN 9780852242001.
- Grousset, Rene (2005). The Empire of The Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-0627-1.
- )
- Juvaini, Ala-ad-Din Ata-Malik (1997). Genghis Khan History of the World Conqurer. Translated by Boyle, J.A. (third ed.). Mancherter University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5144-4.
- ISBN 978-1-934283-04-2.
- Lane, George E. (2012). "The Mongols in Iran". In ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7.
- Mclynn, Frank (2015). Genghis Khan His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82396-1.
- Paul, Jürgen (2017). "Jalāl al-Dīn Mangburnī". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
- Tanner, Stephen (2002). Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander The Great to the Fall of The Taliban. DA CAPO Press. ISBN 0-306-81233-9.
Further reading
- Melville, Charles (2021). "Juvaini's Account of Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and the Crossing of the Indus: Historiographical and Pictorial Aspects". Iran Namag. 6 (3–4).