Jalal al-Din Mangburni

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(Redirected from
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
)

Jalal al-Din Mangburni
Gurganj
Died1231
Silvan, Diyarbakır
SpouseTerken Khatun
Sulafa Khatun
DynastyAnushtegin dynasty
FatherMuhammad II
MotherAy-Chichek
ReligionSunni Islam

Jalal al-Din Mangburni (

Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire led to his father's flight and death on an island in the Caspian Sea
, Jalal-al Din gained the loyalty of the majority of Khwarazmian loyalists.

The new Shah Jalal al-Din moved to Gurganj, but departed eastwards after Terken Khatun moved against him; evading

Khwarazmiyya
until its final defeat in 1246.

Name and early life

The spelling and meaning of his Turkic personal name are obscure.[1] Early scholarship spelled it as Manguburti (or similar variants), whilst the most common variant today is Mangburni ("with a birthmark on the nose") or Mingirini ("valiant fighter worth one thousand men"; cf. Persian hazarmard).[2]: 142 

Jalal al-Din was reportedly the eldest son of the

Ghurid Empire) to Jalal al-Din.[2]
: 142 

Mongol campaigns

Mongol invasion and accession

Terken Khatun still wielded substantial power in the realm – one historian termed the relationship between the Shah and his mother as 'an uneasy diarchy', which often acted to Muhammad's disadvantage.[10]: 14–15  The Shah also distrusted most of his commanders, with the only exception being Jalal al-Din. If he had sought open battle, as many of his commanders wished, he would certainly have been greatly outmatched in quantity of troops, let alone quality.[11] The Shah thus made the decision to distribute his forces as garrison troops inside his most important towns, such as Samarkand, Merv and Nishapur.[6][12]: 238  Meanwhile, the Shah raised taxes to raise a field army, with whom he would harass the besieging Mongol forces.[7]
: 113 

However, through a combination of excellent manoeuvering and planning, the Mongols managed to carve a path of destruction through Khwarazmia.

during the latter half of 1220.

Jalal ad-Din rode to

Nesa, killing most of the force including two brothers of Toghachar, son in law of Genghis Khan.[5]: 295  The Mongols pursued, past Nishapur and Herat, but lost the trail before Ghazni, where al-Din found 50,000 loyalists waiting for him. After a few days, he was joined by his maternal uncle Temur Malik, who brought an additional 30,000 veterans – al-Din now had a sizeable force with which to strike back at the Mongols.[5]: 303–4  Meanwhile, back in Khwarazm, Gurganj, Merv, Balkh, and Nishapur had all been taken by the Mongol forces.[9]
: 150–2 

Battles at Parwan and the Indus

Battle of the Indus: Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid Indus River on horseback, escaping Genghis Khan and the Mongol army.

Jalal al-Din, who had just married Temur Malik's daughter to solidify ties, marched towards

Battle of Waliyan; the numerically inferior Mongols lost 1,000 and retreated across the river, destroying the bridge.[8]: 442  Genghis sent an army numbering between thirty and forty-five thousand under Shigi Qutuqu to confront the Shah. The Battle of Parwan was fought on a rock-strewn, narrow valley which was unsuitable for the Mongol cavalry, and the Muslims fought dismounted until the final charge led by Jalal ad-Din, who personally commanded the center, resulting in the repulsion of the Mongols.[13] This battle made Jalal al-Din's reputation; however, he soon lost half of his army through infighting: the sources report a dispute over booty between Temur Malik and Ighrak, commander of the right flank.[2]

Jalal al-Din had won several victories against the Mongols in 1221, and after the Battle of Parwan, independent insurgency groups emerged in multiple cities inspired by his deeds. Kushteghin Pahlawan launched a revolt in Merv and ousted the Mongol administration; he then made a successful attack on Bukhara, while Herat also rebelled. These revolts would be crushed by the Mongols, and many atrocities perpetuated as retribution.

Genghis Khan, now

ensuing battle in November 1221.[8]: 446  The Shah escaped the battle by jumping into the river fully armed, and reaching the other shore.[5]: 309  This act of desperation is said to have drawn the admiration of Genghis Khan, who forbade Mongols to pursue the Shah or shoot him with arrows. The Shah's surviving troops were however slaughtered, along with his harem and children.[9]
: 133–4 

Later campaigns

Qal 'a Nay
mint

Indian subcontinent

After the battle of Indus, Jalal al-Din crossed the Indus and settled in India. A local prince, who had six thousand men attacked Jalal al-Din's makeshift forces of no more than four thousand, but al-Din still triumphed, greatly enhancing his Indian appeal.

tumens to pursue al-Din, whom he still regarded as a threat, in early 1222; one account has Doqshin fail to secure al-Din, and return to the Khan in Samarkand, who was so infuriated Doqshin was sent out at once on the same task.[9]: 141  Meanwhile, al-Din was quarrelling with local princes, but was mostly victorious when it came to battle.[14]

Under Doqshin's leadership, the Mongol army took

Nandana from one of the lieutenants of Jalal ad-Din, sacked it, then proceeded to besiege the larger Multan. The Mongol army managed to breach the wall but the city was defended successfully by the Khwarezmians; due to the hot weather, the Mongols were forced to retreat after 42 days. Peter Jackson suggests that Doqshin, having been instructed not to return unsuccessfully, eventually converted to Islam and joined al-Din.[14] The rest of al-Din's three years in exile in India were spent in taking large parts of Lahore and the Punjab; he returned to Persia at the behest of his brother Ghiyath al-Din Pirshah, who still controlled parts of Persia, in late 1223.[14]

Persia and Georgia

The Georgians (left) against the Khwarezmians (right) in the battle of Bolnisi in 1227. From the Tarikh-i Jahangushay manuscript created in Shiraz, Iran, in 1438.

Having gathered an army and entered Persia, Jalal ad-Din sought to re-establish the Khwarazm kingdom, but he never fully consolidated his power. In 1224, he confirmed Burak Hadjib, ruler of the Qara Khitai, in Kerman, and received the submission of his brother Ghiyath, who had established himself in Hamadan and Isfahan, and the province of Fars, and clashed with the Caliph An Nasser in Khuzestan, from whom he captured parts of Western Iran. The next year, he dethroned the Uzbek Muzaffar al-Din, ruler of the Eldiguzids, and set himself up in their capital of Tabriz on 25 July 1225. That same year, he attacked Georgia, defeating its forces in the battle of Garni, and conquered Tbilisi,[12]: 260  after which a hundred thousand citizens were allegedly put to death for not renouncing Christianity.

Jalal ad-Din spent the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, pretenders to the throne and the

Fars. Jalal ad-Din moved against Ahlat again in 1229. However, he was defeated in this campaign by Sultan Kayqubad I at the Battle of Yassıçemen in 1230, from whence he escaped to Diyarbakır.[16]

Death

Through the ruler of

Kurd who claimed that he was avenging his brother, who had been killed in Ahlat.[18]

Jalal al-Din's kingdom swiftly collapsed after his death; his nobles squabbled over territory and would be overcome easily by the Mongols. Several thousand, however, took up service with the princes of Anatolia and Syria to escape the Mongols. They continued to be a force in Syrian politics until their destruction in 1246.

Hulagu Khan
, who married her to the governor of Mosul.

Some

Mazandaran claimed he was Jalal al-Din. After he was defeated, the Mongols verified that his claim was false, and he was executed. In the year 1254, a leader of a merchant group claimed he was Jalal al-Din; detained and tortured, he asserted he was truthful until his death.[19]

Legacy and assessment

Al-Mustansir Bi'llah
623–628 AH (1226–1231 AD).
Equestrian statue of Jalal ad-Din in Urgench

Jalal al-Din was considered by many to be a fearless commander and a great warrior. His biographer, Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, described him as follows:

He was swarthy (dark-skinned), small in stature, Turkic in "behavior" and speech, but he also spoke Persian. As for his courage, I have mentioned it many times when describing the battles he took part in. He was a lion among lions and the most fearless among his valiant horsemen. He was mild in his temper though, did not get easily provoked and never used bad language.[20]

Juzjani described al-Din as "endowed with great heroism, valour and high talents and accomplishments".[21] Yaqut al-Hamawi notes that Jalal al-Din was known as a bellicose warrior and Jalal al-Din's passiveness after the Battle of Yassıçemen was seen as unbelievable. Modern historians are also positive concerning his military talent. Carl Sverdrup described Jalal al-Din as "brave and energetic";[22] while Timothy May describes him as the most stalwart enemy of the Mongols in West Asia until the time of the Mamluk Sultanate.[6] Due to his reputation for resisting the Mongols, Jalal al-Din is commonly depicted on artwork resembling that of the Persian epic Shahnameh, where he is associated with the mythological warrior Rostam.[2]: 145 

Though considered a successful warrior and a general, Jalal al-Din is considered a poor ruler and the loss of his re-established empire to Mongols has been attributed to his poor diplomacy and rulership; he was seen as untrustworthy and warmongering.[19] His enmity with many neighbors resulted in his isolation against the Mongol army of Chormaqan.[15] Vasily Bartold believed that Jalal al-Din executed more cruel and irrational brutality than Genghis Khan did. Even al-Nasawi was unable to justify the negative impact Jalal al-Din's rule and conduct of his soldiers had on his subjects.[2]: 145  Jalal al-Din is represented as a hero valianty fighting for "Persian independence" by the Iranian bureaucrat and historian Ata-Malik Juvayni (died 1283), who, however, was in reality aware that Jalal al-Din was fighting for his own survival and selfish motives.[23]

Cultural influence

Jalal al-Din was the subject of the Uzbek-Turkish TV series Mendirman Jaloliddin, created by Mehmet Bozdağ in collaboration with the Uzbek Ministry of Culture and Sports, where he was played by Emre Kıvılcım.[24] A sculpture of him by Saragt Babaýew won a national competition in 2015, receiving a prize from the president of Turkmenistan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow.[25]

References

Notes

  1. ^ As with the Mongol army, there is also debate as to the size and composition of the Shah's forces. Juvaini states that 50,000 were sent to aid Otrar, and gives a total of around 400,000.[9]: 82  Most modern historians, however, prefer figures of between 50,000 and 150,000 effective soldiers.

Citations

  1. ^ "Jalāl-Al-Din Kwārazmšāh (I) Mengübirni". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  2. ^ . Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  3. .
  4. ^ a b An-Nasawi. "Description of life of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu. Chapter 38". Vostochnaya Literatura (Eastern Literature) (in Russian). Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  5. ^ .
  6. ^ .
  7. ^ .
  8. ^ .
  9. ^ a b c d e Juvaini, Ata-Malik (c. 1260). Tarikh-i Jahangushay تاریخ جهانگشای [History of the World Conqueror] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Translated by Andrew Boyle, John.
  10. .
  11. .
  12. ^ .
  13. .
  14. ^ .
  15. ^ a b c "Mongol Empire: Chormaquan and the Mongol Conquest of the Middle East". HistoryNet. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  16. ^ Irwin, Robert (1999). "Islam and the Mediterranean: The rise of the Mamluks". In Abulafia, David (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 5, c.1198–c.1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 611.
  17. ^ Pelliot, P. (1923). "Les Mongols et la Papauté" (PDF). Revue de l'Orient Chrétien. 23: 3–30.
  18. ^ Khorandezî Zeydârî, Nasawî. Sîret-i Celâleddîn-i Mingburnî. Tehran. p. 1344.
  19. ^ a b Taneri, Aydin (1977). Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and his era (in Turkish). Ankara: Publications of the Ministry of Culture. pp. 81–83, 85–91.
  20. ^ Buniyatov, Z.M (1996). Shikhab an-Nasawi. Sirat as-sultan Jalal al-Din Mankburni (Biography of sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu) (in Russian). Vostochnaya Literatura, Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 288.
  21. ^ Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj. Tabakat-i Nasiri. Translated by Raverty, H. G. p. 285.
  22. .
  23. ^ Lane 2012, p. 251.
  24. ^ "New Turkish series about Sultan Jalaluddin Khwarazmshah to release in Uzbekistan". The News International. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  25. ^ "Hormatly Prezidentimiz Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Türkmen bedewiniň baýramyna bagyşlanan dabaralara gatnaşdy". turkmenistan.gov.tm. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2021.

Bibliography

Further reading

Preceded by
Muhammad II
Sultan of the Khwarezmian Empire

1220–1231
Succeeded by