James Joseph Sylvester

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James Joseph Sylvester
St. John's College, Cambridge
Known for
AwardsRoyal Medal (1861)
Copley Medal (1880)
De Morgan Medal (1887)
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
InstitutionsJohns Hopkins University
University College London
University of Virginia
Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
University of Oxford
Academic advisorsJohn Hymers
Augustus De Morgan
Doctoral studentsWilliam Durfee
George B. Halsted
Washington Irving Stringham
Other notable studentsIsaac Todhunter
William Roberts McDaniel
Harry Fielding Reid
Christine Ladd-Franklin

James Joseph Sylvester

Oxford University
.

Biography

James Joseph was born in London on 3 September 1814, the son of Abraham Joseph, a Jewish merchant.[1] James later adopted the surname Sylvester when his older brother did so upon emigration to the United States.

At the age of 14, Sylvester was a student of Augustus De Morgan at the University of London (now University College London). His family withdrew him from the university after he was accused of stabbing a fellow student with a knife. Subsequently, he attended the Liverpool Royal Institution.

Sylvester began his study of mathematics at

MA by Trinity College Dublin. In the same year he moved to the United States to become a professor of mathematics at the University of Virginia, but left after less than four months. A student who had been reading a newspaper in one of Sylvester's lectures insulted him and Sylvester struck him with a sword stick. The student collapsed in shock and Sylvester believed (wrongly) that he had killed him. Sylvester resigned when he felt that the university authorities had not sufficiently disciplined the student.[4] He moved to New York City and began friendships with the Harvard mathematician Benjamin Peirce (father of Charles Sanders Peirce
) and the Princeton physicist Joseph Henry. However, he left in November 1843 after being denied appointment as Professor of Mathematics at Columbia College (now University), again for his Judaism, and returned to England.

On his return to England, he was hired in 1844 by the Equity and Law Life Assurance Society for which he developed successful actuarial models and served as de facto CEO, a position that required a law degree. As a result, he studied for the Bar, meeting a fellow British mathematician studying law, Arthur Cayley, with whom he made significant contributions to invariant theory and also matrix theory during a long collaboration.[5] He did not obtain a position teaching university mathematics until 1855, when he was appointed professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, from which he retired in 1869, because the compulsory retirement age was 55. The Woolwich academy initially refused to pay Sylvester his full pension, and only relented after a prolonged public controversy, during which Sylvester took his case to the letters page of The Times.

One of Sylvester's lifelong passions was for poetry; he read and translated works from the original French, German, Italian,

prosody in poetry.[6]

In 1872, he finally received his B.A. and M.A. from Cambridge, having been denied the degrees due to his being a Jew.[2]

In 1876

Baltimore, Maryland. His salary was $5,000 (quite generous for the time), which he demanded be paid in gold. After negotiation, agreement was reached on a salary that was not paid in gold.[8]

In 1877, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.[9]

In 1878 he founded the American Journal of Mathematics. The only other mathematical journal in the US at that time was the Analyst, which eventually became the Annals of Mathematics.

In 1883, he returned to England to take up the

Oxford University. He held this chair until his death, although in 1892 the university appointed a deputy professor to the same chair. He was on the governing body of Abingdon School.[10]

Sylvester died at 5 Hertford Street, London on 15 March 1897. He is buried in Balls Pond Road Cemetery on Kingsbury Road in London.[11]

Legacy

Sylvester invented a great number of mathematical terms such as "

orchard problem
, and in matrix theory he discovered Sylvester's determinant identity,[16] which generalizes the Desnanot–Jacobi identity.[17] His collected scientific work fills four volumes. In 1880, the Royal Society of London awarded Sylvester the Copley Medal, its highest award for scientific achievement; in 1901, it instituted the Sylvester Medal in his memory, to encourage mathematical research after his death in Oxford.

Sylvester House, a portion of an undergraduate dormitory at Johns Hopkins University, is named in his honor. Several professorships there are named in his honor also.

Publications

See also

References

  1. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Sylvester, James Joseph (SLVR831JJ)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  3. ^ Bell, Eric Temple (1986). Men of Mathematics. Simon Schuster.
  4. ^ Biography of Sylvester, MacTutor, University of St. Andrews, accessed 6 October 2021
  5. .
  6. ^ Sylvester, J. J. (1870). The Laws of Verse, or, Principles of Versification Exemplified in Metrical Translations. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
  7. ^ "Preliminary Outline of Instructions for the Session Beginning October 3, 1876". Johns Hopkins University. Official Circulars (5). September 1876.
  8. ^ Hawkins, Hugh (1960). Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 1874-1889. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 41–43.
  9. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  10. ^ "School Notes" (PDF). The Abingdonian.
  11. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  12. ^ Matrices and determinants, The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
  13. ^ See:
  14. ^ J. J. Sylvester (1851) "On a remarkable discovery in the theory of canonical forms and of hyperdeterminants," Philosophical Magazine, 4th series, 2 : 391–410; Sylvester coined the term "discriminant" on page 406.
  15. ^ J. J. Sylvester (1879) "On certain ternary cubic-form equations," American Journal of Mathematics, 2 : 357–393; Sylvester coins the term "totient" on page 361: "(the so-called Φ function of any number I shall here and hereafter designate as its τ function and call its Totient)"
  16. ^ Sylvester, James Joseph (1851). "On the relation between the minor determinants of linearly equivalent quadratic functions". Philosophical Magazine. 1: 295–305.
  17. ^ C.G.J. Jacobi, "De Formatione et Proprietatibus Determinantium", Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 22, 285-318 (1841)
  18. ^ .
  19. .

Sources

External links