James Clapper
James Clapper | |
---|---|
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence | |
In office April 15, 2007 – June 5, 2010 | |
President | George W. Bush Barack Obama |
Preceded by | Stephen Cambone |
Succeeded by | Michael Vickers |
Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency | |
In office September 2001 – June 2006 | |
President | George W. Bush |
Preceded by | James C. King |
Succeeded by | Robert B. Murrett |
Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency | |
In office November 1991 – August 1995 | |
President | George H. W. Bush Bill Clinton |
Preceded by | Dennis M. Nagy |
Succeeded by | Kenneth Minihan |
Personal details | |
Born | James Robert Clapper Jr. March 14, 1941 Bronze Star (2) (2) |
James Robert Clapper Jr. (born March 14, 1941) is a retired
On June 5, 2010, President
Following the June 2013 leak of documents detailing the NSA practice of collecting telephone metadata on millions of Americans' telephone calls, Clapper was accused of perjury for telling a congressional committee hearing that the NSA does not collect any type of data on millions of Americans earlier that year. One senator asked for his resignation, and a group of 26 senators complained about Clapper's responses under questioning. In November 2016, Clapper resigned as director of national intelligence, effective at the end of President Obama's term. In May 2017, he joined the Washington, D.C.–based think tank the Center for a New American Security (CNAS) as a Distinguished Senior Fellow for Intelligence and National Security.[2] In August 2017, CNN hired Clapper as a national security analyst.[3]
Early life and education
James Robert Clapper Jr.
Clapper graduated from Nurnberg American High School in West Germany in 1959 where his father was stationed at the time.[10][11]
Clapper earned a Bachelor of Science degree in political science from the
Military career
After a brief enlistment in the
Clapper became
He then spent six years in private industry, including two years as president of the Security Affairs Support Association, an organization of intelligence contractors.[23] In August 2001, he was named as the director of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (later renamed National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) where he served until June 2006.[24]
Private sector career
From 2006 to 2007, Clapper worked for
Clapper defended the private sector's role in intelligence-gathering in his 2010 confirmation hearings telling the committee, "I worked as a contractor for six years myself, so I think I have a good understanding of the contribution that they have made and will continue to make."[26]
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, 2007–2010
For the 2006–2007 academic year, Clapper held the position of Georgetown University's Intelligence and National Security Alliance Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Intelligence.[27]
While teaching at Georgetown, he was officially nominated by President
Director of National Intelligence, 2010–2017
Nomination, 2010
Lawmakers approved his nomination on August 5, 2010, in a unanimous vote after the
Creating deputy director for intelligence integration position
In August 2010, Clapper announced a new position at the DNI called the deputy director of national intelligence for intelligence integration, to integrate the former posts of deputy director for analysis and deputy director for collections into one position. Robert Cardillo, the deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, was tapped to fill the new post.[34][35][36]
Budget authority over U.S. Intelligence Community
After an agreement between Clapper and
Iran and Saudi Arabia, 2012
In January 2012, Clapper said that "some Iranian officials, probably including supreme leader
Former Defense Intelligence Agency chief Lt. Gen.
In December 2012, Clapper authorized the NSA to expand its "third party" relationship with Saudi Arabia. The goal was "to facilitate the Saudi government's ability to utilize SIGINT to locate and track individuals of mutual interest within Saudi Arabia."[44]
Common information technology enterprise and desktop, 2012
Clapper made "intelligence integration" across the Intelligence Community the primary mission of the ODNI.[45] In 2012 the office announced an initiative to create a common information technology desktop for the entire Intelligence Community, moving away from unconnected agency networks to a common enterprise model. In late fiscal 2013, the shared IT infrastructure reached operating capability with plans to bring on all intelligence agencies over the next few years.[46]
Testimony to Congress on NSA surveillance, 2013
On March 12, 2013, during a United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence hearing, Senator Ron Wyden quoted NSA director Keith B. Alexander's keynote speech at the 2012 DEF CON. Alexander had stated that "Our job is foreign intelligence" and that "those who would want to weave the story that we have millions or hundreds of millions of dossiers on people, is absolutely false.... From my perspective, this is absolute nonsense." Wyden then asked Clapper, "Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?" He responded, "No, sir." Wyden asked, "It does not?" and Clapper said, "Not wittingly. There are cases where they could inadvertently, perhaps, collect, but not wittingly."[47]
When Edward Snowden was asked during a January 26, 2014, television interview in Moscow on what the decisive moment was or what caused him to whistle-blow, he replied: "Sort of the breaking point was seeing the director of national intelligence, James Clapper, directly lie under oath to Congress. ... Seeing that really meant for me there was no going back."[48]
Responses
On June 5, 2013,
The following day, Clapper acknowledged that the NSA collects telephony
On June 7, Clapper was interviewed by Andrea Mitchell on NBC. Clapper said that "I responded in what I thought was the most truthful, or least untruthful manner by saying no" when he testified.[53]
In Clapper's 2018 memoir, he provides a fuller explanation of the incident:
...because the NSA program under Section 215 was highly classified, Senator Wyden wouldn't or shouldn't have been asking questions that required classified answers on camera....my error had been forgetting about Section 215, but even if I had remembered it, there still would have been no acceptable, unclassified way for me to answer the question in an open hearing. Even my saying, "We'll have to wait for the closed, classified session to discuss this," would have given something away. ...I ought to have sent a classified letter to Senator Wyden explaining my thoughts when I'd answered and that I misunderstood what he was actually asking me about. Yes, I made a mistake – a big one – when I responded, but I did not lie. I answered with truth in what I understood the context of the question to be.[54]
On June 11, U.S. Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) accused Clapper of not giving a "straight answer," noting that Clapper's office had been provided with the question a day in advance of the hearing and was given the opportunity following Clapper's testimony to amend his response.[55]
On June 12, 2013, Representative
On June 27, 2013, a group of 26 senators sent him a complaint letter opposing the use of a "body of secret law."[59][60]
Admission of forgetfulness
On July 1, 2013, Clapper apologized, telling
On July 2, 2013, journalist
On December 19, 2013, seven Republican members of the
In January 2014,
In January 2014, six members of the House of Representatives wrote to President Obama urging him to dismiss Clapper for lying to Congress, stating his statement was "incompatible with the goal of restoring trust" in the intelligence community, but were rebuffed by the White House.[74][75][76][77]
Caitlin Hayden, the White House National Security Council spokesperson, said in an e-mailed statement that Obama has "full faith in Director Clapper's leadership of the intelligence community. The Director has provided an explanation for his answers to Senator Wyden and made clear that he did not intend to mislead the Congress."[77]
Ban on employee contacts with the media, 2014
In March 2014, Clapper signed a directive that barred employees of the intelligence community from providing "intelligence-related information" to reporters without prior authorization, even to provide unclassified information, making a violation of the directive a "security violation".
ACLU v. Clapper
In June 2013, the American Civil Liberties Union and the New York Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit against several defendants including Clapper challenging the intelligence community's bulk collection of metadata. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York found in December 2013 that the collection did not violate the Fourth Amendment and dismissed the lawsuit.[83][84] On May 7, 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that Section 215 of the Patriot Act did not authorize the bulk collection of metadata, which judge Gerard E. Lynch called a "staggering" amount of information.[85]
OPM hack, 2015
In June 2015, the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced that it had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of as many as 18 million people.[86] The Washington Post has reported that the attack originated in China, citing unnamed government officials.[87]
Speaking at a forum in Washington, D.C., Clapper warned of the danger posed by a capable adversary such as the Chinese government and said, "You have to kind of salute the Chinese for what they did."[86]
CENTCOM analyst allegations, 2015
In August 2015, fifty
Resignation, 2016
In November 2016, Clapper resigned, effective at the end of President Obama's term in January 2017.[92][93]
Post-government life
Appointment to Australian National University, 2017
In June 2017 Clapper commenced an initial four-week term at the Australian National University (ANU) National Security College in Canberra that includes public lectures on key global and national security issues. Clapper was also expected to take part in the ANU Crawford Australian Leadership Forum, the nation's pre-eminent dialogue of academics, parliamentarians and business leaders.[94]
CNN national security analyst, 2017–present
In August 2017,
Views on President Trump
In a March 2017 interview with Chuck Todd, Clapper, who had been the Director of National Intelligence under President Obama until January 20, 2017, revealed the state of his knowledge at that time:
CHUCK TODD: Were there improper contacts between the Trump campaign and Russian officials?
JAMES CLAPPER: We did not include any evidence in our report, and I say, “our,” that's N.S.A., F.B.I. and C.I.A., with my office, the Director of National Intelligence, that had anything, that had any reflection of collusion between members of the Trump campaign and the Russians. There was no evidence of that…
CHUCK TODD: I understand that. But does it exist?
JAMES CLAPPER: Not to my knowledge.
Todd pressed him to elaborate.
CHUCK TODD: If [evidence of collusion] existed, it would have been in this report?
JAMES CLAPPER: This could have unfolded or become available in the time since I left the government.[97]
Clapper had stopped receiving briefings on January 20 and was "not aware of the counterintelligence investigation Director Comey first referred to during his testimony before the House Permanent Select Committee for Intelligence on the 20th of March".[98] CNN stated that Clapper had "taken a major defense away from the White House."[99]
In a speech at Australia's National Press Club in June Clapper accused Trump of "ignorance or disrespect", called the firing of FBI director James Comey "inexcusable", and warned of an "internal assault on our institutions".[100]
In June 2017, Clapper opined that Trump-Russia scandal is more serious than the Watergate scandal of the 1970s.[101] In December 2017, Clapper said that Russian President Vladimir Putin "knows how to handle an asset, and that's what he's doing with" President Trump.[102] In his 2018 memoir Facts and Fears: Hard Truths from a Life in Intelligence, Clapper further addressed the issue.[103]
In an August 2017 interview, Clapper stated that U.S. President
In October 2018, Clapper alongside several Democratic officials and other critics of Trump was targeted by a mailed pipe bomb.[105]
In February 2019, Clapper said he agreed with former acting FBI Director Andrew McCabe's opinion that President Donald Trump could be a "Russian asset".[106]
In October 2020, Clapper was part of a group of former intelligence officials that signed a letter that stated the Biden laptop story “has the classic earmarks of a Russian information operation".[107] Portions of the laptop's contents have since been verified as authentic.[108]
Views on Russia and the Russians
In May 2017, Clapper said that Russia is the primary adversary of the United States. He explained why he believes the Russians are so dangerous:
If you put that in context with everything else we knew the Russians were doing to interfere with the election, and just the historical practices of the Russians, who typically, almost genetically driven to co-opt, penetrate, gain favor, whatever, which is a typical Russian technique. So we were concerned.[109]
In June 2017, Clapper said that "[t]he Russians are not our friends", because it is in their "genes to be opposed, diametrically opposed, to the United States and western democracies."[101]
Clapper serves on the Advisory Board of the Committee to Investigate Russia, a nonpartisan, non-profit group formed with the intention of helping "Americans understand and recognize the scope and scale of Russia's continuing attacks on our democracy."[110]
In the media
In 2003, Clapper, then head of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, attempted to explain the absence of
In an interview on December 20, 2010, with Diane Sawyer of ABC News, Clapper indicated he was completely unaware that 12 alleged terrorists had been arrested in Great Britain earlier that day.[112][113]
In February 2011, when mass demonstrations were on the verge of toppling Hosni Mubarak's presidency in Egypt, Clapper told the House Intelligence Committee during a hearing that:
The term 'Muslim Brotherhood' ... is an umbrella term for a variety of movements, in the case of Egypt, a very heterogeneous group, largely secular, which has eschewed violence and has decried Al Qaeda as a perversion of Islam.... They have pursued social ends, a betterment of the political order in Egypt, et cetera. ... In other countries, there are also chapters or franchises of the Muslim Brotherhood, but there is no overarching agenda, particularly in pursuit of violence, at least internationally.[114]
The Obama administration took the rare step later that day of correcting its own intelligence chief after the statement drew scrutiny among members of Congress.[115]
In March 2011, Clapper was heard at the
In February 2016, Clapper cited the activities of Russia,
In March 2017, Clapper said on NBC's
Clapper also said that he saw no evidence of collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia.[120] He stopped receiving briefings on January 20 and was "not aware of the counterintelligence investigation Director Comey first referred to during his testimony before the House Permanent Select Committee for Intelligence on the 20th of March".[98] CNN stated that Clapper had "taken a major defense away from the White House."[99]
In May 2017, Clapper was criticized by some media outlets for a
On October 26, 2018, the New York Times reported that an explosive device addressed to James Clapper was delivered to CNN offices in Manhattan. Federal authorities are investigating.[123]
Clapper was portrayed by Jonathan Banks in the two part series The Comey Rule.[124]
Personal life
In 1965, Clapper married Susan Ellen Terry, a former National Security Agency employee. They have a daughter, Jennifer, who is a principal of an elementary school in Fairfax County, Virginia.[125] They also have a son, Andrew, who is an Instructional Technology resource teacher for Hidden Valley High School in Roanoke, Virginia.[126][127][128]
Clapper has a brother, Mike Clapper of Illinois, and a sister, Chris. He introduced them at his Senate confirmation hearings on July 20, 2010.[125]
Education
- 1963 Bachelor of Science degree in political science, University of Maryland
- 1970 Master of Arts degree in political science, St. Mary's University, Texas
- 1973 Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama
- 1975 Distinguished graduate, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia
- 1976 Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama
- 1979 National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
- 1990 Program for Senior Executives in National and International Security, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- 1990 Harvard Defense Policy Seminar, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Clapper also holds an honorary doctorate in strategic intelligence from the
Awards and decorations
Military awards
Air Force Basic Officer Aircrew Badge | |
Basic Space and Missile Badge
| |
Basic Missile Maintenance Badge | |
Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge
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Defense Distinguished Service Medal | |
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
| |
Defense Superior Service Medal | |
Legion of Merit with two bronze oak leaf clusters | |
Bronze Star with oak leaf cluster | |
Defense Meritorious Service Medal | |
Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster | |
Air Medal with oak leaf cluster | |
Joint Service Commendation Medal
| |
Air Force Commendation Medal
| |
Valor device and two oak leaf clusters
| |
Air Force Organizational Excellence Award
| |
National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal | |
Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award[129] | |
National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star | |
Vietnam Service Medal with three service stars | |
Air Force Overseas Short Tour Service Ribbon with two oak leaf clusters | |
Air Force Overseas Long Tour Service Ribbon with two oak leaf clusters | |
Air Force Longevity Service Award with one silver and two bronze oak leaf clusters
| |
Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon
| |
Air Force Training Ribbon
| |
Republic of Korea Order of National Security Merit, Cheon-su Medal | |
French National Order of Merit (Commander) | |
Officer of the Order of Australia (Honorary – Military Division) – October 5, 2012
| |
Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (Commander with Star)[130] | |
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun[131] | |
Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation
| |
Vietnam Campaign Medal |
Other awards
- William Oliver Baker Award of the Intelligence and National Security Alliance, 2006
- Rosemary Award from the National Security Archive at George Washington University for the "worst open government performance of 2013."[132][133]
Dates of promotion
Insignia | Rank | Date |
---|---|---|
Lieutenant General | November 15, 1991 | |
Major General | September 1, 1988 | |
Brigadier General | October 1, 1985 | |
Colonel | February 11, 1980 | |
Lieutenant Colonel | April 1, 1976 | |
Major | November 1, 1973 | |
Captain | March 16, 1967 | |
First Lieutenant |
January 8, 1965 | |
Second Lieutenant | June 8, 1963 |
Military assignments
- May 1963 – March 1964, student, Signal Intelligence Officers Course, Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas
- March 1964 – December 1965, analytic branch chief of Air Force Special Communications Center, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas
- December 1965 – December 1966, watch officer and air defense analyst, 2nd Air Division (later, 7th Air Force), Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam
- December 1966 – June 1970, aide to the commander and command briefer, Air Force Security Service, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas
- June 1970 – June 1971, commander of Detachment 3, 6994th Security Squadron, Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand
- June 1971 – August 1973, military assistant to the director of the National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland
- August 1973 – August 1974, aide to the commander and intelligence staff officer, Headquarters Air Force Systems Command, Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland
- August 1974 – September 1975, distinguished graduate, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia
- September 1975 – June 1976, chief, signal intelligence branch, Headquarters U.S. Pacific Command, Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii
- June 1976 – August 1978, chief, signal intelligence branch, J-23, Headquarters U.S. Pacific Command, Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii
- August 1978 – June 1979, student, National War College, National Defense University, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
- June 1979 – January 1980, Washington area representative for electronic security command, deputy commander of Fort George G. Meade, Maryland
- February 1980 – April 1981, commander of 6940th Electronic Security Wing, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland
- April 1981 – June 1984, director for intelligence plans and systems, Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- June 1984 – May 1985, commander of Air Force Technical Applications Center, Patrick Air Force Base, Florida
- June 1985 – June 1987, assistant chief of staff for intelligence, U.S. Forces Korea, and deputy assistant chief of staff for intelligence, Republic of Korea and U.S. Combined Forces Command
- July 1987 – July 1989, director for intelligence, Headquarters U.S. Pacific Command, Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii
- July 1989 – March 1990, deputy chief of staff for intelligence, Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Neb.
- April 1990 – November 1991, assistant chief of staff for intelligence, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- November 1991 – 1995, director of the Defense Intelligence Agency and General Defense Intelligence Program, Washington, D.C.
Books
External videos | |
---|---|
After Words interview with Clapper on Facts and Fears, May 26, 2018, C-SPAN |
- James R. Clapper with Trey Brown (2018). Facts and Fears: Hard Truths from a Life in Intelligence. New York: Viking. OCLC 1006804896.
See also
- Michael Hayden, retired Air Force general and former director of the NSA (1999–2005) and CIA (2006–2009)
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