James Strang

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James J. Strang
James Strang in 1856 daguerreotype photograph
Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
c. June 1844 – July 9, 1856 (1856-07-09)
PredecessorJoseph Smith
SuccessorNo successor to date
Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
In office
1853 – July 9, 1856 (1856-07-09)
Personal details
BornJames Jesse Strang
(1813-03-21)March 21, 1813
Scipio, New York, United States
DiedJuly 9, 1856(1856-07-09) (aged 43)
Voree, Wisconsin, United States
Cause of deathGunshot wound
Resting placeBurlington Cemetery
42°40′59.16″N 88°15′30.96″W / 42.6831000°N 88.2586000°W / 42.6831000; -88.2586000 (Burlington Cemetery)
Spouse(s)
Mary Perce
​
​
(m. 1836; sep. 1851)​
Elvira Eliza Field
​
(m. 1849)​
Betsy McNutt
​
(m. 1852)​
Sarah Wright
​
(m. 1855)​
Phoebe Wright
​
(m. 1855)​
Children14
ParentsClement Strang
Abigaile James

James Jesse Strang (March 21, 1813 – July 9, 1856) was an American religious leader, politician and self-proclaimed monarch. He served as a member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 1853 until his assassination.

In 1844, he said he had been appointed as the successor of Joseph Smith as leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite),[a] a faction of the Latter Day Saint movement. Strang testified that he had possession of a letter from Smith naming him as his successor, and furthermore reported that he had been ordained to the prophetic office by an angel. His organization is believed by his followers to be the sole legitimate continuation of the Church of Christ founded by Smith fourteen years before.

A major contender for leadership of the

Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
(RLDS). The Strangite church has remained small in comparison to other branches of the Latter Day Saint movement.

Similar to Joseph Smith, who was alleged by church opponent William Marks to have been crowned King in Nauvoo prior to his death,[4] Strang taught that the chief prophetic office embodied an overtly royal attribute. Thus, its occupant was to be not only the spiritual leader of his people, but their temporal king as well.[5][6] He offered a sophisticated set of teachings that differed in many significant aspects from any other version of Mormonism, including that preached by Smith. Like Smith, Strang published translations of two purportedly ancient lost works: the Voree Record, deciphered from three metal plates reportedly unearthed in response to a vision; and the Book of the Law of the Lord, supposedly transcribed from the Plates of Laban mentioned in the Book of Mormon. These are accepted as scripture by his followers, and the Church of Jesus Christ in Christian Fellowship [1], but not by any other Latter Day Saint church. Although his long-term doctrinal influence on the Latter Day Saint movement was minimal, several early members of Strang's organization helped to establish the RLDS Church (now known as the Community of Christ), which became (and remains) the second-largest Latter Day sect. While most of Strang's followers eventually disavowed him due to his eventual advocacy of polygamy, a small but devout remnant carries on his teachings and organization today.

In addition to his ecclesiastical calling, Strang served one full term and part of a second as a member of the

New York Tribune, and amateur scientist. His survey of Beaver Island's natural history was published by the Smithsonian Institution[when?], remaining the definitive work on that subject for nearly a century,[7]
while his career in the Michigan legislature was praised even by his enemies.

While Strang's organization is formally known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,[a] the term "Strangite" is usually added to the title to avoid confusing them with other Latter Day Saint bodies carrying this or similar names. This follows a typical nineteenth-century usage where followers of Brigham Young were referred to as "Brighamites," while those of Sidney Rigdon were called "Rigdonites," followers of Joseph Smith III were called "Josephites", and disciples of Strang became "Strangites".[b][8]

Childhood, education and conversion to Mormonism

James Jesse Strang was born March 21, 1813, in

better source needed
]

But none of this meant that Strang was illiterate or simple. Although his teachers "not unfrequently turned me off with little or no attention, as though I was too stupid to learn and too dull to feel neglect," Strang recalled that he spent "long weary days ... upon the floor, thinking, thinking, thinking ... my mind wandered over fields that old men shrink from, seeking rest and finding none till darkness gathered thick around and I burst into tears."

better source needed
]

As a youth, Strang kept a rather profound personal diary, written partly in a secret code that was not deciphered until over one hundred years after it was authored. This journal contains Strang's musings on a variety of topics, including a sense that he was called to be a significant world leader the likes of Caesar or Napoleon and his regret that by age nineteen, he had not yet become a general or member of the state legislature, which he saw as being essential by that point in his life to his quest to be someone of importance.[13] However, Strang's diary reveals a heartfelt desire to be of service to his fellow man, together with agonized frustration at not knowing how he might do so as a penniless, unknown youth from upstate New York.[citation needed]

At age twelve, Strang was baptized a Baptist. He did not wish to follow his father's calling as a farmer, so he took up the study of law. Strang was admitted to the bar in New York at age 23 and later at other places where he resided. He became county

better source needed
]

Strang, who once described himself as a "cool philosopher"

better source needed][17][non-primary source needed] On March 3 of that year he was ordained an Elder by Joseph's brother Hyrum and sent forthwith at Smith's request to Wisconsin, to establish a Mormon stake at Voree. Shortly after Strang's departure, Joseph Smith was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in Carthage, Illinois.[citation needed
]

Succession claim and notable early allies

Main article: Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)
Letter of Appointment
."

After Smith's death, Strang claimed the right to lead the Latter Day Saints, but he was not the only claimant to Smith's prophetic mantle. His most significant rivals were Brigham Young, president of Smith's Twelve Apostles, and Sidney Rigdon, a member of Smith's First Presidency. A power struggle ensued, during which Young quickly disposed of Rigdon in a Nauvoo debate. Young would reject offers to debate with Strang for the next three years before leading his followers to

president of the Nauvoo Stake.[citation needed
]

Strang rested his claim to leadership on an ordination by an angel at the very moment Joseph Smith died (similar to the ordination of Smith), requirements that he claimed were set forth in the

better source needed] however the postmark is genuine and at least one firm (Tyrell and Doud) hired to analyse the document and compare it to Smith's known letters concluded that it was likely to have been authored by Smith. They concluded "A brief observation of these four documents indicates that the education and word usage was consistent with the theory that all four documents were authored by one individual."[24][third-party source needed
]

There have been several conflicting claims about the authenticity of the letter. One disaffected member of Strang's church said they received a confession from Strang's law partner, C. P. Barnes, that he had fabricated the Letter of Appointment and the

Voree Plates.[25] Another member of the Brighamites stated years after Strang's death to have forged the letter himself and mailed it to Strang as a prank.[citation needed] There are no reliable firsthand statements, however, by witnesses or insiders that question the validity of the letter.[citation needed
]

Strang's letter convinced several eminent Mormons of his claims, including Book of Mormon witnesses

Samuel Smith's widows), endorsed Strang.[26][third-party source needed
]

Engraving of John C. Bennett as a General of the Nauvoo Legion.

Also championing Strang was

better source needed] His "order" fell by the wayside and has no role in Strangism today, though it did lead to conflict between Strang and some of his associates.[citation needed
]

From monogamist to polygamist

About 12,000 Latter Day Saints ultimately accepted Strang's claims.[29] A second "Stake of Zion" was established on Beaver Island in Lake Michigan, where Strang moved his church headquarters in 1848. Strang's church had a high turnover rate, with many of his initial adherents, including all of those listed above (with the exception of George Miller, who remained loyal to Strang until death), leaving the church before his demise. John E. Page departed in July 1849, accusing Strang of dictatorial tendencies and concurring with Bennett's furtive "Illuminati" order.[30] Martin Harris had broken with Strang by January 1847,[31] after a failed mission to England. Hiram Page and the Whitmers also left around this time.[citation needed]

Many defections, however, were due to Strang's seemingly abrupt "about-face" on the turbulent subject of

better source needed] Strang reversed course in 1849 and became one of its strongest advocates, marrying five wives (including his original spouse, Mary) and fathering fourteen children. Since many of his early disciples viewed him as a monogamous counterweight to Brigham Young's polygamous version of Mormonism, Strang's decision to embrace plural marriage proved costly both to him and his organization. Strang defended his new tenet by claiming that, far from enslaving or demeaning women, polygamy would liberate and "elevate" them by allowing them to choose the best possible mate based upon any factors which were deemed important by them. Rather than being forced to wed "corrupt and degraded sires" due to the scarcity of more suitable men, a woman could marry the man who she believed was most compatible to her, the best candidate to father her children and give her the finest possible life, even if he had multiple wives.[33][non-primary source needed
]

At the time of his death, all four of Strang's current wives were pregnant, and he had four posthumous children.

Strang's wives and children[34]
Wife Marriage Age Children together
Bride Groom
Mary Abigail Content Perce
Apr 10, 1818 – Apr 30, 1880 (aged 62) 		m. Nov 20, 1836
sep. May 1851 		18 23
  • Mary Elizabeth (July 5, 1838 – Oct 19, 1843 (aged 5))
  • Myraette Mabel (May 23, 1840 – 1925 (aged 84–85))
  • William J. (Dec 20, 1844 – Jan 16, 1907 (aged 62))
  • Harriet "Hattie" Anne (Oct 17, 1848 – Aug 16, 1868 (aged 19))
Elvira Eliza Field
July 8, 1830 – June 13, 1910 (aged 79) 		m. July 13, 1849 19 36
  • Evaline (Apr 18, 1853 – Sept 1926 (aged 73))
  • Charles James (Apr 6, 1851 – February 1916 (aged 64))
  • Clement J. (Dec 20, 1854 – 1944 (aged 89–90))
  • James Jesse Jr. (Jan 22, 1857 – 1934 (aged 76–77))
Elizabeth "Betsy" McNutt
Aug 17, 1820 – Sept 22, 1897 (aged 77) 		m. January 19, 1852 31 38
  • Evangeline (1853 – Apr 7, 1915 (aged 61–62))
  • David James (June 22, 1854 – July 2, 1854 (aged 0))
  • Gabriel (1855 – Sept 1935 (aged 79–80))
  • Abigail Utopa (Jan 1, 1857 – May 20, 1921 (aged 64))
Sarah Adelia "Delia" Wright
Nov 25, 1837 – Aug 18, 1923 (aged 85) 		m. July 15, 1855 17 42 James Phineas Strang (Nov 11, 1856 – Nov 1, 1937 (aged 80))
Phoebe Wright
July 25, 1836 – Nov 9, 1914 (aged 78) 		m. October 27, 1855 19 42 Eugenia Jesse (Oct 28, 1856 – 1936 (aged 79–80))
Mary
Elvira
Betsy
Sarah
Phoebe
│
1836
│
1838
│
1840
│
1842
│
1844
│
1846
│
1848
│
1850
│
1852
│
1854
│
1856
James Strang's marriages

Strang and his first wife Mary Perce separated in May 1851, though they remained legally married until Strang's death.

better source needed] Strang's last wife was Phoebe Wright, cousin to Sarah.[citation needed
]

Sarah Wright described Strang as "a very mild-spoken, kind man to his family, although his word was law." She wrote that while each wife had her own bedroom, they shared meals and devotional time together with Strang and life in their household was "as pleasant as possible."

better source needed
]

Theological contributions

Strangite church building in Voree, Wisconsin. (2005)

Publications

Like Joseph Smith, James Strang reported numerous visions, unearthed and translated allegedly ancient metal plates using what he said was the Biblical

better source needed] Strang published his translation of these plates as the "Voree Record," purporting to be the last testament of Rajah Manchou of Vorito, who had lived in the area centuries earlier and wished to leave a brief statement for posterity.[citation needed] The Voree Plates disappeared around 1900, and their current whereabouts are unknown.[39][third-party source needed
]

Strang also claimed to have translated a portion of the "

better source needed] Republished in 1856, expanded with inspired notes and commentary, this book served as the constitution for Strang's spiritual kingdom on Beaver Island, and is still accepted as scripture by Strangites. One distinctive feature (besides its overtly monarchial tone) is its restoration of a "missing" commandment to the Decalogue: "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." Strang insisted that versions of the Decalogue found in Bibles used by other churches—including other Latter Day Saint churches—contain only nine commandments, not ten.[43][non-primary source needed
]

Joseph Smith III — Son of Joseph Smith. Rejected Strang; led the "Reorganized" church 1860–1914.

Strang received several other revelations, which while never formally added to his church's

The History of Joseph Smith by His Mother. Coray, a partisan of Brigham Young's, had challenged "the vain usurper" to provide convincing evidence of his claims,[45][non-primary source needed] and Strang obliged in this open letter addressed to her. Coray's reaction has not been preserved.[citation needed
]

Distinctive dogmas

Some of Strang's teachings differed substantially from those of other Latter Day Saint leaders, including Joseph Smith. For instance, Strang rejected the traditional Christian doctrines of the

ascension.[49]

Furthermore, Strang denied the belief that God could do all things, and he insisted that some things were as impossible for Him as for us.[50] Thus, he saw no essential conflict between science and religion, and while he never openly championed evolution, he did state that God's ability to use His power was limited by the matter which He was working with and it was also limited by the eons of time which were required to "organize" and shape it.[51] Strang spoke glowingly about a future generation of people who would "make religion a science," to be "studied by as exact rules as mathematicks." "The mouth of the Seer will be opened," he prophesied, "and the whole earth enlightened."[52]

Musing at length on the nature of

free agency" was real, said Strang, humanity must be given the opportunity to fail and learn from its own mistakes. The ultimate goal for each human being was to willingly conform oneself to the "revealed character" of God in every respect, preferring to do good rather than preferring to do evil not out of fear of punishment and not out of any desire for rewards, but preferring to do good solely "on account of the innate loveliness of undefiled goodness; of pure unalloyed holiness."[54]

Practices

Strang strongly believed in the sanctity of the

seventh-day Sabbath, and he enjoined it in lieu of Sunday;[55] the Strangite church continues to observe this tradition. He advocated baptism for the dead, and practiced it to a limited extent in Voree as well as on Beaver Island. He also introduced animal sacrifice–not as atonement for sin, but as a part of Strangite celebration rituals.[56] Animal sacrifices and baptisms for the dead are not currently practiced by the Strangite organization, but belief in each is still required by it. Strang attempted to construct a temple in Voree, but he was prevented from completing its construction due to the poverty and lack of cooperation which existed among his followers.[57] No "endowment" rituals which are comparable to those in the Utah LDS and the Cutlerite churches appear to have existed among his followers.[58] Eternal marriage formed a part of Strang's teaching, but he did not require it to be performed in a temple (as is the case in the LDS church). Thus, such marriages are still contracted in Strang's church in the absence of any Strangite temple or any "endowment" ceremony. Alcohol, tobacco, coffee and tea were all prohibited, just as they were in many other Latter Day Saint denominations. Polygamy is no longer practiced by Strang's followers, but belief in its correctness is still affirmed by them.[58]

Strang allowed women to hold the Priesthood offices of

Teacher, unique among all Latter Day Saint factions during his lifetime.[59] He welcomed African Americans into his church, and he ordained at least two of them to its eldership.[60] Strang also mandated the conservation of land and resources, requiring the building of parks and the retention of large forests in his kingdom.[61] He wrote an eloquent refutation of the "Solomon Spalding theory" of the Book of Mormon's authorship,[62] and defended the ministry and teachings of Joseph Smith.[citation needed
]

Coronation and troubled reign on Beaver Island

Strang claimed that he was required to occupy the office of

scepter.[66] His reign lasted six years, and the date of his coronation, July 8, is still mandated as one of the two most important dates in the Strangite church year (the other being April 6, the anniversary of the founding of Joseph Smith's church).[67][non-primary source needed
]

A view of Iron Ore Bay on the southern end of Beaver Island.

Strang never claimed to be the king of Beaver Island itself, nor did he claim to be the king of any other geographical entity. Instead, he claimed to be king of his church, which he considered the true "

better source needed] Nor did Strang ever say that his "kingdom" supplanted United States sovereignty over Beaver Island. However, since his sect was the main religious body on the isle, claiming the allegiance of most of its inhabitants, Strang often asserted his authority on Beaver, even over non-Strangites—a practice which ultimately caused him and his followers a great deal of grief. Furthermore, he and many of his disciples were accused of forcibly appropriating property and revenue on the island, a practice which earned him few friends among the non-Mormon "gentiles."[citation needed
]

On the other hand, Strang and his people lived in apprehension of what their non-member neighbors might do next. Some Strangites were beaten up while they were going to the post office in order to collect their mail,

better source needed] On July 4, 1850, a drunken mob of fishermen vowed to kill the "Mormons" or drive them out, only to be awed into submission when Strang fired a cannon (which he had secretly acquired) at them.[71][non-primary source needed] Competition for business and jobs added to tensions on the island, as did the increasing Strangite monopoly on local government, made sure after Beaver and adjacent islands were first attached to Emmet County in 1853, then later organized into their own insular county of Manitou in 1855.[citation needed
]

As a result of his coronation, along with lurid tales which were being spread by George Adams (who had been excommunicated by Strang a few months after the ceremony), Strang was accused of

better source needed
]

In the 1853 legislative session, Strang introduced ten bills, five of which passed.

better source needed] This made him many enemies among those non-Strangite residents of Beaver and nearby Mackinac Island who profited mightily from this illicit trade.[citation needed
]

Assassination

As with Joseph Smith before him, James Strang had problems with excommunicated or disaffected members who often became anti-Mormons and/or even conspired against him. One of the latter, Thomas Bedford, who had been flogged for engaging in

better source needed] Another, Hezekiah D. McCulloch, had been excommunicated for drunkenness and other alleged misdeeds, after previously enjoying Strang's favor and several high offices in local government. These men conspired against Strang along with the Mormons' enemies who were living in Mackinac, two of whom were Alexander Wentworth and Dr. J. Atkyn. Pistols were procured, and the four conspirators began several days of target practice while they finalized the details of their murderous plan.[78]

Although Strang apparently knew that Bedford and the others were gunning for him, he openly challenged them in his newspaper, The Northern Islander, writing, "We laugh with bitter scorn at all these threats," just days before his murder.[7] Strang refused to employ a bodyguard or carry a firearm or any other type of weapon.[79]

The USS Michigan later in her career.

On Monday, June 16, 1856, Strang was waylaid around 7:00 PM on the dock at the harbor of St. James, the chief city on Beaver Island, by Wentworth and Bedford, who shot him in the back. All of this was carried out in full view of several officers and men who were stationed on the USS Michigan, a US Naval vessel which was docked in the harbor. Nobody aboard the ship made any effort to either warn or aid the intended victim.[80]

Strang was hit three times: one bullet grazed his head, another bullet lodged in his cheek and a third bullet lodged in his spine, paralyzing him from the waist down.

better source needed] The "King of Beaver Island" was taken to Voree, where he lived for three weeks, dying on July 9, 1856, at the age of 43.[84] After refusing to deliver Bedford and Wentworth to the local Sheriff of Mackinac County,[85] Julius Granger, McBlair transported them to Mackinac Island. Once on the island Sheriff Granger first held them in an unlocked jail cell at the ‘urging’ of the citizenry and then moved to a boarding house he was keeping, Grove House. Three days later they given a ‘mock trial’ where the justice charged them $1.25 a piece for court costs, then released them where they were feted by the local citizenry.[7][86] None of those involved received punishment for their alleged crimes Dr. Hezekiah D. McCulloch and Dr. J. Atkyn, with Thomas Bedford living until 1889 and Alexander Wentworth living until 1863.[citation needed
]

Death of a kingdom

While Strang lingered on his deathbed in Voree, his enemies in Michigan were determined to extinguish his Beaver Island kingdom. On July 5, 1856, on what Michigan historian Byron M. Cutcheon later called "the most disgraceful day in Michigan's history,"[7] a group of non-Mormons from Mackinac and elsewhere forcibly evicted every Strangite from Beaver Island. Strang's subjects on the island—approximately 2,600 persons[7]—were herded onto hastily commandeered steamers, most after being robbed of their money and other personal possessions, and unceremoniously dumped onto docks along the shores of Lake Michigan. A few of them moved back to Voree, while the rest scattered across the country.[citation needed]

Strang refused to appoint a successor, telling his apostles to take care of their families as best they could, and await divine instruction.

High Priest in Strang's organization (until he died in 1922). However, neither of these men ever claimed Strang's office or authority.[f]

Left without a prophet to guide them, most of Strang's followers (including all of his wives)

better source needed] departed from his church in the years after his murder. Most of them later joined the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, which was established in 1860.[g] However, a few Latter Day Saints continue to carry on Strang's mission. Strang's last and most important revelation, The Book of the Law of the Lord[90] states that a prophet president is "...only necessary for the establishment of the rest of God, and bringing everlasting righteousness on earth. A lesser degree of the Priesthood has frequently stood at the head of the people of God on earth" (p. 251). Consequently, instead of believing that Strang's demise and his refusal to appoint a successor are failures, they believe that they are maintaining the pure faith and awaiting the appearance of a new successor who will take the place of their fallen founders. They believe that their position is bolstered by revelations which were given by Smith and Strang in which they stated that the condemnation of the church is prophetic and a sign of general apostasy.[citation needed
]

Today, there are several groups and individual Strangite disciples who operate autonomously. One of these groups is a corporate church which is led by a Presiding High Priest, Bill Shepard, who claims that he does not have Joseph Smith or James Strang's authority or priesthood office[

better source needed] Consequently, Strang's church has continued to dwindle until the present day. The current membership of the corporate church comprises around 300 persons, while the Samuel West group claims to have several thousand members in the US and Africa.[93]

While proving to be a key player in the 1844 succession struggle, Strang's long-term influence on the Latter Day Saint movement was minimal. His doctrinal innovations had little impact outside his church, and he was largely ignored until recent historians began to reexamine his life and career. Even the county (Manitou) which he had fought to establish was abolished by the Michigan legislature in 1895, removing the last tangible remnant of Strang's temporal empire.

LDS Church and other Latter Day Saint groups—including his own.[citation needed
]

Selected works

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b The Strangites use no hyphen in their church title and capitalize the "D" in "Day", just as was done in Joseph Smith's church.
  2. ^ Strangites still use these terms today, as do members of some other Latter Day Saint groups.
  3. ^ David Whitmer and Martin Harris, two of the Three Witnesses, and Hiram Page and John Whitmer of the Eight Witnesses.
  4. ^ John Page and William Smith were apostles at Smith's death; William M'Lellin had previously been an apostle, but was excommunicated in 1838.
  5. ^ George Miller, who is mentioned in the LDS Doctrine & Covenants section 124: verses 20, 62 and 70.
  6. ^ No apostles currently remain in Strang's organization, because all Strangite apostles must be appointed by revelation. The highest current office in Strang's church is that of High Priest (in the "incorporated" faction) or that of Elder (in the other).
  7. ^ This organization is now called the Community of Christ. It remains the second-largest church in the Latter Day Saint movement.
  8. ^ The corporate church has a website: http://www.ldsstrangite.com/; "unincorporated" Strangites have three websites: http://www.strangite.org and http://mormonbeliefs.com and http://www.strangite.blogspot.com.

Citations

  1. ^ (August 12, 1847). Voree Herald as quoted in Fitzpatrick, pp. 74–5. See also Apostle John E. Page at this same source, on his conversations with Strang on the subject.
  2. ^ "History and Succession Archived 2012-12-28 at archive.today". Strangite.org. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  3. ^ "See "Church membership: 1830–2006"".
  4. ^ Statement by Nauvoo Stake President William Marks, Zion's Harbinger and Banemeey's Organ, July 1853, pg. 53.
  5. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 168–76.
  6. ^ a b "Strang, the King Archived 2007-09-25 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Weeks, Robert P. (June 1970)."For His Was the Kingdom, and the Power, and the Glory ... Briefly Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine". American Heritage 21 (4).
  8. ^ "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Archived 2007-09-25 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  9. ISBN 0472066072
    .
  10. ^ Post, Warren. "History of James Strang: The Birth and Parentage of the Prophet James". StrangStudies.org. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  11. ^ a b "Strang, the Man Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-31
  12. ^ Fitzpatrick, pp. 26–27.
  13. ^ Strang, Mark. (1961). The Diary of James J. Strang: Deciphered, Transcribed, Introduced, and Annotated. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. Entry for March 21, 1832. The diary was deciphered by Strang's grandson Mark Strang, a banker in Long Beach, California.
  14. ^ Jensen, Robin (2005). Gleaning the Harvest: Strangite Missionary Work 1846–1850, p. 32. Retrieved on 2016-02-09.
  15. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 208.
  16. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 27.
  17. ^ Greene, John P. (Nauvoo City Marshal in 1844). "150 people who each knew more about Joseph Smith than anyone alive today." Strangite.org, item 48. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  18. ^ a b c Norton 2003, p. 3
  19. ^ "Times and Seasons Volume 5, Number 16". www.centerplace.org.
  20. ^ "Uncle Dale's Old Mormon Articles: Iowa, Wisc. & Minn.: Strang: 1848-51". www.sidneyrigdon.com.
  21. ^ Strang 1854b, p. 23.
  22. ^ Quinn, p. 210, although the postmark has been proven to be legitimate. See also Eberstadt, Charles, "A Letter That Founded a Kingdom," Autograph Collectors' Journal (October, 1950): 3–8.
  23. ^ Jensen, p. 6, note 17.
  24. ^ Shepard, William (1977). James J. Strang: Teachings of a Mormon Prophet. Burlington, WI: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. pp. 261–262.
  25. ^ Nelson-Seawright, J. (October 27, 2006). "The Prophet Jesse James". ByCommonConsent.com. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
  26. ^ a b (Nauvoo, 11 May 1846). "Opinions of the Smith Family". Voree Herald I (6). Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
    a: Letter of Lucy Smith to Reuben Hedlock.
    b: Letter of William Smith to Reuben Hedlock.
  27. ^ Fitzpatrick, pp. 146–47.
  28. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 151.
  29. ^ "History and Succession Archived 2012-12-28 at archive.today". Strangite.org. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  30. ^ Sillito, Chapter 2.
  31. ^ Sketch of the Life of Martin Harris Archived 2007-07-20 at the Wayback Machine BOAP.org. Retrieved on 2007-11-02.
  32. ^ (August 12, 1847). Voree Herald as quoted in Fitzpatrick, pp. 74–75. See also Apostle John E. Page at this same source, on his conversations with Strang on the subject.
  33. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 318–28.
  34. ISBN 9781560851929
    .
  35. ^ a b Fitzpatrick, p. 82.
  36. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 127.
  37. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 84.
  38. ^ Weeks, pp. iv, 250.
  39. ^ a b A drawing of these plates, with translation and testimony of their discovery, may be found at James J. Strang. (1845). "The Record of Rajah Manchou of Vorito. Archived 2012-09-17 at archive.today" Strangite.org. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  40. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 36.
  41. ^ I Nephi 3:1 – 5:22 (Book of Mormon).
  42. ^ "Book of the Law Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  43. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 38–46.
  44. ^ http://www.strangite.org/Reveal.htm. [dead link]
  45. ^ Strang 1854b, p. 1.
  46. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 47–63.
  47. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 157–58, note 9.
  48. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 165–66.
  49. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 155–58.
  50. ^ Strang 1856, p. 150.
  51. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 150–51.
  52. ^ Strang 1856, p. 85. Spelling of "mathematicks" as in original.
  53. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 152–53.
  54. ^ Strang 1856, p. 155.
  55. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 22–23.
  56. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 106–09, 293–95.
  57. ^ "Temple Locations". Strangite.org. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  58. ^ a b "Women/Marriage Archived 2013-01-13 at archive.today". Strangite.org. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  59. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 198–200, 227.
  60. ^ "African-Americans". Strangite.org. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
  61. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 286–87.
  62. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 251–68.
  63. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 168–80.
  64. ^ "Church History Volume 3, Chapter 2". www.centerplace.org.
  65. ISBN 1-4000-4270-4
  66. ^ This sceptre is preserved in the Archives vault of the Community of Christ church in Independence, Missouri. See Cemetourism: Alpheus Cutler, in the paragraph about Alpheus Cutler's sword, which mentions Strang's sceptre as being kept with it in the CofC vault.
  67. ^ Strang 1856, p. 293.
  68. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 199.
  69. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 86.
  70. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 96.
  71. ^ Strang 1854a, pp. 25–26.
  72. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 101.
  73. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 100.
  74. ^ (February 10, 1853). Detroit Advertiser. Excerpt in "Mormon Persecution Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  75. ^ Strang 1854a, pp. 15–17
  76. ^ Fitzpatrick, pp. 47–48.
  77. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 110.
  78. ^ "Apostle Post on James' Death Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  79. ^ (August 14, 1851). Northern Islander as quoted in Fitzpatrick, p. 97.
  80. ^ a b (Friday, June 20, 1856). Daily Northern Islander. Excerpt in "Murderous Assault Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  81. ISBN 978-0-472-08454-8
    .
  82. ^ Fitzpatrick, pp. 113, 211.
  83. ^ "Apostle Chidester Announces James’ Death Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  84. ISBN 978-0-674-06731-8
    .
  85. ^ Northern Islander, June 20, 1856.
  86. ^ (2002-10-10). "The Man who shot Strang." BeaverBeacon.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  87. ^ "Kingdom with a Dominion Archived 2007-09-25 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  88. ^ Strang 1856, pp. 163–66.
  89. ^ Fitzpatrick, p. 125.
  90. ^ The first edition of this book was published in 1850, without notes. A second edition, with numerous notes and other material, was still unbound and on the press at the time of his assassination.
  91. ^ "The 1961 Strangite Split Archived 2007-09-25 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com.
  92. ^ "Mormonism: time of the Gentiles ended Archived 2007-09-25 at the Wayback Machine". MormonBeliefs.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  93. ^ "43,941 adherent statistic citations: membership and geography data for 4,300+ religions, churches, tribes, etc." Adherents.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  94. ^ History of Northern Michigan, pg. 100.

References

Further references

External links
Religious titles
Preceded by President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
June 1844  – July 9, 1856 		No successor to date
Political offices
Preceded by
 Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
1853  – July 9, 1856 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Strang&oldid=1220279076"