Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
Jamestown Canyon encephalitis | |
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Infectious disease |
Jamestown Canyon encephalitis is an infectious disease caused by the Jamestown Canyon virus, an orthobunyavirus of the California serogroup. It is mainly spread during the summer by different mosquito species in the United States and Canada.
The virus is one of a group of mosquito-borne or arthropod-borne viruses, also called
Signs and symptoms
About 2 days to 2 weeks after the bite of an infected mosquito, disease symptoms of a nonspecific summertime illness with sore throat, runny nose and cough, followed by fever,
Virology
Jamestown Canyon orthobunyavirus | |
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Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Negarnaviricota
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Class: | Ellioviricetes |
Order: | Bunyavirales |
Family: | Peribunyaviridae |
Genus: | Orthobunyavirus |
Species: | Jamestown Canyon orthobunyavirus
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The Jamestown Canyon virus is an orthobunyavirus and was first isolated in 1961 from Culiseta mosquitoes in Jamestown, Colorado. Since then it has been found in Aedes, Coquillettidia perturbans, Culex, Culiseta and Ochlerotatus species in northern states of the mainland US, in various mammals throughout mainland North America, and identified in humans throughout the United States.[3][4]
Lifecycle
The virus is transmitted in saliva to a vertebrate host when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal. It thus cycles between mosquito and vertebrate amplifier hosts, mainly
The virus winters in mosquito eggs, which it reaches by transovarial transmission. The female mosquito lays eggs that carry the virus, and the offspring can transmit the virus to deer or ruminants and humans. Infected mosquitoes were found equally distributed throughout the state of Connecticut, irrespective of land use.[6]
Molecular biology
The full
Diagnosis
The
JCV-antibody testing has only been available at the CDC and the New York State Department of Health. The CDC has used plaque reduction neutralization tests to detect JCV neutralizing antibodies since 1995. The test is automatically done on all samples testing positive or equivocal for La Crosse Virus IgM antibodies by ELISA. In 2010 CDC developed an ELISA also for JCV IgM . Similarly, the New York State Department of Health has performed JCV plaque reduction neutralization tests since 2000 on samples positive for California serogroup IgG antibodies. It does the latter by an
Differential diagnosis
Besides La Crosse virus, other arboviruses producing similar disease in a similar geographic location include first and foremost
Treatment and prevention
No specific therapy exists for arboviral infections; treatment is limited to supportive care and managing complications, such as relieving increased intracranial pressure. Preventing and decreasing the morbidity from JCV disease depends on control of the mosquito vectors and personal protection to reduce mosquito bites.[2]
The NIAID reported in 2012, that it had constructed a candidate virus for a
Epidemiology
Since 2004, the disease must be reported to CDC (passive surveillance, ArboNET).
- Increasing awareness and more testing
In the latest US review covering 2000–2013, more than half of cases were identified in 2013 alone, the first year the CDC implemented routine JCV IgM antibody testing.[3]
- Geography
Historically, most cases of encephalitis reported to the CDC occurred in the north of the mainland United States. JCV disease most likely has a broader distribution, but is unidentified and under-reported, because testing is not considered and not straightforward.[3] In 2013, of 10 states reporting cases, eight states reported their first JCV cases: Georgia, Idaho, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island.[2] In August 2015, the Iowa Department of Public Health confirmed one case of JCV.[11] In July 2017, the Maine Center for Disease Control announced what is believed to be Maine's first known case.[12]
- Season
Historically disease was reported to occur from late spring through early fall.[3] However, for 2013, dates of illness onset ranged from January through November, with 14 (64%) of the 22 cases occurring during July until September.[2]
References
- ^ a b "Jamestown Canyon virus - Information for Healthcare Providers". CDC. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
- ^ PMID 24941331.
- ^ PMID 26033022.
- PMID 32302268.
- ^ PMID 22798366.
- PMID 18386967.
- PMID 21435230.
- ^ Liu D, Austin FW. "California Group Seroviruses". In Liu D (ed.). Molecular Detection of Human Viral Pathogens. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 609–610.
- PMID 3953951.
- PMID 22013033.
- ^ "Late Summer Mosquitoes Still Carry West Nile Threat". IDPH News. Iowa Department of Public Health. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
- ^ St. Amour, Madeline (13 July 2017). "Maine CDC: Rare mosquito virus reported in Kennebec County". CentralMaine.com. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
Further reading
- "Jamestown Canyon Virus Fact Sheet". Minnesota Department of Health. February 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
External links
- The Encephalitis Society A comprehensive resource on Encephalitis and providing support and information to those affected and their families