Jammu
Jammu | ||
---|---|---|
City administered by India[1] | ||
Precipitation 710 mm (28 in) | | |
Avg. summer temperature | 29.6 °C (85.3 °F) | |
Avg. winter temperature | 17.7 °C (63.9 °F) | |
Website | jammu | |
Jammu (
Etymology
According to local tradition, Jammu is named after its founder, Raja Jambulochan, who is believed to have ruled the area in the 9th century.[13] Local tradition holds the city to be 3000 years old but this is not supported by historians.[14]
Geography
Jammu is located at 32°44′N 74°52′E / 32.73°N 74.87°E.
The city spreads around the Tawi river with the old city overlooking it from the north (right bank) while the new neighbourhoods spread around the southern side (left bank) of the river. There are five bridges on the river. The city is built on a series of ridges.
History
According to
Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles of
Modern history
After the decline of the Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev of the Jamuwal (Jamwal) family asserted its supremacy among the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor, Raja Ranjit Dev (r. 1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states.[22][23] Ranjit Dev promoted religious freedom and security, which attracted many craftsmen and traders to settle in Jammu, contributing to its economic prosperity.[24]
Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab (
In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the Sikh Empire by Ranjit Singh, the son of Mahan Singh.[27]
In 1818 Raja Kishore Singh, father of Raja Gulab Singh, was appointed and anointed the ruler of Jammu principality, and hence started the Jamwal dynasty, aka Dogra dynasty, which came to rule the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under British suzerainty. The rulers built large temples, renovated old shrines, built educational institutes and many more. A 43 km long railway line connecting Jammu with Sialkot was laid in 1897[28]
Jammu has historically been the capital of
After the partition of India, Jammu continues as the winter capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Battles
- Battle of Jammu(1712)
- Battle of Rumal[29]
- Battle of Jammu (1808)[30]
Climate
Jammu, like the rest of north-western India, features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with extreme summer highs reaching 46 °C (115 °F), and temperatures in the winter months occasionally falling below 4 °C (39 °F). June is the hottest month with average highs of 40.6 °C (105.1 °F), while January is the coldest month with average lows reaching 7 °C (45 °F). Average yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in) with the bulk of the rainfall in the months from June to September, although the winters can also be rather wet. In winter dense smog causes much inconvenience and temperature even drops to 2 °C (36 °F). In summer, particularly in May and June, extremely intense sunlight or hot winds can raise the temperature to 46 °C (115 °F). Following the hot season, the monsoon lashes the city with heavy downpours along with thunderstorms; rainfall may total up to 669 mm (26.3 in) in the wettest months. The city is exposed to heatwaves.[clarification needed]
Highest recorded temperature: 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) on 31 May 1988.[31]
Lowest recorded temperature: 0.5 °C (32.9 °F) on 24 January 2016.[31]
Climate data for Jammu (1991–2020, extremes 1925–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) |
31.7 (89.1) |
37.3 (99.1) |
43.9 (111.0) |
47.4 (117.3) |
47.2 (117.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
41.7 (107.1) |
39.2 (102.6) |
37.9 (100.2) |
34.2 (93.6) |
28.5 (83.3) |
47.4 (117.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
26.6 (79.9) |
32.7 (90.9) |
37.6 (99.7) |
38.3 (100.9) |
34.3 (93.7) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.8 (91.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
29.5 (85.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.7 (47.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
6.1 (43.0) |
0.9 (33.6) |
0.5 (32.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.9 (2.67) |
74.6 (2.94) |
64.1 (2.52) |
41.4 (1.63) |
22.5 (0.89) |
109.5 (4.31) |
416.5 (16.40) |
403.1 (15.87) |
144.8 (5.70) |
23.5 (0.93) |
12.2 (0.48) |
21.9 (0.86) |
1,402 (55.2) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm) | 5.3 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 8.7 | 17 | 16.7 | 8.4 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 87.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
76 | 68 | 60 | 45 | 38 | 49 | 73 | 78 | 74 | 64 | 68 | 75 | 64 |
Source: NCEI[31]
|
Transport
Jammu city has a railway station called
The city has
Administration
Jammu city serves as the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir state from November to April when all the offices move from Srinagar to Jammu. Srinagar serves as the summer capital from May to October.[32] Jammu was a municipal committee during 2001 census of India. With effect from 5 September 2003, it has upgraded status of a municipal corporation.[33]
Economy
Jammu city is the main cultural and economic centre of the administrative division of Jammu. A famous local
Tourism
Tourism is the largest industry in Jammu city. It is also a focal point for the pilgrims going to
-
Amar Mahal
Demographics
As of 2011 census,[36] the population of Jammu city was 502,197. Males constituted 52.7% of the population; females numbered constituted 47.3% of the population. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males against the national average of 940. Jammu had an average literacy rate of 89.66%, much higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy was 93.13% and female literacy was 85.82%. 8.47% of the population were under 6 years of age. The urban agglomeration of Jammu had a population of 657,314.[37] Most of Jammu and Kashmir's Hindus live in the Jammu region; many speak Dogri.[38]
Rank | Language | 1961[11] |
---|---|---|
1 | Dogri | 55% |
2 | Punjabi | 22% |
3 | Hindi | 11.6% |
— | Other | 11.4% |
Muslim communities
The city of Jammu had a significant Muslim population prior to the
As a result of the violence and migration, by 1961, about 17.2 per cent of the population in the city of Jammu was Muslim.[43][44] The displaced Muslims took refuge in the Sialkot District and other parts of Pakistani Punjab. Many prominent Punjabi residents in Pakistan, including politician Chaudhry Amir Hussain, economist Mahbub ul Haq, Air Marshal Asghar Khan, journalist Khalid Hasan and singer Malika Pukhraj were from Jammu.[45] A large number of these refugees also returned and resettled in the territory.[46][47]
Education
In the 2014–2015
Engineering Colleges in Jammu:-
- Indian Institute of Technology Jammu
- Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu
- Model Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jammu
- Yogananda College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu
- University Institute of Engineering and Technology, University of Jammu
Medical Institutions:-
Legal Institutions:-
- Kishen Chand Law College, Jammu
- Dogra Law College, Jammu
- Calliope School of Legal Studies, Jammu
- R. K. Law College, Jammu
General Degree Courses (colleges):-
Universities:-
- Central University of Jammu
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
- University of Jammu
Schools
Cuisine
Jammu is known for its
Refugees
Kashmiri Pandit refugees
Being comparatively safe from terrorism, Jammu city has become a hub of refugees. These primarily include Kashmiri Hindus who migrated from Kashmir Valley in 1989. Hindus from Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir who migrated to India have also settled in Jammu city. According to records, approximately 31,619 Hindu families had migrated from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir to India. Of these 26,319 families are settled in Jammu.[citation needed]
Rohingya refugees
Rohingyas who fled Myanmar during 2016 have also currently settled in Jammu.[49][50] Some believes the settlements of Rohingya Muslims have also raised security threats in Jammu.[51][52][53] During the 2018 Sunjuwan attack, intelligence agencies suspected but did not prove involvement of Rohingya Muslims in the attack.[54][55][56]
Notable people
- Maulana Abdur Rahman, member of the 2nd Lok Sabha
References
- ^ Akhtar, Rais; Kirk, William (22 March 2021), "Jammu and Kashmir", Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., retrieved 2 April 2022,
The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. ... The territory that India administered on its side of the line, which contained both Jammu (the seat of the Dogra dynasty) and the Vale of Kashmir, took on the name Jammu and Kashmir. However, both India and Pakistan have continued to claim the entire Kashmir region
- ^ "Jammu-Srinagar NH reopens for one-way traffic". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
Jammu, the City of Temples, recorded a low of 7.7 degrees Celsius compared to the previous night's 4.1 degrees Celsius
- ^ due weightin the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below).
(a) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
(b) Pletcher, Kenneth, Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 16 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
(c) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328,ISBN 978-1-84904-621-3Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." - ^ PTI (15 November 2018). "Jammu gets new mayor, deputy mayor | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Jammu City".
- ISBN 9788180696275.
- ^ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020" (PDF). The Gazette of India. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ^ Pathak, Analiza (2 September 2020). "Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill". Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ a b "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ a b Kashmir, India Superintendent of Census Operations, Jammu and; Kamili, M. H. (1966). "District Census Handbook, Jammu & Kashmir: Jammu" – via Google Books.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Government of India (16 March 2017). "Village/Locality based Pin mapping as on 16th March 2017". data.gov.in. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Priya Sethi lays foundation stone of statue of Jambu Lochan". Daily Excelsior. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ^ Kapur, History of Jammu and Kashmir State 1980, p. 9.
- ^ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Jammu, India". www.fallingrain.com.
- ^ Kapur, History of Jammu and Kashmir State 1980, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Charak & Billwaria, Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals 1998, p. 6.
- ^ Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir 1994, p. 184.
- ^ Charak & Billwaria, Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals 1998, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Charak, Sukh Dev Singh (1985). A Short History of Jammu Raj: From Earliest Times to 1846 A.D. Ajaya Prakashan. pp. 76–78.
- ^ Jigar Mohammad, Raja Ranjit Dev's Inclusive Policies 2010, pp. 40–42.
- ^ Jeratha, Dogra Legends of Art & Culture 1998, p. 187.
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 10.
- ^ Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects 2004, pp. 94–95.
- ^ Sukhdev Singh Charak (1978). Indian Conquest of the Himalayan Territories. Ajaya Prakashan, Jammu. p. 37.
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 10–12.
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 15–16.
- ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 49 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu.
- ^ Hari Ram Gupta (1982). History Of The Sikhs Vol. IV The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls. pp. 339–340.
- ^ Sandhu, Autar Singh (1935), General Hari Singh Nalwa, Lahore: Cunningham Historical Society
- ^ NOAA. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
WMO number: 42056
- ^ "Scheme for voting by postal ballot by a person holding any office under the Govt. and verified to be moving along with the headquarters of the Govt. from Kashmir Province to Jammu Province or vice-versa" (PDF). Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir. p. 1. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
...the State Govt. functions for six months (November to April) in the winter capital Jammu after which it moves to the summer capital Srinagar...
- ^ "History of Jammu Municipal Corporation". Official website of Jammu Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
- ^ "Jammu City Population". Census India. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- ^ "Jammu City Population Census 2011-2019 | Jammu and Kashmir". www.census2011.co.in.
- ^ "Jammu Municipal Corporation Demographics". Census of India. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "Jammu & Kashmir (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". City Population. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ "Jammu and Kashmir". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 May 2023.
- 1941 Census of India. pp. 102, 103.
- ^ Ved Bhasin (17 November 2015). "Jammu 1947". Kashmir Life. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
- ^ Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009, p. 182, 183.
- ISBN 9781498531054.
- 1961 Census of India. Jammu and Kashmir Government. p. 42.
- ^ Luv Puri, Across the Line of Control 2012, p. 30.
- ^ Luv Puri, Across the Line of Control 2012, pp. 3, 31.
- ^ Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2015, p. 481: "Towards the middle of 1949, a movement for return started on a small scale which gained momentum by the end of 1950. A fair estimate of the returnees is about a hundred thousand. Sheikh Abdullah's Government re-settled them on their abandoned properties, advanced taqqavi loans and appointed a special staff to look after their problems."
- ^ Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–50: An Account of Activities of First Three Years of Sheikh Abdullah's Government, Printed at the Ranbir Government Press, 1951, p. 90
- ^ "Jammu Pincode". citypincode.in. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
- ^ Sharma, Arjun (16 August 2018). "As Jammu becomes home for refugees from four communities, govt has to deal with complex issue of rights". Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Sharma, Shivani. "Paradise Lost - the Kashmiri Pandits". Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ Excelsior, Daily (11 January 2017). "Demographic changes make Jammu a "Ticking Time Bomb"". Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Jain, Sandhya (15 May 2018). "Rohingya refugees: A threat to Jammu". The Pioneer. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ IANS (19 February 2019). "Demographic changes in Assam, Bengal, J&K, Kerala aided rise of fundamentalist forces: Himanta". Business Standard India. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Sharma, Arteev (6 February 2019). "'Illegal settlement' of Rohingya to be probed by security agencies".
After terror attack on the Sunjuwan military station in February last year, Rohingya again came under the radar of security agencies as their alleged role in assisting militants was probed. However, their involvement has not been established as yet.
- ^ Yhome, K. "Examining India's stance on the Rohingya crisis". Retrieved 21 March 2019.
In early February 2018, a terrorist attack on an army camp in Sunjuwan of Jammu city sparked a debate on the involvement of Rohingyas as many had settled around the camp.
- ^ Jain, Bharti; Dua, Rohan (11 February 2018). "Sunjuwan Attack: After intelligence inputs, forces were told to be on alert". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-81-85880-31-0
- Charak, Sukh Dev Singh; Billawaria, Anita K. (1998), Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-8-17017-356-4
- Chattha, Ilyas Ahmad (September 2009). Partition and Its Aftermath: Violence, Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio-Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities, 1947-1961 (PhD). Centre for Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, School of Humanities, University of Southampton. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
- Jeratha, Aśoka (1998), Dogra Legends of Art & Culture, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7387-082-8
- Kapur, Manohar Lal (1980), History of Jammu and Kashmir State: The making of the State, Kashmir History Publications
- Mohammad, Jigar (November 2010), "Raja Ranjit Dev's Inclusive Policies and Politico-economic developments in Jammu", Epilogue, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 40–42
- Panikkar, K. M. (1930), Gulab Singh, London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd
- ISBN 978-0-231-80084-6
- Rai, Mridu (2004), Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 1850656614
- Saraf, Muhammad Yusuf (2015) [first published 1979 by Ferozsons], Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2, Mirpur: National Institute Kashmir Studies
External links
- Jammu travel guide from Wikivoyage