Jammu division
Jammu division | |
---|---|
Region administered by India as a UTC+5:30 (IST) | |
Website | http://divcomjammu.gov.in/ |
The Jammu division (
Home to some of the most revered Hindu shrines, such as Vaishno Devi, Jammu is a major pilgrimage centre for Hindus. A majority of Jammu's population practices Hinduism,[4] while Islam and Sikhism enjoy a strong cultural heritage in the region.
History
The hilly regions to the south and southwest of the Kashmir Valley formed the Jammu Province of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. During the declining years of the Mughal Empire, the region comprised 22 hill states that emerged from the Mughal suzerainty. Hutchison and Vogel, who first studied these states, called them the Dugar group of states. (Dugar[5] is a medieval term with ancient form Durgara and modern form Dogra.) The state of Jammu is believed to have been the most prominent among the Dugar group, which they identified with the kingdom of Durgara.
The term Durgara is attested in an 11th-century copper plate inscription from Chamba. The inscription refers to an attack on Chamba by the "Lord of Durgara" allied with Saumatikas and the Kiras of Chamba. However, no kingdom by that name is mentioned in the Rajatarangini. Durgara could have been a reference to Vallapura (modern Billawar) or Babbapura (modern Babor). Some scholars believe it to have been a regional or ethnic name current in the region.[6][7][8][9]
Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles of
After the decline of Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev, of the Jamuwal (or Jamwal) family, asserted its supremacy among the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor Raja Ranjit Dev (r. 1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states.[12][13]
Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab (
In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the Sikh Empire by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the son of Mahan Singh.[15]
Gulab Singh and the Dogra dynasty
After the Sikh conquest of Jammu,
By 1827, Gulab Singh brought under his control all the principalities lying between Kashmir and Jammu.[18] Thus the entire Jammu province came under the control of the three Jamwal brothers under the umbrella of the Sikh Empire.
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh court fell into anarchy and palace intrigues took over. Gulab Singh's brothers Dhyan Singh and Suchet Singh, as well as his nephew Hira Singh, were murdered in the struggles. The relations between the Sikh court and Gulab Singh deteriorated.
The British decided to weaken the power of the Sikhs and set up Gulab Singh as a counterweight. Accordingly, they demanded a war indemnity from the Sikhs which included all of the hilly territory between the Ravi and Indus rivers, and then transferred it to Gulab Singh, recognising him as an independent Maharaja. Gulab Singh paid 7.5 million Nanakshahee Rupees to the British in the transaction.[22] Thus the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir came into being, ruled by Gulab Singh and his descendants, known as the Dogra dynasty.
During the Dogra rule, Jammu in the Jammu province and Srinagar in Kashmir province were both used as capitals, six months to a year each. Poonch and Chibhal were granted as jagirs to Dhyan Singh's surviving sons, Jawahir Singh and Moti Singh. However, Jawahir Singh got involved in conspiracies and was exiled to Punjab. Chibhal (Bhimber) thus reverted to Gulab Singh, while Poonch remained under the control of Moti Singh and his descendants under the suzerainty of Jammu and Kashmir.
Partition and accession
During the partition of India, the ruler was
Geography and climate
Jammu borders the
The climate of the region varies with altitude. In and around Jammu city, the climate is similar to the nearby Punjab region: hot summers, rainy monsoon, and mildly cold and foggy winters. While Jammu city itself does not experience any snowfall, the higher hills and mountains are snow-capped in winter. People from all over India come to Patnitop mountain resort to enjoy the winter snows. The shrine of Vaishno Devi is covered with snow in the winter. The Banihal Pass, which links the Jammu region to the Kashmir region, often experiences closure in the winter months due to extremely heavy snowfall.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the total population of Jammu Division is 5,350,811.[25] Scheduled castes (Dalits) constitute 19.44% of the population[26] and Scheduled tribes comprise 15-20% of the population in Jammu Division. Five out of 10 districts, mainly in the hilly areas of the east and north, have Muslim majorities, while the densely populated plains of the southwest are predominantly Hindu. Gurjar-Bakarwals and Gaddi-Sippis, who practice transhumance, are also found here.[27][28] The largest ethnic group in the Jammu Division are the Dogras, who comprise approximately 47% of the population.[29][30] Jammu's people are closely related to Punjabis.[31]
The Jammu District overall has a population – 84% practice Hinduism, 7% practice Islam and most of the remainder are Sikhs.
In Jammu Division, "
Jammu Division: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.[24] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mother tongue code | Mother tongue | People | Percentage |
001002 | Assamese | 2,930 | 0.05% |
002007 | Bengali | 8,826 | 0.16% |
004001 | Dogri | 2,505,677 | 46.59% |
005018 | Gujarati | 2,581 | 0.05% |
005054 | Ponchi
|
13,651 | 0.25% |
006086 | Bhadrawahi
|
98,159 | 1.83% |
006096 | Bharmauri/Gaddi
|
24,019 | 0.45% |
006102 | Bhojpuri | 6,455 | 0.12% |
006125 | Bundeli/Bundel khandi | 1,303 | 0.02% |
006142 | Chhattisgarhi | 9,287 | 0.17% |
006173 | Dhundhari
|
2,073 | 0.04% |
006195 | Garhwali | 794 | 0.01% |
006207 | Gojri/Gujjari/Gujar
|
703,049 | 13.07% |
006235 | Haryanvi | 10,230 | 0.19% |
006240 | Hindi | 186,204 | 3.46% |
006340 | Kumauni
|
946 | 0.02% |
006376 | Magadhi/Magahi | 1,133 | 0.02% |
006438 | Padari
|
17,225 | 0.32% |
006439 | Pahari | 711,587 | 13.23% |
006489 | Rajasthani
|
2,119 | 0.04% |
007016 | Kannada
|
3,445 | 0.06% |
008005 | Kashmiri | 595,290 | 11.07% |
008010 | Kishtwari
|
39,606 | 0.74% |
008018 | Siraji | 77,355 | 1.44% |
008019 | Dardi | 3,669 | 0.07% |
010008 | Maithili | 578 | 0.01% |
011016 | Malayalam
|
5,994 | 0.11% |
012003 | Meitei | 1,195 | 0.02% |
013071 | Marathi | 11,007 | 0.20% |
014011 | Nepali | 17,214 | 0.32% |
015043 | Odia | 4,923 | 0.09% |
016038 | Punjabi | 167,602 | 3.12% |
020027 | Tamil | 6,984 | 0.13% |
021046 | Telugu | 7,214 | 0.13% |
022015 | Urdu
|
9,702 | 0.18% |
024001 | Afghani/Kabuli/Pashto
|
559 | 0.01% |
031011 | Bauti | 1,971 | 0.04% |
040001 | English | 398 | 0.01% |
053005 | Gujari | 22,063 | 0.41% |
055007 | Khasi | 1,195 | 0.02% |
073003 | Ladakhi | 596 | 0.01% |
109005 | Shina | 613 | 0.01% |
– | Others | 91,117 | 1.69% |
Total | 5,378,538 | 100.00% |
Hindus of Jammu region are subdivided into various caste groups, and of them
The districts of Rajouri, Poonch, Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban have a Muslim-majority population.[25] The Reasi district has an almost equal number of Muslims (49.7%) and Hindus (48.9%). The Muslim ethnic groups are, Gujjar and Bakerwal in Poonch and Rajouri districts who are ethno-linguistically different from the Kashmiri Muslims. There is a substantial presence of Kashmiri Muslims in Kishtwar, Ramban and Doda districts. Reasi district also has a significant population of Kashmiri Muslims.[32][29] The Jammu district also has a significant population of Kashmiri Hindus.
Districts
As of April 2021, the Jammu Division consists of ten districts:
Name of district | Headquarters | Area | Population (2001)[36] |
Population (2011)[36] |
Religious Composition (2011)[37] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (km2) |
Total (sq mile) |
Rural (km2) |
Urban (km2) |
Hindu % | Muslim % | |||||
Kathua | Kathua | 2,502 | 966 | 2,458.84 | 43.16 | [38] | 550,084 | 615,711 | 87.6% | 10.4% |
Jammu | Jammu
|
2,342 | 904 | 2,089.87 | 252.13 | [39] | 1,343,756 | 1,526,406 | 84.3% | 7.5% |
Samba | Samba
|
904 | 349 | 865.24 | 38.76 | [40] | 245,016 | 318,611 | 86.3% | 7.2% |
Udhampur | Udhampur | 2,637 | 1,018 | 2,593.28 | 43.72 | [41] | 475,068 | 555,357 | 88.1% | 10.8% |
Reasi | Reasi | 1,719 | 664 | 1,679.99 | 39.01 | [42] | 268,441 | 314,714 | 48.9% | 49.7% |
Rajouri | Rajouri | 2,630 | 1,015 | 2,608.11 | 21.89 | [43] | 483,284 | 619,266 | 34.5% | 62.7% |
Poonch |
Poonch | 1,674 | 646 | 1,649.92 | 24.08 | [44] | 372,613 | 476,820 | 6.8% | 90.5% |
Doda | Doda | 2,625 | 1,014 | 2,617.00 | 8.00 | [45] | 320,256 | 409,576 | 45.8% | 53.8% |
Ramban | Ramban
|
1,329 | 513 | 1,313.92 | 15.08 | [46] | 180,830 | 283,313 | 28.6% | 70.7% |
Kishtwar | Kishtwar | 7,737 | 2,987 | 7,732.00 | 15.00 | [47] | 190,843 | 231,037 | 40.7% | 57.8% |
During the Maharaja's reign before the Independence and Partition of India (and of Jammu and Kashmir), the following districts were also part of Jammu region: Bhimber, Kotli, Mirpur, Poonch (Western parts), Haveli, Bagh and Sudhnati. Today these districts are part of Pakistan Administered Jammu and Kashmir.
Politics
The major political parties in the region are the Congress, the BJP, the National Conference, the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party and the Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party.
Various sections of the society in the region including the BJP have been advocating the separation of Jammu region from Kashmir and its inclusion as a distinct entity into the Indian Union, citing largely Kashmir-centric policies in the existing state and neglect of the Jammu region by successive Kashmir dominated administrations.[48]
In November 2020, the organisation
The present arrangement of legislative assembly seats (46 in Kashmir and 37 in Jammu) deprives Jammu region an equal say in decision-making process. This has been the main point of contention behind the strong regional divide. There have been repeated demands for the constitution of a Delimitation Commission to address issues related to electoral arrangements.[48][51][52] After changing the status of the state to Union territory, the Government announced setting up of Delimitation Commission with retired Supreme Court judge Ranjana Prakash Desai as its chairman.[53]
Economy
Jammu Chamber of Commerce & Industry is an apex body of traders, industrialists and those associated with commercial activities in the Jammu division.[54]
Places of interest
Jammu is known for its landscape, ancient temples,
Purmandal
Vaishno Devi shrine
The town of
Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary
Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary is in an area of thick forests teeming with wildlife. It is a renowned natural habitat for a significant population of pheasants. Among the other avifauna are
.Spread over an area of 34 km2 (13 sq mi), the sanctuary is rich in fauna and provides refuge to a wide variety of
Mansar Lake
Situated 62 km from Jammu, Mansar Lake is a lake fringed by forest-covered hills, over a mile long by half a mile wide. 32°41′46″N 75°08′49″E / 32.69611°N 75.14694°E Besides being an excursion destination in Jammu, it is also a holy site, sharing the legend and sanctity of Lake Manasarovar.
On the eastern bank of Mansar Lake is a shrine dedicated to Shesha, a mythological snake with six heads. The shrine comprises a big boulder on which are placed a number of iron chains perhaps representing the small serpents waiting on the tutelary deity of Shesha. Newlyweds consider it auspicious to perform three circumambulations (Parikarma) around the lake to seek the blessings of Shesha.
Two ancient temples of Umapati Mahadev and Narasimha and a temple of Durga are situated in the vicinity of the Mansar Lake and which are visited by devotees in large numbers. People take a holy dip in the water of the lake on festive occasions. Certain communities of Hindus perform the Mundan ceremony (first haircut) of their male children here.
Mansar Lake also has boating facilities provided by the Tourism Department.
With all the religious belief and heritage behind the Mansar Lake, it is also famous among tourists with all its
The Mansar Lake road joins to another important road that directly links Pathankot to Udhampur. Udhampur is a town of strategic importance, on National Highway No. 1A. The shortcut road from Mansar or Samba to Udhampur by-pass the Jammu town. Surinsar Lake, a smaller lake that is linked to Mansar, is 24 km (15 mi) from Jammu via the by-pass road.
Bahu Fort
Bahu Fort, which also serves as a religious temple, is situated about 5 km from Jammu city on a rock face on the left bank of the river Tawi. This is perhaps the oldest fort and edifice in Jammu city. Constructed originally by Raja Bahulochan over 3000 years ago, the fort was improved and rebuilt by Dogra rulers. Inside the fort is a temple dedicated to the Goddess Kali, popularly known as Bave Wali Mata, the presiding deity of Jammu. Every Tuesday and Sunday pilgrims throng this temple and partake in "Tawi flowing worship". Today the fort is surrounded by a terraced garden which is a favourite picnic spot of the city folk.[citation needed]
Bagh-e-Bahu, located on the banks of Tawi river, is a Mughal-age garden. It gives a nice view of the old city and Tawi river. There is a small canteen on one side of the garden.
On the by-pass road behind Bahu Fort, the city forest surrounds the ancient
Opposite the Bahu Fort, overlooking the
Raghunath Temple
Amongst the temples in Jammu, the
Peer Kho Cave
Alongside the same Tawi river are the Peer Kho Cave temple, the Panchbakhtar temple and the Ranbireshwar temple dedicated to Lord
Shivkhori
The cave shrine of Shivkhori, situated in Reasi District of Jammu and Kashmir, depicts the natural formation of shivlingum.[56] It is one of the most venerated cave shrines of Lord Shiva in the region. The holy cave is approximately 150 m (490 ft) long, and contains "4 ft (1.2 m) high Svayambhu Lingum, which constantly baths in a milky lime fluid dripping from the ceiling."[56] The first entrance of the cave is so wide that 300 devotees can be accommodated at a time. Its cavern is spacious enough to accommodate a large number of people. The inner chamber of the cave is smaller. The cave has many natural impressions and images of various Hindu deities and full of divine feelings. That is why Shivkhori is known as "the Home of Gods".
A 3-day Shiv Khori mela takes places annually on Maha Shivratri and thousands of pilgrims from different parts of the state and elsewhere visit this cave shrine to seek the blessings of Lord Shiva. The Maha Shivratri festival is usually held in February or during the first week of March every year. Keeping in view the increasing rush of pilgrims to the holy cave shrine, the Shiv Khori Shrine Board has taken up a number of steps to develop this spot in a bid to provide more and more facilities to the devotees, like the construction of a Shrine Guest House at a cost of Rs. 19 lakh at village Ransoo, the base camp of yatra, a reception centre and pony shed at an estimated cost of ₹7.959 million (US$100,000), tile work of entire a 3-kilometre-long (1.9 mi) track is nearing completion, plantation of ornamental and medicinal plants on track and development of parks etc. Other arrangements like electrification of the cave with modern techniques, provision of oxygen and electric generators, exhaust fans, construction of shelter sheds for travellers with toilet facilities near the cave site, 15 shelter sheds en route Ransoo to cave shrine, railing from the base camp to cave, additional facility of 15,000/EfnrKing water reservoir, proper sanitation, provision of 25 kV capacity electric transformer, clock room, starting of permanent bus services from Katra, Udhampur, and Jammu, police post and dispensary and an STD PCO are under active consideration of the Shiv Khori Shrine Development Board.
Recently, the management and development of the Shiv Khori have been taken over by Sri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board who is looking after Vaishno Devi pilgrimage.
Machail Mata
Machail Mata The Chandi Maa temple is located in the village Machel, District Kishtwar, Jammu Region. The place is about 290 km (180 mi) from Jammu. During 'Chhadi Yatra', thousands of people visit the shrine. The pilgrimage happens in the month of August only every year. The shrine was visited in 1981 by Thakur Kulveer Singh of Bhaderwah, Jammu region. From 1987 onwards, Thakur Kulveer Singh started 'Chhadi Yatra'that happens every year and thousands of people visit the shrine every year during 'Chhadi Yatra'. To reach the shrine, a lot of travel agents arrange buses from Jammu, Udhampur, Ramnagar, Bhaderwah. One can also hire a cab as well. It takes approximately 10 hours by road from Jammu to Gulabgarh. The Gulabgarh is the base camp. From Gulabgarh, the foot journey starts, that is 32 km. Usually, people take 2 days to reach the shrine by foot. On the way, there are many villages, where one can stay the night but the chaddi takes three days to reach Machel. Many people organise roadside 'langers' (free food points) on the way to the Gulabgarh. The government of Jammu and Kashmir also arranges basic amenities for the pilgrims.
Another means of reaching the shrine is by helicopter from Jammu and Gulabgarh. The helipad is only 100 m (330 ft) from the shrine.
City centres and attractions
One of the major attractions of Jammu is a revolving restaurant named Falak, located on the top of the hotel KC Residency. Ragunath Bazar is the main tourist and shopping districts of the city. The locality of Gandhi Nagar hosts the market areas of Gole Market, on Apsara Road. On any pleasant evening, one can take a stroll in Green Belt Park alongside the magnificent bungalows that adorn Green Belt Road. Rajinder Park on Canal Road is a new development. This park is situated between two canals and features a large fountain which is lit up at night. A children's area is located next to the park.
The city has "Big Bazaar" at Jewel Chowk as one of the shopping centres. A shopping mall named as 'Wave - The Wave Mall' is popular. There is one more shopping mall named as Palm Island near Canal Road. Also, a complex and a new age commercial hub by the name of Bahu-Plaza in Trikuta Nagar area is a common hangout spot for youngsters and young professionals.[
Cuisine
Jammu is known for its chocolate
Kalari
Kalari cheese is specialty made in the Ramnagar region of Jammu is famous all over the state.[citation needed]
Dogri food specialties include ambal, khatta meat, kulthein di dal, dal patt, maa da madra, rajma, and auriya. Pickles typical of Jammu are made of kasrod, girgle, mango with saunf, zimikand, tyaoo, seyoo, and potatoes. Auriya is a dish made with potatoes. During weddings it is typical to make kayoor and sund.
Festivals of Jammu
Lohri
This festival heralds the culmination of cold weather[57] and is celebrated a day before Makar Sankranti. In rural areas, it is customary for young boys to go around asking for gifts from newlyweds and parents of newborns.
Lohri in Dogra households of Jammu is special because of various additional traditions associated with it like Chajja making, Hiran Dance, Dandaraas and preparing Lohri garlands.
Young children prepare a replica of peacock which is known as Chajja[58]. They carry this Chajja and then go from one house to other house celebrating Lohri. A special dance is performed using this Chajja on the occasion of Lohri. It makes a striking picture to see boys along with their Chajjas elaborately decorated with coloured paper and flowers dance on the street in a procession. The whole atmosphere of Jammu comes alive with pulsating drumbeats.[59] Besides, dancing boys strike sticks on rhythm of a drum as in Raslila. This is known as Dandaraas.[60][61]
In and around Jammu, special Hiran Dance is performed. Dancers disguise themselves as deer and dance on tune of Hirana songs. They visit selected houses which have auspicious ceremonies & have prepared eatables.[62] Children wear special garlands made of groundnuts, dry fruits and candies on Lohri day. Special eatable is prepared using sesame, rice and groundnuts which is known as Tilcholi. Pageant of Sassi-Punnu, two lovers of Sindhi folk tradition are also taken out on camels during the festival.[60]
The next day, the whole region wears a festive look on
Uttarain or Maghi Sangrand (Makar Sankranti)
In Jammu, Makar Sankranti is celebrated as Uttarain (derived from Sanskrit: Uttarayana).[63][64] Alternatively, terms Attrain or Attrani have also been used to describe this festival. A day before Lohri is celebrated by Dogras to commemorate end of Poh (Pausha) month.[65] It is also beginning the Magha month as per Hindu Solar Calendar, hence also known as Maghi Sangrand (Sankranti of Magh month).
Among
People of Jammu also take holy bath in Devika river and pilgrimages like Uttar Behni and Purmandal on this occasion.[68] This day is also celebrated as birth anniversary of Baba Ambo ji, a local deity of Jammu region.[69]
At Vasuki temple of Bhaderwah of Jammu, the idols of Vasuki Nag are covered on Magh Sankranti and they are uncovered only after three months on Vaisakha Sankranti.[70][71]
Bhugga (Sankashti Chaturthi)
This festival is celebrated on fourth day of
Basant Panchami
Kan Chauth (Gauri Chaturthi)
It is observed on fourth day of
Holi
Rama Navami, the birth of Shri Rama is celebrated with religious fervour & gaiety all across Jammu. The day also coincides with culmination of nine-day long Navaratra festival. Special function on Rama Navami is held in the historical Raghunath Temple in Jammu city where large number of devotees pay their obeisance to Lord Rama. Even during Dogra rule, the rulers would personally visit Raghunath Mandir and offer worship to Shri Rama, their patron deity. Besides, worship and offerings to the deity inside the temple, there are a number of discourses on Bhagwan Ram's life and Ramayana.[82]
On this auspicious occasion, Shobha Yatra is taken out. Images of Shri Rama, Mata Sita & Lakshman and number of tableaux depicting scenes from Ramayana are taken out in a grogeous procession. Devotees shower flower petals on the Shobha Yatra. Number of market unions and Hindu organisations, organise Bhandaras on this occasion.[83]
Basoa (Vishuva) or Baisakhi (Mesha Sankranti)
The name
On this day, devotees get up early in the morning, throng the rivers, canals, and ponds and take a ritual dip every year on this occasion. In Dogra households, a Puja is performed afterwards and part of food crop is offered to the deities. New fruit of the year is enjoyed on this day.[86] A Ritual Bath at Tawi river during Baisakhi is common in Jammu.[87]
Baisakhi is celebrated at Udhampur on the bank of Devika river where for three days devotees enjoy the folk songs. At Sudhmahadev, this festival is celebrated with great pomp and show where folk singers come down and a competition of folk songs is held. Vendors generally install their shops and stalls of eatables.[86]
Many people go to the Nagbani temple to witness the grand New Year celebration.[88] Baisakhi is also considered "harvest festival" and considered auspicious, especially for marriages. Celebrations of Baisakhi also include Dogri Bhangra[89] which is closely related to Punjabi variant, with respect to actions, costumes and songs.[90]
The occasion is marked by numerous fairs and people come by the thousands to celebrate Baisakhi. For example, Airwan in Kathua is known for Baisakhi fair attended by 10,000 people as per Census 1961.[91] Every year on Baisakhi festival around 15,000 pilgrims pay their obeisance at 700 tear old temple of Subar Nag Devta temple in Bhaderwah.[92] Other places where Baisakhi fairs are held are Doda Bridge and Ramban.[93]
Bahu Mela (March–April and September–October)
A major festival is held at the Kali Temple in Bahu Fort twice a year.
Chaitre Chaudash (March–April)
Chaitre Chaudash is celebrated at Uttar Behni and Purmandal, about 25 km (16 mi) and 28 km (17 mi) from Jammu respectively. Uttar Behni gets its name from the fact that the Devak River (locally also known as Gupt Ganga) flows here in the northerly direction.
Purmandal Mela (February–March)
Purmandal is 39 km (24 mi) from Jammu city. On
Dhamdeh (Dharma Dhihada - Aashada Sankranti) & Nirjala Ekadashi
Both of these festivals are celebrated similarly. Dhamdeh also known as Dharma Dhihada or Dharma Divas is celebrated on
Rutt Raahde & Sakolade (Shravana Sankranti)
Rutt Raahde is a festival celebrated by
Thongren Da Vrat (Krishna Janmashtami)
Some families have tradition of keeping cereal grains in name of Kul Devtas, Pitras (ancestors) & family members. This is known as Deyaa Parna. These cereal grains are then offered to wood of a holy tree called Jhand. This is known as Jhand Puja. The wood is covered in sacred cloth called shoaath. Clay sculptures of a couple and their children are placed on the cloth, and are worshipped. They are offered Kheer (without sugar) and Makkhan. This is followed by offering Dropads (kind of chapatis) to cows. This practice is called ‘dropad mansnaa‘. Some people also enjoy swings on tree known as peengan.[102]
At night, people dress up their children like deities. Towns and cities witness several processions. At midnight,
Bacch Dua (Vatsa Dwadashi) & Drubadi (Durvashtami)
Singh Sankrant (Simha Sankranti)
It is celebrated on first day of solar month of Hindu Calendar i.e. Bhadrapada. The festival holds special significance in Ramban district of Jammu division.[106] People visit Chandrabhaga river and offer floral offerings. It is popularly known by the name Singh Sankrant. Local tradition traces the origin of festival to Pandavas.[107]
Tulsi Puja & Panj Bhikham (Bhishma Panchak)
On the occasion of Tulsi Puja, Dogra families would decorate the
: 52–53Jhiri Mela (October–November)
An annual fair is held in the name of Baba Jitto, a simple and honest farmer who preferred to kill himself rather than submit to the unjust demands of the local landlord to part with his crop. He killed himself in the village of Jhiri, 14 km from Jammu. A legend has grown around the Baba and his followers congregate at Jhiri on the appointed day from every corner of North India; they revere him for his compassion, courage, and honesty.[109]
Though the
Rath Kharda Mela
An eight-day fair is organised in Narsingh and Annapurna Temple in Ghagwal of
During this fair, the temple is decorated with flowers and lights. Devotees visit the temple and pay obeisance to the main deity, Bhagwan Narsimha. A Bhandara is also organised for the devotees. Local farmers sow their fields in the name of Bhagwan Narsimha and while harvesting their crops offer a part of it to the temple during this fair.[111]
Besides Ghagwal, Rath Kharda Mela is also held at other places of Jammu division like: Ramgarh tehsil of Udhampur district, Parnala village in Billawar tehsil and Hatli village in Kathua.[112]
Shivratri (Herath)
Shivaratri (lit. ''Shiva's night'') is a festival of great significance for Hindus all over the world, especially for those of Kashmiri origin settled in Jammu. On this day, Lord Siva and his spouse Parvati are worshipped with great devotion everywhere in the country. Esoterically, it is symbolic of the mystic union of Jiva (individual soul) with Paramatma (the Supreme Godhead) and it represents the high state of spiritual realization wherein the world of relativity fades away and perfect peace and calm prevail. Along with worshipping 'Shiva' people observe both social and cultural meets on this festival. They rejoice and exchange greetings with friends and relatives.[113]
Education
Jammu region has many institutes offering higher education. The colleges varies from
Some of the major higher educational institutes in Jammu Region are:
- Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu (IIT Jammu)
- Indian Institute of Management Jammu (IIM Jammu)
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Vijaypur, Jammu (AIIMS Vijaypur)
- Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu
- Government Medical College, Jammu
- Government Medical College, Kathua
- Government Medical College, Rajouri
- Government Medical College, Udhampur
- Government Medical College, Doda
- University of Jammu
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu
- Govt. MAM PG College, Jammu
- Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College
- Maharaja Harisingh Agricultural Collegiate School
- Model Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jammu
- Mahant Bachittar Singh College Of Engineering and Technology, Jammu[114]
- Sainik School, Nagrota
- Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
- Central University of Jammu
- Cluster University of Jammu
See also
- List of topics on the land and the people of "Jammu and Kashmir"
- Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar
- Dogri
- Dogra
- Duggar
- Prakash Singh Chib
References
- ^ due weightin the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below).
(a) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
(b) Pletcher, Kenneth, Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 16 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
(c) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328,ISBN 978-1-84904-621-3Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." - ^ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 27 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ^ "Looks at possible solutions for Kashmir". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News Online.
- ^ Vogel, J. Ph (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States Vol. 1. pp. 45–46.
- ^ Hāṇḍā, Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya 1998, p. 178, 180.
- ^ Hutchison & Vogel, History of Panjab Hill States, Volume 2 1933, pp. 517–518.
- ^ Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir 1994, p. 184.
- ^ Stein, Kalhana's Rajatarangini 1989, p. 432.
- ^ Charak, Sukh Dev Singh (1985). A Short History of Jammu Raj: From Earliest Times to 1846 A.D. Ajaya Prakashan. pp. 76–78.
- ^ Mohammad, Jigar (November 2010), "Raja Ranjit Dev's Inclusive Policies and Politico-economic developments in Jammu", Epilogue, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 40–42
- ^ Jeratha, Dogra Legends of Art & Culture 1998, p. 187.
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 10.
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 10–12.
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 15–16.
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 14–34.
- ^ Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State 1961, p. 478.
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 37.
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, pp. 65–72.
- ^ Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971, p. 37.
- ^ Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971, pp. 46–50.
- ^ Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971, pp. 52–53.
- ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
- ^ a b C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d Census of India: Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jammu & Kashmir
- ^ "Fate of J&K Dalits evades attention of civil society". The Tribune. 16 April 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ "Tribal Gujjars, Bakarwals advised to suspend seasonal migration in J&K". Outlook Magazine. 5 April 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ "Gaddis, Sippis allege bias". The Tribune. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ a b C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Jammu and Kashmir, General & Census Commissioner, India, retrieved 14 July 2018.
- ^ Arakotaram, Karan (15 October 2019). "The Rise of Kashmiriyat People" (PDF).
- ^ "Jammu and Kashmir | Geography, History, & Points of Interest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
- ^ a b c Shujaat Bukhari, Nearly 35% People Speak Kashmiri In Erstwhile J&K: Study, Rising Kashmir, 29 June 2014.
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 99 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library
- ^ "Jammu & Kashmir DATA HIGHLIGHTS : THE SCHEDULED CASTES Census of India 2001" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in.
- ^ "OBC delegation meets Ambika Soni, demands greater reservation in Jammu and Kashmir". The Economic Times. 31 August 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ a b Census of India 2011, Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Jammu & Kashmir. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (Report).
Annexure V, Ranking of Districts by Population Size, 2001 - 2011 (Report). - ^ "C-1 Population By Religious Community". Census. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
- ^ District Census Handbook Kathua (PDF). Census of India 2011, Part A (Report). 18 June 2014. p. 8. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ District Census Handbook Jammu, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 18 June 2014. pp. 13, 51, 116. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Jammu, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 13, 24. Retrieved 21 November 2020. - ^ District Census Handbook Samba, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 18 June 2014. pp. 9, 34, 36, 100. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Samba, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 10, 12, 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020. - ^ District Census Handbook Udhampur (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 12, 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ District Census Handbook Reasi, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 18 June 2014. pp. 9, 37, 88. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Reasi, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 9, 13, 24. Retrieved 21 November 2020. - ^ District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 18 June 2014. pp. 11, 107. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 9, 10, 12, 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020. - ^ District Census Handbook Punch, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 18 June 2014. pp. 9, 99. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Punch, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 11, 13, 24. Retrieved 21 November 2020. - ^ District Census Handbook Doda, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 18 June 2014. pp. 9, 12, 99. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ District Census Handbook Ramban, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 18 June 2014. pp. 10, 12. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ District Census Handbook Kishtwar, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 18 June 2014. pp. 9, 10, 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-8430-242-4.
- ^ "Ikkjutt Jammu floats political party, vows to fight for 'statehood for Jammu'". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ "How J&K's Roshni Act Was Used to Keep the Poor in the Dark". The Wire. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ "Delimitation of J&K Assembly seats will end partisanship that favours Kashmir, turned state into 'rotten borough' of Valley". Firstpost. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ^ Malik, Ashok. "Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh: Exploring a new paradigm". ORF. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
- ^ Das, Shaswati (13 January 2020). "Infiltration down to a trickle in J&K, but radicalization rampant among locals". Livemint. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ Bhaderwah: Welcome to the Heaven of Earth!!!
- ^ a b "Introduction", Shri Shiv Khori Shrine Board, retrieved 21 June 2021
- ISBN 978-81-237-2533-8.
- ISBN 978-81-7387-082-8.
- ISBN 978-81-7387-082-8.
- ^ a b Pathik, Jyoteeshwar; Sharma, Diwan Chand (1980). Cultural Heritage of the Dogras. Light & Life Publishers.
- ISBN 978-0-7069-0575-5.
- ISBN 978-81-7387-082-8.
- ^ Ḍogarī-Hindī-śabdakośa (in Hindi). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akaiḍamī ôpha Ārṭa, Kalcara eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza. 2000.
- ^ Śāstrī, Rāmanātha; Mohana, Madana; Langeh, Baldev Singh (1970). (Rajata jayantī abhinandana grantha) (in Hindi). Ḍogarī Saṃsthā.
- ^ Ḍogarī (in Hindi). Bhāratīya Bhāshā Saṃsthāna, Mānava Saṃsādhana Vikāsa Mantrālaya, Mādhyamika aura Uccatara Śikshā Vibhāga, Bhārata Sarakāra evaṃ Ḍogarī Saṃsthā. 2003.
- ^ Ḍuggara dā sāṃskr̥taka itihāsa (in Hindi). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akaiḍamī ôpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza. 1985.
- ^ Nirmohī, Śiva (1988). Ḍuggara kī saṃskr̥ti (in Hindi). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
- ^ Śāstrī, Bī Ke (1980). Duggara ca Devika Nadi da samskrtaka mahatava : On the importance and significance of the Devika River, Jammu region, on the sociocultural life of the people (in Hindi). Ajaya Prakasana.
- ^ University Review: Journal of the University of Jammu (in Hindi). The University. 1996.
- ^ Nirmohī, Śiva (1988). Ḍuggara kī saṃskr̥ti (in Hindi). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
- ^ Jasta, Hariram (1982). Bhārata meṃ Nāgapūjā aura paramparā (in Hindi). Sanmārga Prakāśana.
- ^ Ḍuggara dā sāṃskr̥taka itihāsa (in Hindi). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akaiḍamī ôpha Ārṭa, Kalcara, eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza. 1985.
- ^ Nirmohī, Śiva (1988). Ḍuggara kī saṃskr̥ti (in Hindi). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
- ^ Bingley, A. H. (1899). Dogras ...
- ^ Nirmohī, Śiva (1988). Ḍuggara kā loka sāhitya (in Hindi). Vinoda Buka Ḍipo.
- ISBN 978-81-8274-376-2.
- ^ Tagare, Ganesh Vasudeo (1997). The Nārada-Purāna Part IV. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 1448–1449.
- ^ "Kanchoth and Gauri -Tritya festival". Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ISBN 978-93-131-6916-1.
- ^ a b Jerath, Ashok. Folk Art of Duggar. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors.
- ^ "Holi celebrated with fervour, gaiety". Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ "Jammu celebrates Ram Navami festival with religious fervour - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir". earlytimes.in. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ Ganhar, J. N. (1975). Jammu, Shrines and Pilgrimages. Ganhar Publications.
- ISBN 978-93-88630-68-9.
- ^ a b Ḍogarī-Hindī-śabdakośa (in Hindi). Je. eṇḍa Ke. Akaiḍamī ôpha Ārṭa, Kalcara eṇḍa Laiṅgvejiza. 2000.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7387-082-8.
- ^ District Census Handbook, Jammu & Kashmir: Jammu. 1966.
- ISBN 978-81-85599-46-5.
- ^ Śīrāzā Hindī (in Hindi). 1988.
- ISBN 978-81-8290-016-5.
- ^ District Census Handbook, Jammu & Kashmir: Kathua. 1966.
- ^ "15,000 devotees visit ancient Subar Nag temple on Baisakhi eve". outlookindia.com/. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ District Census Handbook, Jammu & Kashmir: Dada. 1966.
- ISBN 978-81-7135-002-5.
- ^ Nirmohī, Śiva (1988). Ḍuggara kā loka sāhitya (in Hindi). Vinoda Buka Ḍipo.
- ^ "Chhabeel organized on Tamdeh". State Times. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ "Nirjala Ekadashi observed, devotees install Chhabeels to serve sweet water to people". Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ a b Nirmohī, Śiva (1988). Ḍuggara kī saṃskr̥ti (in Hindi). Narendra Pabliśiṅga Hāusa.
- ^ "Raade losing importance among Jammuites". Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. 14 July 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ Ḍogarī (in Hindi). Bhāratīya Bhāshā Saṃsthāna, Mānava Saṃsādhana Vikāsa Mantrālaya, Mādhyamika aura Uccatara Śikshā Vibhāga, Bhārata Sarakāra evaṃ Ḍogarī Saṃsthā. 2003.
- ^ "Krishan Leela, kite flying marks Janamashtami". State Times. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Janmashtami in Jammu, A Visual Treat". Indic Today. 14 August 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ Hamārā sāhitya (in Hindi). Lalitakalā, Saṃskṛti, va Sāhitya Akādamī, Jammū-Kaśmīra. 2008.
- ^ "Dogra Festival: Draburi". Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ "Dogra mothers pray for their sons as Jammu celebrates 'Bacch Dua'". Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ISBN 978-81-7648-786-3.
- ^ Ganhar, J. N. (1975). Jammu, Shrines and Pilgrimages. Ganhar Publications.
- ^ Hamārā sāhitya (in Hindi). Lalitakalā, Saṃskṛti, va Sāhitya Akādamī, Jammū-Kaśmīra. 2008.
- ^ "J-K: Lakhs of devotees throng Jammu's famous 'Jhiri Mela'". aninews.in. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
- ^ "Rath Kardha Mela commences". State Times. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ "8-day Rath Kardha Mela begins at Narsingh Dass temple Ghagwal". Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. 28 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ "Rath Khardha Mela commences at Ghagwal - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir". earlytimes.in. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ "Kashmiri Pandits Celebrate Herath Ahead of Mahashivratri, Wishes Pour in From Across Country". News18. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
- ^ "MBS College Of Engineering And Technology". www.mbscet.edu.in.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-81-85880-31-0
- Jeratha, Aśoka (2000), Forts and Palaces of the Western Himalaya, Indus Publishing, pp. 5–, ISBN 978-81-7387-104-7
- Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1998), Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya, Indus Publishing, pp. 178–, ISBN 978-81-7387-076-7
- Jeratha, Aśoka (1998), Dogra Legends of Art & Culture, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7387-082-8
- Hutchison, J.; Vogel, Jean Philippe (1933), History of the Panjab Hill States, Vol. 1, New Delhi: Asian Education Services (published 2014), ISBN 9788120609426
- Hutchison, J.; Vogel, Jean Philippe (1933), History of the Panjab Hill States, Vol. 2, New Delhi: Asian Education Services (published 2014)
- Huttenback, Robert A. (1961), "Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh" (PDF), The Journal of Asian Studies, 20 (4): 477–488, S2CID 162144034, archived from the original(PDF) on 15 August 2016
- Kotwal, Nek Chand (2000), Political and cultural heritage of Bhadarwah, Kishtwar, and Doda, N.C. Kotwal
- Mohammed, Jigar (April 2008), "Mian Dedo: The Identity Icon", Epilogue, pp. 51–
- Panikkar, K. M. (1930), Gulab Singh, London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd
- Sharma, Kamal Prashad (2001), Maṇimahesh Chambā Kailāsh, Indus Publishing, pp. 67–, ISBN 978-81-7387-118-4
- Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War", Modern Asian Studies, 5 (1): 35–59, S2CID 145500298
- Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7
- Stein, M. A. (1989) [first published 1900], Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2., Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0370-1
External links
- The Official Website of Jammu and Kashmir Government
- Official Website of Jammu Division
- Official Website of Jammu District
- Jammu division travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board – Shrines in Jammu
- Bhaderwah – Website about Bhaderwah
- Mata Pingla Archived 13 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine