Jamu

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Jammu, a region in South Asia.
For other uses, see Jamu (disambiguation).
Jamu
Spices, Curcuma
Place of originIndonesia
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Jamu (

eggs
are often used as well.

Jamu
CountryIndonesia
DomainsWellness Culture
Reference01972
RegionAsia and the Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription2023
ListDaftar representatif

In 2019, jamu was officially recognized as one of Indonesia's intangible cultural heritage by the

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia.[3]

Jamu can be found throughout Indonesia; however, it is most prevalent in Java, where Mbok Jamu, the traditional kain kebaya-wearing young to middle-aged Javanese woman carrying bamboo basket, filled with bottles of jamu on her back, travelling villages and towns alleys, offering her fares of traditional herbal medicine, can be found. In many large cities jamu herbal medicine is sold on the street by hawkers carry a refreshing drink, usually bitter but sweetened with honey or palm sugar.

Herbal medicine is also produced in factories by large companies such as Air Mancur, Djamu Djago or Sido Muncul, and sold at various drug stores in sachet packaging. Packaged dried jamu should be dissolved in hot water first before drinking. Nowadays herbal medicine is also sold in the form of tablets, caplets and capsules. These jamu brands are united in an Indonesian Herbal and Traditional Medicine Association, locally known as Gabungan Pengusaha Jamu (GP Jamu).[4] Today, jamu is a growing local herbal medicine industry worth millions of dollars. In 2014, jamu contributed Rp 3 trillion (US$73.29 million) to overall sales.[4]

Etymology

The word jamu is of Javanese origin. It derives from the Javanese words jawa (ꦗꦮ, "Javanese" or "Java"), and ngramu (ꦔꦿꦩꦸ, "mixing" or "gathering" (the ingredients)). It roughly translates to "concoction made by the Javanese" or "concoction originating from Java".

Another theory suggests that the word jamu is derived from the ancient Javanese term jampi (

shamans) to the potion. It is also believed that jamu was initially used by dukuns as one of the spiritual requirements for black magic practices.[5][6]

Traditional production centers

An elderly mbok jamu gendong, jamu-seller woman

Despite jamu's popularity throughout Indonesia, it seems that jamu culture is most prevalent in

keratons. According to Javanese tradition, the famed beauty of putri keraton (princess and palace ladies) are owed to jamu and lulur (traditional lotion).[7]

Sukoharjo in Central Java in particular is believed to be one of the center of jamu tradition.[8] Many of the Mbok Jamu jamu sellers ladies are hailed from this town. The traditional jamu herbal traders in Sukoharjo has established the statue of jamu seller as Sukoharjo's identity in Bulakrejo. Commonly called "jamu herbal seller statue" it depicts a farmer and a jamu gendong herbalist carrying her wares. Sukoharjo regions, particularly sub-district Nguter,[9] is known as the place of origin of Mbok Jamu gendong herbalist in many big cities, such as Jakarta, Bandung, Bogor, and Surabaya.[10]

History

masseuse
treating her client

Jamu is believed to have originated in the

herbalist), called Acaraki.[7] The medicine book from Mataram dated from circa 1700 contains 3,000 entries of jamu recipes, while Javanese classical literature Serat Centhini (1814) describes some jamu herbal concoction recipes.[7]

Jamu sellers in Yogyakarta, ca. 1910

Though heavily influenced by Ayurveda from India, Indonesia is a vast archipelago with numerous indigenous plants not found in India, and include plants similar to Australia beyond the Wallace Line. Jamu may vary from region to region, and the recipes often not written down, especially in remote areas of the country.[12]

Jamu was (and still) practiced as one of the spiritual requirements of the indigenous physicians (dukuns). However, it is generally prepared and prescribed by women, who sell it on the streets. Generally, the different jamu prescriptions are not written down but handed down between the generations. Some early handbooks, however, have survived.[13] A jamu handbook that was used in households throughout the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) was published in 1911 by Mrs. Kloppenburg-Versteegh.[14]

One of the first European physicians to study jamu was

Bogor Botanical Garden[18]

Popularity

Travelling Mbok Jamu selling jamu gendong attending to her customer

Indonesian

physicians were initially not very interested in jamu. During the second conference of the Indonesian Association of Physicians, held in Solo in March 1940, two presentations on the topic were given. During the Japanese occupation, Indonesia's Jamu Committee was formed in 1944. During the following decades, the popularity of jamu increased, although physicians had rather ambivalent opinions about it.[19]

food supplements and cosmetics, to expand by 15 percent by 2014 to Rp 15 trillion (US$1.23 billion) compared to 2013, due to its increasingly health-conscious middle-income bracket, according to the Indonesian Herbal and Traditional Medicine Association (Gabungan Pengusaha Jamu/GP Jamu). Jamu contributes Rp 3 trillion (US$73.29 million) to overall sales.[4]

Several Indonesian leading figures are known as the endorser of jamu herbal products, including former first lady

Tien Soeharto, business figures Mooryati Soedibyo and Jaya Suprana, and President Joko Widodo.[1] Joko admitted that he had consumed the herbal medicine, locally known as temulawak jahe (the mixture of ginger and curcuma) for 17 years which he believed has helped him in his daily activities as well as to repair the liver and digestive functions.[1]

Form

Jamu is often distributed in the form of powder, pills, capsules, and drinking liquid. Jamu shops, which sell only ingredients or prepare the jamu on spot as required by buyers, as well as women roaming the street to sell jamu, is a commonly seen way to distribute jamu in Indonesia. Nowadays, jamu is also mass manufactured and exported. There are often concerns as to quality, consistency, and cleanliness in not only the locally distributed but also manufactured forms.

Quasi-health

Jamu warung in Central Java

There are a few quasi-health related uses for jamu, for example curiously promoted to enhance sexual pleasure, but also traditionally manage post childbirth trauma. There are kinds of jamu to increase sexual stamina for men, as well as others to tighten the vagina for women (with names like Sari Rapat ("Essence of Tightness"), Rapat Wangi ("Tight and Fragrant"), and even Empot Ayam ("Tight as a Chicken's Anus").[20] Some exported to far as Kenya under names Tongkat ajimat madura, or madura sticks. See also hee yum grass (thai herbalism).

Herbs for jamu

There are hundreds of herbs for jamu prescriptions, some are:

Not only jamu sold by mbok jamu (woman) but jamu also sold by mamang jamu (male) by bicycle
  • Rhizomes:
    • Bengle (Zingiber brevifolium)
    • Jahe Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
    • Kencur
       Aromatic Galangal (Kaempferia galanga)
    • Kunyit Turmeric (
      Curcuma domestica
      )
    • Lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet or Zingiber aromaticum)
    • Lengkuas or Laos Greater Galangal (Alpinia galanga)
    • Temulawak
       (Curcuma xanthorrhiza)
  • Leaves:
    • Brotowali or bratawali (Tinospora crispa or Tinospora tuberculata rumphii)
    • Sambang Darah (Excoecaria cochinchinensis or Excoecaria bicolor)
    • Secang (
      Caesalpinia sappan
      )
  • Seeds:
  • Fruits:
    • Asam Jawa tamarind (
      Tamarindus indica
      )
    • Ceplukan Cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata)
    • Jeruk Nipis
      Citrus aurantifolia
      Swingle)
    • Nyamplung or kosambi (Calophyllum inophyllum)
  • Barks
    • Kayu Manis Cinnamon (
      Cinnamomum burmannii
      )
  • Flowers
    • Ilang-ilang
      Ylang ylang
      (Cananga odorata)
    • Melati Jasmine (Jasminum sambac)
    • Rumput Alang-alang (Gramineae)

Non-herbal elements of jamu

Non-herbal materials acquired from animals are also often used in jamu mixture. Among others are:

  • Insects
    • Honey
    • Royal jelly
    • Bee larvae
    • Certain types of insects, including larvae
    • Ant nest
  • Cattles and dairy product
    • Milks from various species, includes cow, buffalo, goat and horse
    • Goat's bile
  • Poultry
    • eggs
  • Sea creatures

See also

Further reading

  • Claire Turrell (22 Feb 2023). "The ancient drink that powers Indonesia".

References

  1. ^ a b c "Jokowi lauds jamu". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  2. ^ "Jamu Warisan Leluhur Indonesia, Warisan Budaya Takbenda (intangible cultural heritage)". Warisan Budaya, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia (Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia). 1 January 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  3. ^ "Jamu wellness culture". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  4. ^ a b c "Govt to strengthen 'jamu' quality through identification". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  5. ^ Njonja E. van Gent-Detelle. Boekoe Obat-Obat Voor [Sic] Orang Toewa Dan Anak-Anak [Medicine Boek for Adults and Children], (Djocjacarta: Buning, 1875); Njonja van Blokland, Doekoen Djawa: Oetawa Kitab Dari Roepa-Roepa Obat Njang Terpake Di Tanah Djawa [Javanese Dukuns: or Book with Various Kinds of Medicine in Use on Java] (Batavia Albrecht & Co., 1899).
  6. PMID 32563942
    .
  7. ^ a b c d "Jamu dan Lulur, Rahasia Cantik Para Putri Keraton". Tribun Jogja (in Indonesian). 21 May 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  8. ^ Esthi Maharani, ed. (1 April 2015). "Sukoharjo Ditetapkan Jadi Kabupaten Jamu". Republika Online (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  9. ^ Desy Saputra, ed. (22 November 2012). "Desa Nguter Sukoharjo kini menjadi "Kampung Jamu"". Antara News.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  10. ^ Fariz Fardianto (12 July 2014). "Asal muasal kampung jamu di Sukoharjo & eksistensi mbok jamu". Merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  11. ^ Indira Permanasari; Aryo Wisanggeni (21 February 2012). "Jejak Mataram Kuno di Sindoro". Ekspedisi Cincin Api Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  12. ^ Susan-Jane Beers, Jamu: The Ancient Indonesian Art of Herbal Healing (Hong Kong: Periplus, 2001)
  13. ^ Njonja E. van Gent-Detelle. Boekoe Obat-Obat Voor [Sic] Orang Toewa Dan Anak-Anak [Medicine Boek for Adults and Children], (Djocjacarta: Buning, 1875); Njonja van Blokland, Doekoen Djawa: Oetawa Kitab Dari Roepa-Roepa Obat Njang Terpake Di Tanah Djawa [Javanese Dukun or Book with Various Kinds of Medicine in Use on Java] (Batavia Albrecht & Co., 1899).
  14. ^ J. Kloppenburg-Versteegh, Wenken en Raadgevingen Betreffende het Gebruik Van Indische Planten, Vruchten Enz. [Guidance and Advice Regarding the Use of Indies Plants, Fruits, Etc.], 2 vols. (Semarang: G.C.T. van Dorp, 1911).
  15. ^ Bontius, Jacobus, De medicina Indorum, Leyden: Franciscus Hackius, Lugduni Batavorum, 1642.
  16. ^ Georgius Everardus Rumphius, Het Amboinsche Kruidboek (Herbarium Aboinense) Amsterdam: Francois Changuion & Hermanus Uytwerf, 6 volumes
  17. ^ F.A.C. Waitz, Praktische waarnemingen over eenige Javaansche geneesmiddelen [Practical observations on a number of Javanese medications], Amsterdam: C.G. Sulpke, 1829).
  18. ^ Hans Pols, "European Botanists and Physicians, Indigenous Herbal Medicine in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia), and Colonial Networks of Mediation," East Asian Science, Technology, and Society: An International Journal 3, no. 2-3 (2009): 173-208.
  19. ^ Seno Sastroamidjojo, Obat Asli Indonesia (Indigenous Indonesian Medicine) (Djakarta: Penerbit Kebangsaan Pustaka Rakjat Djakarta, 1948).
  20. ^ "Some like it dry". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 2009-09-29.
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