Jan Mazurkiewicz

Jan Mazurkiewicz, pseudonym: "Zagłoba", "Socha", "Sęp", "Radosław" (27 August 1896 – 4 May 1988) was a Polish military leader and politician, colonel of Home Army and brigadier general of the Polish People's Army. Founder of the Secret Military Organization (later merged with the Home Army), commander of Kedyw and the Radosław Group during Warsaw Uprising. After the war, he was a political prisoner of the Stalinist period (until 1956). From 1964 he was vice-president of Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy.

Early life and World War I

Jan Mazurkiewicz was born in a craftsman's family in

After a short training, he joined the 1st Brigade of Polish Legions, in which he was a soldier of the 1st battalion company. Then he was assigned to the marching battalion of captain Leon Berbecki and in his ranks took part in December 1914 at the Battle of Łowczówek. He was wounded and captured by the Russians. He escaped from it in June 1915, after which he managed to get back to his unit. In October wounded again, then he underwent treatment in the hospital.^[2]

As a

Interwar period

From November 1918 he was a soldier of the Polish Army. Later, he was assigned to the Second Department of Polish General Staff. During the Polish–Soviet War, he served as a military courier (he imported, among others, Józef Piłsudski's letters to Symon Petliura) and a counterintelligence officer. In 1922, he was transferred to the military reserve for a short period and assigned to the 8th Legions' Infantry Regiment. From 1924 he served in the 13th Infantry Division. He took part in preparations for the May Coup. From 1930 to 1934, under the cover of an inspector of the Riflemen's Association, he conducted counterintelligence activities against the Soviet Union in Vilnius and Brest.

In 1934 he completed the course of the battalion commanders at the Infantry Training Center in Rembertów. From 1938 to 1939 he was a lecturer in tactics at courses for company commanders.

World War II and Warsaw Uprising

During the Invasion of Poland, he was the head of a diversion on the southwestern front section. After the Soviet invasion of Poland, he founded the Secret Military Organization (TOW) in Stanisławów.^[3] On 19 September 1939, he crossed the Polish-Hungarian border, transferring the organization's headquarters to Budapest. Then he went to France, where he met with general Władysław Sikorski. In June 1940 he returned to the country and assumed the function of the Commander-in-Chief of TOW, an independent combat and subversive organization operating according to the guidelines of the Union of Armed Struggle.

In March 1943, after merging TOW with

Shortly before the outbreak of the

He did not go into captivity, he left the ruins of the destroyed capital with his wife. He continued his underground activity in Częstochowa, where the headquarters of the Home Army was located.^[2]

In post-war Poland

After the dissolution of the Home Army on 19 January 1945 and the liberation of Częstochowa by the Red Army, he took the leadership of the Central Area of the NIE. Later he became a delegate to the Central Area of the Armed Forces Delegation for Poland, under which he conducted further underground activities against communist authorities.^[2][8]

In the end, he gave up further conspiracy, considering the resistance pointless. On 1 August 1945, he and his wife were arrested by officers of the Ministry of Public Security. He was released after a month, he headed the so-called Central Liquidation Commission of the Home Army. On 8 September he turned to former Home Army soldiers and people remaining in the underground to call for disclosure and amnesty. For some officers, this was disapproved and even accused of treason. As a result of his appeal, about 50,000 former members of the armed underground were revealed. On 12 September captain Stanisław Sojczyński, the leader of the Underground Polish Army, sent an open letter to colonel Mazurkiewicz, in which he criticized him and called him a "traitor".^[9]

Mazurkiewicz established the Committee for the Care of the Graves of Fallen Soldiers of the Radosław Group. He was in constant contact with his former soldiers, whom he helped find in the difficult post-war years. Through his extensive contacts, he sought employment for his former soldiers - often war invalids. Later, the Stalinist authorities accused him that they were "secret underground meetings aimed at overthrowing the power of the Polish People's Republic".^[10]

On 4 February 1949, he was arrested again. Throughout the investigation, he was forced to testify incriminatingly against the first head of Kedyw, general August Emil Fieldorf, but his relentless attitude resulted in the resignation from attempting to use him as a prosecution witness in the political trial against General. On 16 November 1953, his main trial took place before the Military District Court in Warsaw. On the same day, based on crafted evidence, without admitting defense witnesses, he was convicted for life imprisonment. He served his sentence in Wronki Prison, from where he was released as a result of amnesty for political prisoners in May 1956.^[11] In 1957 he was rehabilitated.

After being released, he took up craft. In 1958, he opened (formally registered to his wife) the "Wiklina" cafe, which he ran until the 1970s. Later he handed it over to the Trade Cooperative of Invalids.

After 1956, he was active in the veterans' right activism. From 1964 he was vice-president of Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy.^[13]

In August 1981, on the occasion of the 37th anniversary of the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, Telewizja Polska broadcast a documentary in which Mazurkiewicz talked about the real "Soviet assistance to insurgent units of the Home Army". From 1981 to 1983 he was a member of the presidium of the Front of National Unity. In 1983 he was elected a member of the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth. From 1981 he was the chairman of the commission for the Warsaw Uprising Cross. In the second half of the 1980s, general Jan Mazurkiewicz, then the highest-performing and functioning former Home Army officer in Poland, became part of the Social Committee for the Construction of the Warsaw Uprising Monument, which was unveiled on 1 August 1989, after his death.

He died in May 1988 and was buried at Powązki Military Cemetery.^[14] His funeral was attended by representatives of the highest state authorities, including generals Wojciech Jaruzelski and Florian Siwicki, professor Henryk Jabłoński and Jan Dobraczyński.^[15]

Honors and awards

• Gold Cross of the
  Order of Virtuti Militari
  , previously awarded the Silver Cross
• Cross of Independence with Swords
• Cross of Valour – eleven times
• Warsaw Uprising Cross (1981)
• Order of Polonia Restituta
• Order of the Cross of Grunwald
• Home Army Cross
• Medal of Merit for National Defence

Military ranks

• captain – 1922
• major – before 1939
• lieutenant colonel – 1943
• colonel – 1944
• brigadier general – 1980

Personal life

Mazurkiewicz's first wife was Jadwiga,^{[citation needed]} with whom he had three children, Stanislaw and Zofia, and an older son who died in infancy. His wife and daughter were imprisoned by the Russians in the east of the country during the war, but his son escaped to England where he fought with the Polish Army based in Scotland before returning to Poland some years later.^{[citation needed]}

His second wife was Maria Zienkiewicz, alias "Irma" (1903–1985), captain of the Home Army.^[16]

He had a brother, Franciszek Mazurkiewicz (1901–1944), an officer in the Polish Army who died during the Warsaw Uprising.^[17]

Footnotes