Janata Party

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Bharatiya Janata Party.

Janata Party
AbbreviationJP
PresidentNavneet Chaturvedi
FounderJayaprakash Narayan
Founded23 January 1977; 47 years ago (1977-01-23)
Merger of
Youth wingJanata Yuva Morcha
Women's wingJanata Mahila Morcha
IdeologyEconomic nationalism[1]
Political positionBig tent
SloganJanata se Janata ke liye जनता से जनता के लिए
ECI StatusRegistered Unrecognised Political Party
Election symbol

The Janata Party abbreviated JP,

independent modern India's history.[3]

Rae Bareli
in those elections.

The new Janata-led government reversed many Emergency-era decrees and opened official investigations into Emergency-era abuses. Although several major foreign policy and economic reforms were attempted, continuous in-fighting and ideological differences made the Janata government unable to effectively address national problems. By mid-1979,

Congress (I) party, which won the general election called in 1980. After Jaiprakash Bandhu now Navneet Chaturvedi is the president of Janata Party since November 2021.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

History

Having led the

war of 1971 against Pakistan.[12]

However Indira's subsequent inability to address serious issues such as unemployment, poverty, inflation and shortages eroded her popularity.

Vidhan Sabha (State Legislature) of the state of Gujarat on 11 June 1975.[12][13]

Rae Bareilly in 1971, lodged a case at the Allahabad High Court, alleging electoral malpractices and the use of government resources for her election campaign. On 12 June 1975 in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain, the Allahabad High Court found Indira guilty and barred her from holding public office for six years.[12][13][14] Opposition politicians immediately demanded her resignation and stepped up mass protests against the government. On 25 June, Narayan and Desai held a massive rally in Delhi, calling for a "Satyagraha" – a campaign of non-violent civil disobedience to force the government to resign.[12]

Emergency

Main article: The Emergency (India)

On 25 June 1975, the

Lal Krishna Advani and others.[14][12] Opposition political organisations such as the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) were banned and their leaders arrested.[16] Only the Communist Party of India supported the state of emergency.[16]
Due to the advancing age and failing health, Narayan was released from prison, but remained prohibited from political activity.

During the Emergency, Indira Gandhi implemented a 20-point program of economic reforms that resulted in greater economic growth, aided by the absence of strikes and trade union conflicts. Encouraged by these positive signs and distorted and biased information from her party supporters, Indira called elections for May 1977.[17] However, the emergency era had been widely unpopular. The most controversial issue was the 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India, which deprived citizens of direct access to the Supreme Court, except when violation of the fundamental rights resulted from Union law. The Parliament was given unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution. The Supreme Court was given exclusive jurisdiction as regards determination of the constitutional validity of laws passed by the Union government. It restricted the power of the courts to issue stay orders or injunctions. Almost all parts of the Constitution saw changes through this amendment. The clampdown on civil liberties and allegations of widespread abuse of human rights by police had angered the public. Indira Gandhi was believed, by the public at large to be under the influence of a clique of politicians led by her youngest son, Sanjay Gandhi, who had become notorious for using his influence in the government and the Congress party for alleged corrupt activities. Sanjay Gandhi had masterminded the Union government's unpopular campaign of family planning, which had allegedly involved forcible sterilization of young men by government officials.[12] Sanjay Gandhi had also instigated the demolition of slums in the Jama Masjid area of New Delhi, the national capital, which left thousands of people, mostly Muslims, homeless.[12][17] Indian laborers, urban workers, teachers and government employees were also disenchanted by wage freezes and the curtailing of trade union activities and rights.[12][17]

Creation

Calling elections on 18 January 1977 the government released political prisoners and weakened restrictions and censorship on the press, although the state of emergency was not officially ended. When opposition leaders sought the support of

Lal Krishna Advani
became the party spokesperson.

The Janata manifesto was released on 10 February, which declared that the coming election presented voters with:

a choice between freedom and slavery; between democracy and dictatorship; between abdicating the power of the people and asserting it; between the Gandhian path and the way that has led many nations down the precipice of dictatorship, instability, military adventure and national ruin.[18]

As it became clear that Indira's Emergency rule had been widely unpopular, defections from the

MP D. N. Tiwari and Bihar politician Raj Mangal Pandey.[19]

Although committing to contest the election with the Janata party, Ram resisted merging his party organisation with Janata. It was ultimately decided that the Congress for Democracy would contest the election with the same manifesto as the Janata party and would join the Janata party in Parliament, but would otherwise retain a separate identity (the CFD would merge with the Janata party after the elections on 5 May).[19] On 30 January 1977 the Communist Party of India (Marxist) announced that it would seek to avoid a splintering in the opposition vote by not running candidates against the Janata party.

Constituent Parties

1977 elections

Main article: 1977 Indian general election

During the election campaign, the leaders of the Congress (R) and the Janata party traveled across the country to rally supporters. Indira and her Congress (R) promoted the record of achieving economic development and orderly government. Although she offered apologies for abuses committed during the Emergency, Indira and the Congress (R) defended the rationale 455 of imposing the state of emergency as being essential for national security. On the other hand, Janata leaders assailed Indira for ruling as a dictator and endangering human rights and democracy in India. Janata's campaign evoked memories of India's freedom struggle against

Jivatram Kripalani and Morarji Desai
had first emerged as political leaders. Although Narayan and Kripalani did not seek office themselves, they became the leading campaigners for the Janata party, drawing great masses of people in rallies across the country.

Actions taken during Emergency significantly diminished support for the

Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh rallied India's middle-class merchants, traders and conservative Hindus. The Hindu nationalist RSS
and trade unions aligned with Janata helped rally considerable voting blocs.

The 1977 election drew a turnout of 60% from an electorate of more than 320 million. On 23 March, it was announced that the Janata party had won a sweeping victory, securing 43.2% of the popular vote and 271 seats. With the support of the Akali Dal and the Congress for Democracy, it had amassed a two-thirds, or absolute majority of 345 seats. Although the Congress for Democracy won 28 seats, Ram's standing as a national Dalit leader and moving a significant share of the Dalit vote to the Janata party and its allies won him considerable influence.[19]

In contrast to the rest of the country, the Janata party won only six seats from India's southern states – none from the state of

Rae Bareilly, which she lost to her 1971 opponent Raj Narain
by a margin of 55,200 votes. The Congress (R) did not win any seats in Uttar Pradesh and was wiped out in 10 states and territories by Janata candidates.

Summary of the 1977 March Lok Sabha election results of India, using alliances under Morarji Government from 1977 to 1979
Sources: Keesing's – World News Archive

Alliances Party Seats won Change Popular votes %
Janata alliance

Seats: 345
Seat Change: +233
Popular vote %: 51.89 		Janata Party / Congress for Democracy 298 +245 43.17

Government formation

See also:
Morarji Desai Ministry

On the morning of 24 March,

Jivatram Kripalani to select the party's leader, pledging to abide by their choice.[20] After a period of deliberation, Narayan and Kripalani selected Morarji Desai to become the chairman of the Janata Parliamentary Party on 24 May. Although some leaders such as George Fernandes and Jagjivan Ram hesitated to support Desai and criticized the undemocratic method of selection, Desai's position was soon confirmed and consolidated.[20]

Taking office as prime minister, Desai also took charge of the Ministry of Finance. He sought to carefully distribute important posts to satisfy Janata's different constituents and the most powerful party leaders who were rivals for his own position of leadership. Both

Congress (O) veteran and Janata candidate Neelam Sanjiva Reddy won the presidential election
to become the 6th President of India on 25 July 1977.

The results of its election defeat considerably weakened and diminished the

Congress (I)
, which remained the largest opposition party.

Indian prime minister Morarji Desai (1977–1979)

Janata rule

Main article: Premiership of Morarji Desai

The first actions taken by the Desai government were to formally end the state of emergency and media censorship and repeal the controversial executive decrees issued during the Emergency.[17][20] The Constitution was amended to make it more difficult for any future government to declare a state of emergency; fundamental freedoms and the independence of India's judiciary was reaffirmed.[17][20]

The new government also proceeded to withdraw all charges against the 25 accused in the

1971 Nagarwala scandal.[20]
Both Indira and her son Sanjay were charged with allegations of corruption and briefly arrested.

Elections in the states

Immediately upon taking office, the Janata government pressured the ten state governments where the Congress was in power to dissolve the state assemblies and hold fresh elections in June.

Chief Minister. The number of Janata members of the legislative assemblies (MLAs) of all the states increased from 386 to 1,246 seats. The government also called fresh elections in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, where the Janata party won 13 seats to the Congress' 11, and the veteran Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah
returned to power after having been dismissed in 1953.

Foreign policy

Prime Minister Morarji Desai and the Minister of External Affairs

Sino-Indian War of 1962. Both nations established regular dialogue to resolve long-standing territorial disputes, expand trade and enhance border security. The Desai government ended India's support for the guerrillas loyal to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
, the founding leader of Bangladesh, who had been assassinated in 1975 by military officers and replaced by a military regime that sought to distance itself from India.

India also sought to improve relations with the United States, which had been strained due to the latter's support for Pakistan during the 1971 war and India's subsequent proximity with the Soviet Union. The Janata government announced its desire to achieve "genuine" non-alignment in the Cold War, which had been the long-standing national policy. In 1978, Jimmy Carter became the third U.S. president to make an official visit to India. Both nations sought to improve trade and expand cooperation in science and technology. Vajpayee represented India at the U.N. conference on nuclear disarmament, defending India's nuclear programme and its refusal to sign non-proliferation treaties.

Economic policy

The Janata government had lesser success in achieving economic reforms. It launched the Sixth Five-Year Plan, aiming to boost agricultural production and rural industries. Seeking to promote economic self-reliance and indigenous industries, the government required multi-national corporations to go into partnership with Indian corporations. The policy proved controversial, diminishing foreign investment and led to the high-profile exit of corporations such as Coca-Cola and IBM from India.[23]

List of Chief Ministers

No Portrait Name Constituency State Term of office Tenure length Assembly
1 Prem Khandu Thungan Dirang Kalaktang Arunachal Pradesh 13 August 1975 18 September 1979 4 years, 36 days 1st
(1978 Arunachal Pradesh election)
2 Babubhai Patel Sabarmati Gujarat 11 April 1977 17 February 1980 2 years, 312 days 5th
(1975 Gujarat election)
3 Devi Lal Bhattu Kalan Haryana 21 June 1977 28 June 1979 2 years, 7 days 5th
(1977 Haryana elections)
4 Shanta Kumar
Sullah
 Himachal Pradesh 22 June 1977 14 February 1980 2 years, 237 days 4th
(1977 Himachal Pradesh election)
5 Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
Chhabra
 Rajasthan 22 June 1977 16 February 1980 2 years, 239 days 6th
(1977 Rajasthan election)
6 Ram Naresh Yadav Nidhauli Kalan Uttar Pradesh 23 June 1977 28 February 1979 1 year, 250 days 7th
(1977 Uttar Pradesh election)
7 Karpoori Thakur
Phulparas
 Bihar 24 June 1977 21 April 1979 1 year, 301 days 7th
(1977 Bihar election)
8 Kailash Chandra Joshi
Bagli
 Madhya Pradesh 24 June 1977 18 January 1978 208 days 6th
(1977 Madhya Pradesh election)
9 Nilamani Routray
Basudevpur
 Odisha 26 June 1977 17 February 1980 2 years, 236 days 7th
(1977 Odisha election)
10 Yangmaso Shaiza
Ukhrul
 Manipur 29 June 1977 13 November 1979 2 years, 137 days 3rd
(1974 Manipur election)
11 Radhika Ranjan Gupta Fatikroy Tripura 26 July 1977 4 November 1977 101 days 3rd
(1972 election)
12 Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha
Jawad
 Madhya Pradesh 18 January 1978 20 January 1980 2 years, 2 days 6th
(1977 Madhya Pradesh election)
13 Golap Borbora
Tinsukia
 Assam 12 March 1978 4 September 1979 1 year, 176 days 6th

(1978 Assam election)

14 Banarasi Das
Hapur
 Uttar Pradesh 28 February 1979 17 February 1980 354 days 7th
(1977 Uttar Pradesh election)
15 Ram Sundar Das
Sonepur
 Bihar 21 April 1979 17 February 1980 302 days 7th
(1977 Bihar election)
16 Bhajan Lal Adampur Haryana 28 June 1979 23 May 1982 2 years, 329 days 5th
(1977 Haryana elections)
17 Jogendra Nath Hazarika
Duliajan
 Assam 9 September 1979 11 December 1979 93 days 6th

(1978 Assam election)

18
Sunderlal Patwa
Mandsaur
 Madhya Pradesh 20 January 1980 17 February 1980 28 days 6th
(1977 Madhya Pradesh election)
19 Ramakrishna Hegde
Kanakpura
 Karnataka 10 January 1983 7 March 1985 5 years, 216 days 7th
(1983 Karnataka election)
(19) Ramakrishna Hegde
Basavanagudi
 Karnataka 8 March 1985 13 August 1988 3 years, 158 days 8th
(1985 Karnataka election)
20 S. R. Bommai
Hubli Rural
 Karnataka 13 August 1988 21 April 1989 281 days 8th
(1985 Karnataka election)

Fall of the government

Despite a strong start, the Janata government began to wither as significant ideological and political divisions emerged.

Lal Krishna Advani choose between staying in government and being members of the RSS
. Both Vajpayee and Advani as well as other members of the former BJS opted to remain members of the RSS and consequently resigned from their posts and from the party.

The decline in the popularity of the Janata government was aided by the stalled prosecution of Emergency-era abuses. The government had failed to prove most of the allegations and obtained few convictions. Cases against Indira Gandhi had also stalled for lack of evidence, and her continued prosecution began to evoke sympathy for her from the Indian public and anger of her supporters, who saw it as a "

witch hunt."[14]

In June 1978,

Home Ministry.[28]

Through 1979, support for Morarji Desai had declined considerably due to worsening economic conditions as well as the emergence of allegations of nepotism and corruption involving members of his family. Desai's confrontational attitude eroded his support.[14] His main rival Charan Singh had developed an acrimonious relationship with Desai.[21] Protesting Desai's leadership, Singh resigned and withdrew the support of his Bharatiya Lok Dal. Desai also lost the support of the secular and socialist politicians in the party, who saw him as favoring the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh.[12] On 19 July 1979 Desai resigned from the government and eventually retired to his home in Mumbai (then Bombay).[14] The failing health of Jayaprakash Narayan made it hard for him to remain politically active and act as a unifying influence, and his death in 1979 deprived the party of its most popular leader. Dissidents projected Charan Singh as the new prime minister in place of Desai.

President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy appointed Charan Singh as the Prime Minister of a minority government on the strength of 64 MPs, calling upon him to form a new government and prove his majority. The departure of Desai and the BJS had considerably diminished Janata's majority, and numerous Janata MPs refused to support Charan Singh. MPs loyal to Jagjivan Ram withdrew themselves from the Janata party. Former allies such as the DMK, Shiromani Akali Dal and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) had distanced themselves from the Janata party. Desperately seeking enough support for a majority, Charan Singh even sought to negotiate with Congress (I), which refused. After only three weeks in office, Charan Singh resigned. With no other political party in position to establish a majority government, President Reddy dissolved the Parliament and called fresh elections for January 1980.[12]

In 1980 general elections, Janata Party declared Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate, but the party won only 31 seats out of 542.[29]

Party Presidents

General election results

Lok Sabha seats

Year Legislature Seats contested Seats won Change in seats   Percentage of votes Vote swing Ref.
1977 6th Lok Sabha 405
295 / 542
 Increase 295 41.32% Increase 41.32% [35]
1980 7th Lok Sabha 433
31 / 529
 Decrease 264 18.97% Decrease 22.35% [36]
1984 8th Lok Sabha 207
10 / 514
 Decrease 21 6.89% Decrease 12.08% [37]
1989 9th Lok Sabha 155
0 / 529
 Decrease 10 1.01% Decrease 5.88% [38]
1991 10th Lok Sabha 349
5 / 521
 Increase 5 3.37% Increase 2.36% [39]
1996 11th Lok Sabha 101
0 / 543
 Decrease 5 0.19% Decrease 3.18% [40]
1998 12th Lok Sabha 16
1 / 543
 Increase 1 0.12% Decrease 0.07% [41]
1999 13th Lok Sabha 26
0 / 543
 Decrease 1 0.05% Decrease 0.07% [42]

National units

Thakur Ji Pathak

Thakur Ji Pathak (January 1982–20 January 1985) Before

Janata party.[43][44]

State units

Karnataka

Presidents

Veerendra Patil (1977–78)[45]

H. D. Deve Gowda (1978)[45]

D. Manjunath (1983)[46]

M. P. Prakash (1987)[47]

Secretary General

Jeevaraj Alva (1988–1990)[48]

Uttar Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

President

Nellai R. Jebamani

Janata Party is alive as Unrecognised Registered Political Party

In the run-up to the 1980 elections, the remaining Janata party leaders tried unsuccessfully to rebuild the party and make fresh alliances. Desai campaigned for the party but did not himself stand for election, preferring retirement from politics. The Congress (I) capitalized on the aversion of the Indian public to another fragile and dysfunctional government by campaigning on the slogan "Elect A Government That Works!"[12] Indira Gandhi apologized for mistakes made during the Emergency and won the endorsement of respected national leaders such as Vinoba Bhave. At the polls, the candidates running under the Janata ticket were resoundingly defeated – the party lost 172 seats, winning only 31. Indira Gandhi and the Congress (I) returned to power with a strong majority. Sanjay Gandhi was also elected to the Parliament. President Reddy was succeeded at the end of his term in 1982 by Congress (I) leader Zail Singh.(RUPPS).

Between 1980 and 1989, the Janata party maintained a small presence in the Indian Parliament under the leadership of socialist politician

National Front coalition.[49] Singh had become widely popular for exposing the role of the government of prime minister Rajiv Gandhi, the eldest son and successor of Indira, in the Bofors scandal, though on 5 February 2004, the Delhi High Court quashed the charges of bribery against Rajiv Gandhi and others.[49][51]

But some leaders of Janata Party refused to accept its merger into Janata Dal and continued in Janata Party.[52][53] These included Indubhai Patel, Subramanian Swamy, Syed Shahabuddin, H. D. Deve Gowda, Sarojini Mahishi.[52][54] On 4 January 1989, Indubhai Patel was declared as acting president of Janata Party.[55] Janata Dal filed an application to Election Commission of India to seek the transfer of Janata Party symbol to its own.[56] But the Election Commission froze the symbol chakra–haldhar for 1989 general election and as a result, Janata Dal had to use wheel as their election symbol.[57] Janata Party continue to retain its status as unrecognised registered party with Election Commission of India and retains its symbole of chakra-haldhar.[58]

Under V. P. Singh, the Janata Dal and the National Front sought to replicate the Janata-style alliance of anti-Congress political parties.[49] Although it failed to win a majority, it managed to form a fragile coalition government with V.P. Singh as the prime minister with the outside support of the BJP and the Communist Party of India (Marxist).[49] However, Singh's government soon fell victim to intra-party rivalries and power struggles, and his successor Chandra Sekhar's Janata Dal (Socialist) government lasted barely into 1991.[49]

Legacy

Although its tenure in office was tumultuous and unsuccessful, the Janata party played a definitive role in Indian politics and history and its legacy remains strong in contemporary India. The Janata party led a popular movement to restore civil liberties, evoking the memories and principles of the Indian independence movement. Its success in ending 30 years of uninterrupted Congress rule helped strengthen India's multi-party democracy. The term "Janata" has been used by several major political parties such as the Biju Janata Dal (BJD), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Janata Dal (United), Janata Dal (Secular), Rashtriya Janata Dal and others.

Participants in the struggle against the

Lal Krishna Advani served as deputy prime minister. Younger politicians such as Subramanian Swamy, Arun Jaitley, Pramod Mahajan, Sushma Swaraj
and others were grass-roots activists in the Janata party.

The Janata Party continued to exist led by Subramanian Swamy, which maintained a small presence in the politics of the state of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Chandigarh, Delhi and at the national stage. Janata party continued its lead as opposition in AP until the formation of TDP party, due to prominent leaders such as Jaipal Reddy, Babul Reddy and T. Gajula Narasaiah.

See also

Further reading

  • Shourie, Arun (1980). Institutions in the Janata phase. Bombay: Popular.

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-55970-803-6
    .
  2. ^ "List of Political Parties and Free Symbols" (PDF). Election Commission of India. 10 March 2014.
  3. ^ "NCP chief Sharad Pawar in Mumbai: Did not discuss Prez election or third front with Prashant Kishor". Hindustan Times. 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  4. ^ Official Excerpts from Speech of Veteran Journalist. Emergency: Top Oppositional political leaders arrested. Website. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  5. ^ a b "जिओ पॉलिटिक्स के लेखक नवनीत चतुर्वेदी जनता पार्टी के राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष बने | Journo Mirror". 18 December 2021. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  6. ^ "चुनाव स्थगित करने हेतु जनता पार्टी राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष नवनीत चतुर्वेदी द्वारा सुप्रीम कोर्ट में जनहित याचिका - अग्नि आलोक". 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  7. ^ Malviya, Pavan (12 November 2023). "विधानसभा चुनाव राजस्थान और मध्यप्रदेश जहां जनता पार्टी गेम चेंजर की भूमिका मे खड़ी हो चुकी है - नवनीत चतुर्वेदी". दैनिक भास्कर हिन्दी (Dainik Bhaskar Hindi) (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  8. ^ "Political News : जनता पार्टी ने ठुकराया संयुक्त विपक्ष का प्रस्ताव, नए चेहरों को मौका देकर करेगी मिशन 2024 की तैयारी | Janta party President navneet chaturvedi distanced himself from all-party meeting, rejected proposal joint opposition". Patrika News (in Hindi). 22 June 2023. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  9. ^ a b "UP News: 5 जून से जनता पार्टी यूपी में शुरू करेगी सदस्यता अभियान, देशभर में पार्टी लोगों को जोड़ेगी". Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  10. ^ "ब्राह्मण समाज के समर्थन में आई जनता पार्टी: नवनीत चतुर्वेदी". www.navodayatimes.in. 3 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  11. ^ "The Congress". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "The Rise of Indira Gandhi". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-0-395-73097-3
    .
  14. ^ a b c d e f Kuldip Singh (11 April 1995). "Obituary: Morarji Desai". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  15. ISBN 978-0-395-73097-3
    .
  16. ^
    ISBN 978-0-395-73097-3
    .
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-45970-9
    .
  18. ISBN 81-7017-061-3
    .
  19. ^
    ISBN 81-7017-061-3
    .
  20. ^
    ISBN 81-7017-061-3
    .
  21. ^ a b "Morarji, Charan Singh waited for each other to die: Book". The Indian Express. 11 November 2008. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  22. ISBN 978-81-7017-061-7. Archived
    from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
  23. ISBN 978-1-55970-803-6
    .
  24. ISBN 978-81-317-3465-0. Archived
    from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  25. ^ a b "Chaudhary Charan Singh: Stalwart farmer leader who was PM for 170 days". The Indian Express. 22 May 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  26. ISBN 978-93-5150-032-2
    .
  27. ^ "HT This Day: Jan 24, 1979 - Charan Singh, J. Ram become Dy PMs today". Hindustan Times. 23 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  28. ISBN 978-81-317-3465-0. Archived
    from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  29. ^ "General Election, 1980 (Vol I, II)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  30. ^ "Shri Chandra Shekhar | Prime Minister of India". www.pmindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  31. ^ Prabhu Chawla (15 June 1988). "Ajit Singh catapulted as Janata Party president". India Today. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  32. ^ "Subramanian Swamy". Business Standard India. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  33. ^ "Political News : जनता पार्टी ने ठुकराया संयुक्त विपक्ष का प्रस्ताव, नए चेहरों को मौका देकर करेगी मिशन 2024 की तैयारी | Janta party President navneet chaturvedi distanced himself from all-party meeting, rejected proposal joint opposition". Patrika News (in Hindi). 22 June 2023. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  34. ^ "राजनीतिक रण में एतिहासिक जनता पार्टी एक बार फिर से नए युवा चेहरे व ब्राह्मण नेतृत्व के साथ उतरने को तैयार - mobile". punjabkesari. 7 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  35. ^ "General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  36. ^ "General Election, 1980 (Vol I, II)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  37. ^ "General Election, 1984 (Vol I, II)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  38. ^ "General Election, 1989 (Vol I, II)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  39. ^ "General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  40. ^ "General Election, 1996 (Vol I, II)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  41. ^ "General Election, 1998 (Vol I, II)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  42. ^ "General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  43. ^ "Janata party leader Thakur ji Pathak". 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  44. ISBN 978-81-212-0213-8. Archived
    from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023. Janata Dal leader of Singhbhum, Thakurji Pathak...
  45. ^ a b "Gowda and irony of coalition building". www.outlookindia.com/. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  46. ^ Raj Chengappa (18 July 2013). "We never considered the Kranti Ranga to be our supporters: Ramakrishna Hegde". India Today. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  47. ^ Anita Pratap (31 December 1987). "Janata Party protests, but Karnataka Congress(I) chief Janardhan Poojary's loan mela wins". India Today. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  48. ^ Raj Chengappa (15 September 1988). "Karnataka's new CM S.R. Bommai inherits a troubled legacy". India Today. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  49. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-45970-9
    .
  50. ^ Chawla, Prabhu (15 June 1988). "Ajit Singh catapulted as Janata Party president". India Today. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  51. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery". BBC News. 4 February 2004. Archived from the original on 6 February 2004. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  52. ^ a b "Blundering On". India Today. 31 January 1989. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  53. ^ Pachai, Pankaj; Awasti, Dilip (15 March 1989). "State chiefs' selection deepens rift in Janata Dal". India Today. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  54. ISBN 978-93-86950-35-2
    .
  55. ^ News Service, Express (6 January 1989). "Convention will elect new Janata Leader: Indubhai". Indian Express. p. 9. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  56. ^ "Janata Dal application for symbol". Indian Express. 5 January 1989. p. 7. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  57. ^ Gupta, Shekhar; Pachauri, Pankaj; Baweja, Harinder (15 November 1989). "Various opposition parties agree to come together and take on the Congress(I)". India Today. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  58. ^ "ECI continues to nudge Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) for ensuring due regulatory". ECI. Election Commission of India. 8 July 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2023.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Janata Party.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janata_Party&oldid=1217595154"