Jangsu of Goguryeo
King Jangsu | |
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Gwanggaeto |
Jangsu of Goguryeo | |
Hangul | 장수왕 |
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Hanja | |
Revised Romanization | Jangsu-wang |
McCune–Reischauer | Changsu-wang |
Birth name | |
Hangul | 거련 or 연 |
Hanja | |
Revised Romanization | Georyeon or Yeon |
McCune–Reischauer | Kŏryŏn or Yŏn |
Jangsu of Goguryeo (394–491, r. 413–491)
Jangsu reigned during the golden age of Goguryeo,[3][4] when it was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia.[5][6][7][8] He continued to build upon his father's territorial expansion through conquest,[9] but was also known for his diplomatic abilities.[10][11][12] Like his father, Gwanggaeto the Great, Jangsu also achieved a loose unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.[13] In addition, Jangsu's long reign saw the perfecting of Goguryeo's political, economic and other institutional arrangements.[14] He is also noted for building the Gwanggaeto Stele, dedicated to his father. Jangsu's posthumous name means "Long Life", based on his longstanding reign of 79 years until the age of 98,[14] the longest reign in East Asian history.[15]
During his reign, Jangsu changed the official name of Goguryeo (Koguryŏ) to the shortened Goryeo (Koryŏ), from which the name Korea originates.
Monarchs of Korea |
Goguryeo |
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Family
- Father: King Gwanggaeto (광개토왕, 廣開土王)
- Grandfather: King Gogukyang (고국양왕, 故國壤王)
- Unknown wife
- Son: Prince Joda/Juda (조다, 助多); father of King Munja.
- Son: Prince Seungu (승우, 升于)
- Unnamed daughter
Early reign
During his early reign, Jangsu dedicated much of his efforts toward stabilizing an empire that had experienced great and sudden growth as a direct result of his father's conquests. Jangsu built a magnificent tomb for his father, Gwanggaeto the Great, and along with it an imposing 6 meter tall tombstone engraved with his father's accomplishments (now known as the Gwanggaeto Stele).[16]
In 427, he transferred the Goguryeo capital from
Relations with Chinese dynasties and nomadic states
When Gwanggaeto the Great ruled Goguryeo, the Chinese mainland was dominated by five non-Han Chinese peoples and divided into multiple states. During Gwanggaeto's time, Goguryeo invaded Later Yan and conquered Liaoning,[21] but when Jangsu came to the throne, the chaos in northern China was coming to an end.[18] The unification of northern China by Northern Wei became a crucial point for both Goguryeo and the southern dynasties of China.[22] However, Jangsu was able to use the political situation in China by manipulating the northern and southern Chinese states to his advantage.[10][12]
After the fall of Later Yan, Han Chinese drove the Xianbei Murong clan northward and established Northern Yan in its place.[23][22] However, Northern Yan's existence was threatened by the powerful Xianbei Tuoba clan of Northern Wei to the west, compelling Northern Yan to make an alliance with Goguryeo, its neighbor to the east. Hence, Jangsu turned his military ambitions southward toward the Korean peninsula.[23]
The southern Chinese dynasty of
Jangsu also maintained contact with Northern Wei, and the two empires established a formal relationship in 435. This relationship proved to be useful when Goguryeo waged war against Baekje, which had secretly sought a military alliance with Northern Wei against Goguryeo,[14] because Northern Wei did not interfere in the matters of the Korean countries.
In 479, Jangsu established friendly relations with the
After the Khitans surrendered to Goguryeo, Jangsu sent gifts to both Northern Wei and Southern Qi, which took over the southern half of China after overthrowing Liu Song in 479.[25] Both Qi and Wei tried to tighten Goguryeo's relationship with them. Wei emperors treated Goguryeo delegates as equal to Chinese delegates. Under the reign of Emperor Xiaowen alone, 41 emissaries were sent,[29] but the frequency started to drop since Jangsu continued to keep hospitality with Qi. This decrease in exchanged delegates outraged Emperor Xiaowen, and at last he gave an order to capture Goguryeo delegates before they could reach the Qi capital. However, Jangsu paid no mind, and continued to send delegates to Qi. Northern Wei could not block Goguryeo, which indicated the success of Jangsu's diplomatic strategy: maximizing the situation and manipulating the power struggles between rival Chinese states to Goguryeo's advantage.[10][11]
Goguryeo and the northern states maintained peace and did not have further conflicts until the Goguryeo–Sui War in 598.[24]
Relations with southern Korean states
Marriage alliances
Confronted with harsh attacks from Goguryeo into the southern region of the Korean peninsula, Baekje and Silla found their survival through marriage alliances, beginning in 433. The alliance between Baekje and Silla lasted more than a century and was the primary reason why Goguryeo was unable to conquer the entire peninsula.[30]
Gaya
Gaya found itself in a precarious situation due to its geographical disadvantage of being sandwiched by Baekje and Silla, and ultimately could not develop into an advanced nation.[31]
Baekje campaign and Dorim
In 472,
In 475, Jangsu launched a full-scale invasion from both land and sea against the now politically unstable kingdom of Baekje. Dorim was successful in gaining information about Baekje,[34] and consequently Gaero was not at all prepared for the assault formulated by Jangsu. With momentum now in his favor, Jangsu then proceeded toward the capital and easily captured the city of Wiryeseong and slew Gaero.[35][36] Soon after, Jangsu burned the capital to the ground, along with several other cities that he conquered from Baekje. Henceforth, Baekje had no choice but to move its capital to mountainous Ungjin (present-day Gongju), 80 miles to the south, which provided a natural protection for the devastated kingdom.[2][33] The war gave Goguryeo more or less total control of the Han River valley, the region essential to commercial and military power in the Korean peninsula.[16] Baekje had been a dominant power on the peninsula for hundreds of years thanks to its control of the region, but after losing the region to Goguryeo, Baekje also lost control of the peninsula.
Silla campaign
After successfully concluding his campaign in Baekje, Jangsu then turned his attention toward the second peninsular kingdom of
Death and legacy
King Jangsu died in 491, at the age of 97. His temple name means "Long Life" in hanja. During his reign, Goguryeo was at its golden age,[3][4] stretching from Inner Mongolia to the current North Chungcheong Province of South Korea, south of the Han River basin.
Modern Depictions
Age of Empires: World Domination, a mobile game produced in collaboration with series owner Microsoft,[42] includes Jangsu as a selectable hero of the Korean civilization.[43]
Portrayed by Jung Yoon-seok in the 2007 MBC TV series The Legend.
See also
- History of Korea
- Three Kingdoms of Korea
- List of Korean monarchs
References
- ISBN 9781783083411. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "King Jangsu". KBS Radio. Korean Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9780231502511. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9780684188997. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
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- ISBN 9789231028137. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
- ISBN 9781477265178. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ISBN 9788989571469.
- ^ ISBN 067461576X. "He held China in check by employing a diplomatic strategy of maintaining ties with both the Northern and Southern Dynasties, thus enabling him to manipulate these two contending forces to Koguryŏ's advantage."
- ^ ISBN 978-0253000781. Retrieved 15 July 2016. "China's split into the Northern and Southern dynasties afforded him an opportunity to diplomatically maneuver these two bitterly contending forces to Koguryŏ's advantage."
- ^ ISBN 9780231502511. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ISBN 978-0253000781. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ^ ISBN 067461576X.
- ISBN 9781477265161. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9781107098466. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
- ^ ICOMOS; Kim, Lena (2010). Koguryo Tomb Murals: World Cultural Heritage. Giljabi Media. p. 99. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9788991448834.
- ISBN 067461576X. "This move from a region of narrow mountain valleys to a broad riverine plain indicates that the capital could no longer remain primarily a military encampment but had to be developed into a metropolitan center for the nation's political, economic, and social life."
- ISBN 978-0253000781. Retrieved 15 July 2016. "Because Pyongyang was located in the vast, fertile Taedong River basin and had been the center of advanced culture of Old Chosŏn and Nangnang, this move led Koguryŏ to attain a high level of economic and cultural prosperity."
- ISBN 9781133606475.
- ^ a b Northeast Asia History Foundation. "Koguryo: The glorious ancient Korean Kingdom in Northeast Asia" (PDF). NAHF. p. 76. Retrieved 2 February 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ ISBN 9780824824655. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ a b "King Jangsu(2)". KBS Radio. Korean Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ a b Northeast Asia History Foundation. "Koguryo: The glorious ancient Korean Kingdom in Northeast Asia" (PDF). NAHF. p. 28. Retrieved 2 February 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 9781107009066. Retrieved 2 February 2016. The Khitans, although descended from the Xianbei and presumably inheriting their martial and political traditions, were for a long time a weak people who were subjected successively to the Rouran, Koguryo, Sui-Tang China and then most importantly the Gokturk.
- ISBN 9788952107299.
- ISBN 9791155191965. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ISBN 9780824824655. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ISBN 9781477265178. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
- ISBN 9780742567177. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ Kim, Bushik (1145). Samguk Sagi. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9781136639791. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-931907-38-5.
- ISBN 9788971992890.
- ISBN 9781872843872.
- ISBN 9781133606512. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
- ^ Il-yeon (1281). Samguk Yusa (三國遺事 卷第). Retrieved 2 February 2016. 至訥祗王即位三年己未, 句麗長壽王遣使來朝云, “寡君聞大王之弟寳海秀智才藝, 願與相親特遣小臣懇請.” 王門之幸甚因此和通命, 其弟寳海道於句麗, 以内臣金武校勘 271謁為輔而送之. 長壽王又留而不送.
- ^ "장수왕". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
- ^ "Chungju Goguryeobi Monument (중원/충주 고구려비)". Visit Korea. Korea Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ "Goguryeo stele found in northern China". The Korea Herald. Yonhop. 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ "Age of Empires: World Domination Launched for Android and iOS". NDTV Gadgets360.com. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ "Age of Empires: World Domination". KLabGames. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.