January 1960

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
<< January 1960 >>
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
01 02
03 04 05 06 07 08 09
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31  
January 1, 1960: Cameroon granted independence
January 23, 1960: The bathyscaphe Trieste descends seven miles to the ocean floor
January 4, 1960: Albert Camus killed in auto accident
January 24, 1960: French Algerians erect barricades

The following events occurred in January 1960:

January 1, 1960 (Friday)

  • The Republic of Cameroun became independent at midnight local time (2300 12/31/59 GMT) with the lowering of the French tricolor, and the raising of a new tricolor (red, yellow and green) flag at Yaoundé. The former French Cameroons colony had been under a U.N. Trusteeship during a transition period, and Prime Minister Ahmadou Ahidjo headed the government pending the adoption of a constitution. United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, along with Henry Cabot Lodge, the American Ambassador to the U.N., were present, along with the Soviet First Deputy Premier, Frol Kozlov, who announced that the Soviets would recognize the new government. Marxist Félix-Roland Moumié, who had previously been supported by the Soviet Union, continued to wage a campaign of terrorism against the Ahidjo government, and thirty people were killed on the Republic's first day.[1][2]
  • The peaceful
    New Year's Day March, a civil rights march at the airport of Greenville, South Carolina, took place with 250 African-American people protesting racial segregation. On October 25, a delegation of NAACP members had been waiting for the arrival of baseball great Jackie Robinson when they were told to move to a colored waiting room at the airport. Led by the chairman of the local Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Reverend J.S. Hall, the march concluded with the reading of a resolution by Rev. Matthew D. McCullough while a crowd of 200 White people listened.[3]
  • The symbolic "Doomsday Clock" on the cover of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists was moved back five minutes, from "two minutes to midnight" (where it had been since 1953) to "seven minutes to midnight".[4]
  • Three cities in Norway were created through mergers— Smøla (from Edøy, Brattvær, and Hopen); Evje og Hornnes (from Evje and Hornnes); and Sirdal (from Tonstad and Øvre Sirdal).
  • Midnight, January 1, 1960, is the point from which dates are measured under
    SAS System, Stata and R
    computer programming software.
  • Died: Margaret Sullavan, 50, American film actress; of an accidental overdose of barbiturates

January 2, 1960 (Saturday)

  • At the Senate Caucus room in Washington, U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts formally announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. Addressing a question about whether being a Roman Catholic would affect his chances of winning, Senator Kennedy told them "I would think that there is really only one issue involved in the whole question of a candidate's religion, that is, does a candidate believe in the separation of church and state?"[5]
  • The temperature in Oodnadatta, South Australia, reached 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) in the shade, for what remains the highest temperature ever recorded in Australia.[6]
  • Born: Naoki Urasawa, Japanese manga author; in Tokyo
  • Died:
    Friedrich Adler, 80, Austrian assassin who had killed Austrian Prime Minister Karl von Stürgkh
    in 1916.

January 3, 1960 (Sunday)

January 4, 1960 (Monday)

10 Nouveaux Francs
  • The
    nouveau franc worth one hundred ancients francs, and brought back the centime coin, replacing the old franc. The new franc, at roughly five to U.S. dollar, had become legal tender on January 1. To prepare the French for the changeover, the old-style bills had been overstamped with new value and the initials "N.F."[8]
  • The
    EFTA Treaty was signed in Stockholm by Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, to form the European Free Trade Association, a 7-member alternative for nations that could not be, or did not want to be, in the six-nation European Economic Community. The treaty took effect on May 3, 1960.[9]
  • The steel strike of 1959 was settled, three weeks before an injunction under the Taft-Hartley Act was set to expire, as Labor Secretary James P. Mitchell and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon mediated the dispute between the United Steelworkers Association and eleven steel manufacturers.[10]
  • Died: Albert Camus, 46, French writer, was killed in a car accident while riding in a Facel-Vega sports car driven by his publisher, Michel Gallimard. At 1:54 a.m. local time, near Villeneuve-la-Guyard, Yonne département, the car left the road and struck a tree. An unfinished, 144-page manuscript of Camus' latest novel was found near the wreckage. The First Man would finally be published 35 years later.[11]

January 5, 1960 (Tuesday)

  • The Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that a trust fund, set up by Benjamin Franklin's will in 1791 to assist "young married artificers", could not be divided before its 1991 maturity date, despite the fact that there were no more artificers who would benefit. Started by Franklin with the deposit of 1,000 pounds sterling, the fund had grown to $1,578,098 by 1960.[12] By the time the monies were split between Massachusetts and Pennsylvania in 1991, the Fund was worth more than $6.5 million.[13]
  • British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan began a six-week, 20,000-mile (32,000 km) tour of Britain's current and former African colonies, not returning to London until February 15.[14]
  • Le Monde broke the news of a confidential report, made to the French government by the International Red Cross, documenting the French Army's torture in Algeria.[15][16]

January 6, 1960 (Wednesday)

January 7, 1960 (Thursday)

  • The Soviet Union announced that it would be testing a long-range rocket over an area in the North Pacific Ocean, and warned other nations not to send ships through a designated 280-mile (450 km) by 160-mile (260 km) area between January 15 and February 15.[24]
  • For the first time, a Polaris missile reached its target using its own inertial guidance system, rather than being directed from a ground station. The shot from Cape Canaveral came a few hours after President Eisenhower's final State of the Union speech, describing the new era of nuclear submarines armed with the Polaris missiles. "Impossible to destroy by surprise attack," said Ike, "they will become one of our most effective sentinels for peace."[25][26]
  • Representatives of Engineering and Contracts Division and Flight Systems Division (FSD) met to discuss future wind tunnel test needs for advanced Mercury projects. After Alan B. Kehlet remarked on available test facilities, Caldwell C. Johnson and H. Kurt Strass presented their ideas on advanced configurations. Johnson had been working on modifications to the existing Mercury configuration rather than on advanced configuration concepts. Strass suggested that advanced work be classed as either modifications refining the design of the present Mercury or new concepts in configuration design. Johnson consented to design models for both program categories.[27]
  • Died:
    Kingdom of Two Sicilies

January 8, 1960 (Friday)

  • Lee Harvey Oswald, an American defector to the Soviet Union, was personally welcomed by the Mayor of Minsk, given a free apartment, and then set up in a new job as a metal worker in the Byelorussian Radio and Television factory.[28]
  • David Cooper Nelson became the first convict to be executed in New Mexico's gas chamber, and the last. The legislature had replaced the electric chair with gas, and would later adopt lethal injection as its mode of capital punishment.[29]
  • The Los Angeles Rams sued the new American Football League and the Houston Oilers over the rights to Heisman Trophy winner Billy Cannon, who had signed with both teams.[30]

January 9, 1960 (Saturday)

January 10, 1960 (Sunday)

January 11, 1960 (Monday)

January 12, 1960 (Tuesday)

  • After seven years, a
    Sir Patrick Renison. Proclaimed in 1952 after terrorism by the black nationalist group, the Mau Mau, the emergency regulations set curfews, restricted travel, and required the licensing of printing presses.[38]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Nevil Shute, 60, English novelist known for On the Beach; in Australia following a stroke
    • "Sweet Daddy" Grace
      , 76, Los Angeles African-American evangelist

January 13, 1960 (Wednesday)

  • The first discussions were held in the White House to discuss covert action to overthrow Cuba's new revolutionary socialist government led by prime minister Fidel Castro. A special group, created by the National Security Council's order #5412, approved "Operation Zapata".[39]
  • The Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs (
    MVD) was abolished, and replaced by separate agencies in the 15 republics.[40]
  • Born:

January 14, 1960 (Thursday)

January 15, 1960 (Friday)

  • The day after Soviet leader
    Supreme Soviet of the USSR to formally approve his proposal to reduce the Soviet armed forces by nearly one-third, the 1,300 members in both houses gave their unanimous assent. The reduction, from 3,623,000 men to 2,423,000 men, had been announced by Khrushchev the day before in a speech to the joint session, with a plan to shift defense expenditures to nuclear weapons and missiles. "Should any madman launch an attack on our state or on other socialist states," Khrushchev said,"we would literally be able to wipe the country or countries that attack us off the face of the Earth."[45][46]
  • Eight Chicago policemen were arrested in early morning raids on their homes, and charged with burglary, and several carloads of stolen merchandise were seized from the homes. By the end of the month, 15 city cops had been indicted for what Mayor Daley called "the most disgraceful and shocking scandal in the police department's history." The arrests followed a revelation, by a 23-year-old burglar, that several members of the Chicago PD had assisted him in burglarizing businesses in areas they had been assigned to patrol.[47]
  • The
    Mercury-Redstone and Mercury-Atlas missions were covered.[23]

January 16, 1960 (Saturday)

  • Nobusuke Kishi, the Prime Minister of Japan, departed from Tokyo's Haneda Airport at 8:09 a.m., in order to sign an unpopular treaty with the United States on American soil, but not before avoiding a rioting crowd of at least 500 Zengakuren, leftist students who had occupied the airport in protest. Several thousand police were required to disperse the gathering.[48]
  • The village of Willowbrook, Illinois, was incorporated.

January 17, 1960 (Sunday)

January 18, 1960 (Monday)

  • Major General Jacques Massu, the commander of the French Army in Algeria, criticized his boss in an interview with Hans Ulrich Kempski of the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung. President Charles De Gaulle, who came into power with the Army's support in 1958, was outraged by Massu's statement that "Perhaps the Army made a mistake."[50]
  • Capital Airlines Flight 20 crashed near Holdcroft, Virginia, while en route from Washington to Norfolk, apparently killing all forty-six passengers and four crew members on impact. The first persons on the scene heard no cries, and the Vickers Viscount was soon consumed by a fire that burned for five hours.[51][52]
  • Atlantic Missile Range. Personnel from these organizations had met informally in the past on several occasions.[23]

January 19, 1960 (Tuesday)

January 20, 1960 (Wednesday)

  • The Soviet Union successfully test-fired the first
    ICBM, the R-7 Semyorka, demonstrating a range of at least 7,760 miles (12,490 km) when it reached a target area in the Pacific Ocean. The explosion on impact, at 8:05 pm Moscow time (1705 GMT, 12:05 pm EST), was observed by the crew of a Qantas aircraft.[55]
  • Novato, California, was incorporated.
  • Born:

January 21, 1960 (Thursday)

"Miss Sam" being placed in flight container in December 1959

January 22, 1960 (Friday)

  • France's President de Gaulle fired Major General Massu from his post as commander of the troops in French Algeria, following Massu's critical interview. European Algerians were outraged by the firing, precipitating the "week of the barricades".[62]
  • At the Boston Garden, Sugar Ray Robinson lost his world middleweight boxing title in an upset to Paul Pender, a 29-year-old firefighter from Brookline, Massachusetts. Pender outpointed Robinson in fifteen rounds.[63]
  • Born: Michael Hutchence, Australian rock musician for INXS; in Sydney (d. 1997)

January 23, 1960 (Saturday)

  • Undersea explorer
    bathyscaphe Trieste into the deepest depths of the ocean, reaching the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific, a depth of more than 7 miles (11 km).[64][65]
  • Born: Patrick de Gayardon, French skydiver and skysurfing pioneer; in Oullins (killed in skydiving accident, 1998)

January 24, 1960 (Sunday)

  • As many as 5,000 European residents of French Algeria, including members of the French home guard, sealed off parts of
    Michel Debre that they would disregard orders to attack the insurgents. When the local police clashed with the demonstrators, 24 people were killed and 136 injured.[66]
  • The Democratic Socialist Party (Japan) was formed by Suehiro Nishio and 52 other members of Parliament who had formerly been in the Japan Socialist Party. The DSP lasted until 1994.[67]
  • Born:
    Fox News Channel reporter; in Silver Spring, Maryland
  • Died:

January 25, 1960 (Monday)

  • McDonnell delivered the first production-type Mercury spacecraft to the Space Task Group at Langley Research Center in less than 1 year from the signing of the formal contract. This spacecraft was a structural shell and did not contain most of the internal systems that would be required for human spaceflight. After receipt, the Space Task Group instrumented the spacecraft and designated it for the Mercury-Atlas 1 (MA-1) flight.[23]
  • Wilt Chamberlain set an NBA record that still stands, for "Most points, rookie, game", with 58 points for the Philadelphia Warriors against the Detroit Pistons, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The record was tied, by Chamberlain, on February 21 of his rookie year.[69]
  • Belgium agreed to grant its African colony, in the Belgian Congo, independence, setting a date of June 30, 1960, and elections to be held in May.[70]

January 26, 1960 (Tuesday)

January 27, 1960 (Wednesday)

January 28, 1960 (Thursday)

  • The 12-team NFL expanded for the first time since 1949, awarding the franchise for the Dallas Cowboys for 1960, and for the Minnesota Vikings for 1961.[77]
  • China and Burma (now Myanmar) signed an agreement specifying the boundary between the two nations.[78]
  • Died: Zora Neale Hurston, 69, African-American author who would attain posthumous fame in the 1970s

January 29, 1960 (Friday)

  • Facing a challenge from rebelling European settlers in French Algeria, France's President Charles de Gaulle went on television in his Army uniform, in order, he said, "to stress that I am speaking as General de Gaulle as well as chief of state". Having announced before that the future of French territory in Algeria would be left to the Algerian Arab majority, de Gaulle emphasized that he would not yield to Europeans "who dream of being usurpers". Following the speech, the French Army ended speculation about whether they would side with the Algerian Europeans against the Paris government, and ordered all home guardsmen, inside the barricades, to report to their headquarters. When the order was disobeyed, the Army moved in to end the rebellion.[79]
  • Born:

January 30, 1960 (Saturday)

January 31, 1960 (Sunday)

  • Joseph McNeill, a 17-year-old college freshman, was turned away by a waitress with the words, "We don't serve Negroes," when he tried to get something to eat at the bus terminal in Greensboro, North Carolina. When he talked about it with three friends at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, the four African-American students decided that they would take a stand against segregation. The next day, the four would sit down at the Woolworth's Department Store lunch counter and refuse to get up until they were served, and the "sit-in" was created as a form of civil disobedience.[81]
  • At
    Tawfiq, a skirmish between soldiers from Israel and Syria (at that time, part of the United Arab Republic with Egypt) left 12 Syrians and 7 Israelis dead. UAR President Gamal Abdel Nasser sent Egyptian troops back into the Sinai in response.[82]
  • Six chimpanzees were rated as being trained and ready to support Mercury-Redstone or Mercury-Atlas missions. Other chimpanzees were being shipped from Africa to enter the animal training program.[23]

References

  1. ^ "Terrorists Kill 30 at Birth Of New Nation". Oakland Tribune. January 1, 1960. p. 1.
  2. ^ "CAMEROON: Another New Flag". TIME. January 11, 1960. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010.
  3. . p. 1.
  4. ^ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
  5. ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1961, p155; "Hat Thrown Into Ring By Kennedy", Oakland Tribune, January 2, 1960, p1
  6. ^ 2006 Year Book Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2005), p53
  7. ^ "Dramatic Specials Top TV Fare For The Week", The Times Recorder (Zanesville, OH), January 3, 1960, pB-7
  8. ^ "France Starts Year With A New Franc", Winnipeg Free Press, January 2, 1960, p14
  9. ^ J.A.S. Grenville and Bernard Wasserstein, The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts (Taylor and Francis, 2001) p524
  10. ^ "Steel Dispute Settled; 39-Cent Hike Reported – Nixon Given Praise for Major Coup", Oakland Tribune, January 4, 1960, p1
  11. ^ Campbell, James (2003). Exiled in Paris: Richard Wright, James Baldwin, Samuel Beckett, and others on the Left Bank. University of California Press. p. 239.
  12. Amarillo Globe-Times
    . January 7, 1960. p. 21.
  13. ^ "Benjamin Franklin's pennies saved now worth $6.5 million". The Intelligencer-Record. Doylestown, Pennsylvania. April 18, 1990. p. A-11.
  14. ^ World Almanac 1961, p154
  15. ^ "Sadly Conclusive". TIME. January 18, 1960. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010.
  16. ^ Merom, Gil (2003). How Democracies Lose Small Wars: State, Society, and the Failures of France in Algeria, Israel in Lebanon, and the United States in Vietnam. Cambridge University Press. p. 148.
  17. ^ Eisenberg, Mickey S. (1997). Life in the Balance: Emergency Medicine and the Quest to Reverse Sudden Death. Oxford University Press. pp. 125–126.
  18. ^ a b "34 Dead in Airliner Explosion, Crash; Adm. McDonnell, Congressional Medal of Honor Holder, Is Victim; Debris Found in Carolina Swamp". Oakland Tribune. January 6, 1960. p. 1.
  19. ^ "AVIATION: Disintegration & Disaster". TIME. January 18, 1960. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010.
  20. ^ Avery N. Gilbert, What the Nose Knows: The Science of Scent in Everyday Life (Crown Publishers, ©2008), pp162–163
  21. ^ Middle East Record 1960. London: Published for the Israel Oriental Society, the Reuven Shiloah Research Center. p. 237 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ Ismael, Tareq Y. (2008). The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 101 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (B) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury January 1960 through May 5, 1961". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  24. ^ "Soviet 'Invades' Target Area For U.S. Missiles in Pacific". Oakland Tribune. January 8, 1960. p. 5.
  25. . January 7, 1960. p. 1.
  26. ^ "Polaris Flies On Its Own Over 900-Mile Course". Oakland Tribune. January 8, 1960. p. 5.
  27. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART I (A) Concept and Design April 1959 through December 1961". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  28. ^ Dick Russell, The Man Who Knew Too Much (Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003), p117
  29. ^ Robert J. Tórrez, Myth of the Hanging Tree: Stories of Crime and Punishment in Territorial New Mexico (University of New Mexico Press, 2008), p52; "State Gas Chamber Works-- Nelson's Life Snuffed Out", Clovis (NM) News-Journal, January 8, 1960, p1
  30. ^ "Rams File Suit to Keep Cannon From AFL", San Antonio Express, January 12, 1960, p12-A
  31. ^ (New York Times)
  32. ^ a b World Almanac 1961, p157
  33. .
  34. ^ "Will Defend China Isles", Pacific Stars and Stripes, January 11, 1960, p1
  35. The Progress Index. Petersburg, Virginia
    . AP. January 13, 1960. p. 14.
  36. trutv.com
    .
  37. ^ "Sen. Theodore Green, Oldest Member of Congress, to Quit". Oakland Tribune. January 12, 1960. p. 7.
  38. ^ "Emergency Is Lifted In Kenya", Winnipeg Rree Press, January 12, 1960, p4
  39. ^ William J. Daugherty, Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency (University Press of Kentucky, 2004)
  40. ^ Vasiliy Mitrokhin, KGB Lexicon: The Soviet Intelligence Officer's Handbook (Routledge, 2002), p265
  41. ^ Barbara Whitney, Choreographer and dancer Matthew Bourne at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  42. ^ "Goddess Bunny". IMDb. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  43. ^ Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia, No. 47-1961, Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (1961)
  44. ^ Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren R. Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography (University of Illinois Press, 1986), p369
  45. ^ "Soviet OKs Khrushchev Arms Cut". Oakland Tribune. January 15, 1960. p. 1.
  46. Transaction Books
    . p. 31.
  47. ^ "Indignant Burglar Touches Off Political Ruckus". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. January 31, 1960. p. 3.
  48. ^ "Japan Reds, Cops Battle At Airport", Oakland Tribune, January 16, 1960; James A. A. Stockwin, Governing Japan: Divided Politics in a Major Economy (Blackwell, 1999), pp51–52
  49. ^ "Ike's Russian Visit Set for June 10–19", The Bridgeport Telegram, January 18, 1960, p1
  50. ^ Berstein, Serge (1993). The Republic of De Gaulle, 1958-1969. Cambridge University Press. p. 41.
  51. Kingsport Times. Kingsport, Tennessee
    . January 19, 1960. p. 1.
  52. ^ aviation-safety.net report
  53. Taylor and Francis
    . 2003. pp. 2550–2551.
  54. ^ AirDisaster.Com Database[usurped]
  55. ^ "RUSSIAN ROCKET ZIPS 7,760 MILES". El Paso Herald-Post. January 21, 1960. p. 1.
  56. Pacific Stars and Stripes
    . January 22, 1960. p. 1.
  57. ^ Burgess, Colin; Dubbs, Chris (2007). Animals in space: from research rockets to the space shuttle. Springer. pp. 177–178.
  58. ^ "Hope Fading for Trapped Miners". Oakland Tribune. January 22, 1960. p. 1.
  59. ^ "Tragedy At No. 10". TIME. February 1, 1960. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010.
  60. ^ Brady, B.H.G.; Brown, E.T. (2006). Rock Mechanics For Underground Mining. Springer. p. 484.
  61. ^ "37 Killed in Week's Fourth Plane Disaster". Oakland Tribune. January 21, 1960. p. 1.
  62. ^ "Gen. De Gaulle Fires French Algeria Chief", Oakland Tribune, January 22, 1960, p1; "The Test for De Gaulle", TIME Magazine, February 1, 1960
  63. ^ "Sugar Ray Loses!", The Independent (Long Beach, CA), January 23, 1960, p9
  64. ^ "Seven-Mile Ocean Dive Sets Record". Oakland Tribune. January 23, 1960. p. 1.
  65. Texas A & M University Press
    . pp. 324–325.
  66. ^ The World Almanac, 1961, p157
  67. ^ Gerald L. Curtis, The Japanese Way of Politics (Columbia University Press, 1988), pp22–23
  68. ^ "Now Family Reveals Writer suicide". The New Canadian. March 10, 1972. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  69. NBA.com. Archived from the original
    on 27 May 2012.
  70. ^ Crowder, Michael (1984). The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol. 8. Cambridge University Press. p. 712.
  71. ^ "At 33 and 50 G's, Rozelle New NFL Czar in Shocker", Press-Telegram (Long Beach, CA), pD-1
  72. ^ "Burnsville Boy Gets 135 Points In 173–43 Win", Charleston (WV) Gazette, January 27, 1960, p18; Floyd Conner, Basketball's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Hoops' Outrageous Dunkers, Incredible Buzzer-beaters, and Other Oddities (Brassey's, 2001), p52
  73. ^ "Law Enforcement Investigations of Ross". United States Department of Justice Archive. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  74. ^ "What next for 1,200-pound woman?". The Flint Journal. June 17, 1994. p. A1.
  75. ^ "Lava Spews Over Dikes-- Ruins Town", Oakland Tribune, January 28, 1960, p1; "Lava Flowing on City's Last 8 Buildings", Tribune, January 30, 1960, p1
  76. ^ Kimie Hara, Japanese-Soviet/Russian Relations Since 1945 (Routledge, 1998), pp 97–98
  77. ^ "NFL Admits Dallas and Minneapolis-St. Paul, The Post-Standard (Syracuse), January 29, 1960, p14
  78. ^ Pobzeb Vang, Five Principles of Chinese Foreign Policies (AuthorHouse, 2008), p386
  79. ^ World Almanac 1961, p156
  80. ^ "Oakland Wins Pro Football Franchise", Oakland Tribune, January 31, 1960, p1; Ed Gruver, The American Football League: A Year-by-year History, 1960–1969 (McFarland, 1997), pp101–102
  81. Hill and Wang
    . pp. 61–62.
  82. ^ Maoz, Zeev (2006). Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security & Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 240.