Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō
Aerial view of Hōshō as completed in December 1922
| |
Class overview | |
---|---|
Operators | Imperial Japanese Navy |
Preceded by | None |
Succeeded by | Akagi |
Built | 1920–1922 |
In service | 1922–1946 |
In commission | 1922–1945 |
Planned | 2 |
Completed | 1 |
Scrapped | 1 |
History | |
Japan | |
Name | Hōshō |
Namesake | Phoenix |
Builder | Asano Shipbuilding Company, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama |
Laid down | 16 December 1920 |
Launched | 13 November 1921 |
Commissioned | 27 December 1922 |
Stricken | 5 October 1945 |
Fate | Scrapped beginning 2 September 1946 |
General characteristics (as built) | |
Type | Aircraft carrier |
Displacement | |
Length | 168.25 m (552 ft) |
Beam | 17.98 m (59 ft) |
Draught | 6.17 m (20 ft 3 in) (mean) |
Installed power |
|
Propulsion | 2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines |
Speed | 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) |
Range | 8,680 nmi (16,080 km; 9,990 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
Complement | 512 |
Armament |
|
Aircraft carried | 15 |
Hōshō (鳳翔, literally "phoenix flying") was the world's first commissioned ship that was built as an aircraft carrier,[Note 1] and the first aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). Commissioned in 1922, the ship was used for testing carrier aircraft operations equipment, techniques, such as take-offs and landings, and carrier aircraft operational methods and tactics. The ship provided valuable lessons and experience for the IJN in early carrier air operations. Hōshō's superstructure and other obstructions to the flight deck were removed in 1924 on the advice of experienced aircrews.
Hōshō and her aircraft group participated in the
During
Design and description
Construction of a
Hōshō was initially designed as a seaplane carrier like
General characteristics
Hōshō was completed with an
Propulsion
Hōshō had two
To reduce rolling and increase stability for aircraft operations, a
Flight deck arrangements
Hōshō's flight deck was 168.25 meters (552 ft) long and 22.62 meters (74 ft 3 in) wide. The forward end sloped down at an angle of −5° to help aircraft accelerate during takeoff. A small island was mounted well forward on the starboard side and contained the ship's bridge and air-operations control center. The island was fitted with a small tripod mast intended to carry the ship's fire-control system. Fifteen different types of arresting gear were evaluated before the British longitudinal wire system was adopted. Low landing speeds of the time meant that aircraft had little difficulty in stopping, but their light weight made them vulnerable to wind gusts that could blow them over the side of the carrier, and the longitudinal wires helped to prevent that. Forward of the island was a collapsible crane for loading aircraft into the forward hangar.[10][11]
The flight deck, unlike those on Royal Navy carriers, was superimposed on the ship's hull rather than constructed as a strength deck supporting the carrier's hull structure.[8] A system of lights and mirrors along the flight deck assisted pilots in landing on the carrier.[3]
Hōshō was the only Japanese aircraft carrier with two hangars. The forward hangar was 67.2 by 9.5 meters (220 ft 6 in by 31 ft 2 in) and only one deck in height as it was intended to house nine small aircraft, such as fighters. The two-story rear hangar measured 16.5 by 14 meters (54 ft 2 in by 45 ft 11 in) at the forward end and 29.4 by 12 meters (96 ft 5 in by 39 ft 4 in) at the rear end. It was designed to house six large aircraft, such as torpedo bombers, as well as six reserve aircraft. Each hangar was served by an aircraft elevator. The forward elevator was 10.35 by 7.86 meters (34.0 by 25.8 ft) and the aft elevator measured 13.71 by 6.34 meters (45 ft 0 in by 20 ft 10 in).[12]
Air group
Hōshō had a normal capacity of fifteen aircraft, subject to the limitations of her hangars. She was first commissioned with an air group of nine
Armament
Hōshō was armed with four 50-caliber 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type guns, two on each side. The two forward guns had a firing arc of 150°, including straight ahead, while the rear guns could fire 120° on either side.[15] They fired 38-kilogram (84 lb) projectiles at a rate of six to ten rounds per minute with a muzzle velocity of about 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s); at 35°, they had a maximum range of 19,750 m (21,600 yd).[16] A heavy gun armament was provided for Hōshō; as carrier doctrine was just evolving at this time, the impracticability of carriers engaging in gun duels had not yet been realized. Her large flight deck and lack of armor made her a vulnerable target in surface battles.[17]
A pair of 40-caliber 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type guns on retractable mounts provided Hōshō's only anti-aircraft defense. They were positioned on the flight deck, just forward of the rear elevator. These guns fired 5.67–5.99-kilogram (12.5–13.2 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of about 680 m/s (2,231 ft/s); at 45°, this provided a maximum range of 10,800 meters (11,800 yd), and they had a maximum ceiling of 7,200 meters (23,600 ft) at 75° elevation. Their effective rate of fire was 13 to 20 rounds per minute.[18]
Service
Early career
Hōshō was
Hōshō was fitted with a net used as a barricade aft of the forward elevator between 10 March and 2 July 1925. It was intended to prevent landing aircraft from colliding with aircraft preparing to take off, and stop them from falling into the open elevator well. The barrier was hydraulically operated and could be erected in three seconds.[23]
As the first of her kind, Hōshō provided valuable experience and insight into carrier air operations for the IJN. The ship was used for testing aircraft and equipment, particularly various types of arresting gear and optical landing aids. The lessons learned influenced the design and construction of
Shanghai
Along with Kaga, Hōshō was assigned to the First Carrier Division and sent to China during the
Fourth Fleet incident
Hōshō participated in the Combined Fleet Maneuvers of 1935 during which she was attached to the
While the Hōshō was at the dockyard between 22 November 1935 and 31 March 1936, her stability was improved; the forward flight deck's supports were reinforced and increased in number; the ship's AA guns, aircraft crane and upper deck aviation fuel tanks were removed; the funnels were fixed in the horizontal position with their mouths angled slightly downwards; the front sides of Hōshō's forward hangar and bridge were reinforced; and the ship's hull was reinforced in the vicinity of her rear hangar to increase her longitudinal strength. At full load, her
Sino-Japanese War
During the Sino-Japanese War, Hōshō rejoined the Third Fleet and supported land operations of the army in Central China in August 1937 with Ryūjō, later joined by Kaga. The three carriers carried a total of 90 aircraft to the conflict in China, including 15 from Hōshō, 27 on Ryūjō, and the rest with Kaga. Details of the activities of Hōshō's aircraft are scarce, but three of the ship's Nakajima A2N fighters shot down a Martin B-10 bomber on 25 July.[30]
The carrier returned to Japan to refuel on 1 September and then sailed to the South China coast, accompanied by Ryūjō, and began operations against Chinese forces near Canton, now
During this time, her aircraft elevators were enlarged in 1939: the forward elevator to 12.8 by 8.5 meters (42 by 28 ft) and the rear elevator to 13.7 by 7 meters (45 by 23 ft). On 12 August 1939 Hōshō was deemed useful as a training carrier and, in critical battles, as a platform for A4N1 (Type 95) fighters and B4Y1 (Type 96) torpedo bombers, for as long as those planes remained serviceable. A later investigation determined on 23 December 1940 that she could not operate the latest aircraft types like the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, the Aichi D3A "Val", or the Nakajima B5N "Kate" in combat.[24] Also, the small size of the carrier's airgroup limited the ship's potential value to the fleet in any future conflicts.[34]
World War II
Pearl Harbor and Midway
Hōshō began the
On 29 May 1942, Hōshō sortied from Japan with the rest of the fleet for the operation which resulted in the Battle of Midway, providing modest air protection, scouting, and anti-submarine support for the Main Body, now consisting of the battleships Yamato, Nagato, and Mutsu.[37] Her aircraft complement for the operation consisted of eight obsolete Yokosuka B4Y "Jean" torpedo bombers.[38][Note 3]
With the Main Body trailing 300 nautical miles (556 km) behind the carrier striking force, Hōshō missed the major portion of the battle in which Nagumo's four fleet carriers were ambushed and fatally damaged by US carrier aircraft on 4 June. The next day, the carrier's aircraft helped guide the remnants of Nagumo's force to a rendezvous with the Main Body as well helped other Japanese warships to rendezvous during and after the battle, including the cruiser
Training ship
After her return to Japan, Hōshō was transferred to the Third Fleet, unofficially assigned to the training fleet (later called the Mobile Force Training Force), and officially assigned in October. She conducted flight training in the Inland Sea for aircraft that flew in from shore bases, since no aircraft were based onboard Hōshō. On 15 January 1943, the 50th Air Flotilla was created for carrier aircrew training and both Hōshō and Ryūhō were assigned to the new unit. The two ships provided carrier landing training and served as target ships for torpedo training. In January 1944, Hōshō was reassigned to the 12th Air Fleet, then to the Combined Fleet, but continued to perform the same mission of training fleet carrier pilots in the Inland Sea. In this role, Hōshō shuttled back and forth between Kure and the Western Inland Sea, spending equal amounts of time at each location.[19]
In order to service new and larger aircraft like the
After the modifications, Hōshō continued to provide training to navy pilots in the Inland Sea, including acting as a target ship for torpedo training.[19] At 05:30 on 19 March 1945, possibly while berthed at Kure, the carrier was caught in an air raid by carrier aircraft from the United States Task Force 58. Hōshō's flight deck was damaged by three bomb hits which killed six crewmen. Emergency repairs were made and her captain was ordered to keep her in readiness on 10 April. However, this order was revoked two days later and the carrier became a "4th reserve ship" with most of her crew transferred elsewhere. Hōshō was taken out of reserve as a "special guard ship" on 1 June and many of her crew were transferred back. During this time, the ship remained moored and camouflaged off Nishinomishima at Kure.[14][19][Note 4]
Hōshō was slightly damaged by a single bomb or aerial rocket hit when the Allies
Post-war
The ship was turned over to Allied forces at the time of the
In December 1945, Hōshō's overhanging flight deck at the bow was cut off to improve visibility from the bridge and her hangars were modified to carry more passengers. Thereafter, she undertook more repatriation missions beginning with one to
Notes
- ^ HMS Argus pre-dated Hōshō and had a long landing deck, but was designed and initially built as an ocean liner. The first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be laid down was HMS Hermes in 1918, but she was completed after Hōshō.[1]
- ^ Gardiner and Gray and Jentschura, Jung, and Mickel state that Hōshō was initially laid down as a tanker named Hiryu. According to Milanovich, this is only partially correct at best. The ship was ordered as one of six Special Ships (Tokumukan) as part of the "eight-six" fleet program; the other five ships were completed as oil tankers.[4]
- ^ Willmott states that Hōshō's airgroup at Midway also included nine Mitsubishi A5M ("Claude") Type 96 fighters. Matome Ugaki, in his diary, mentions only that Hōshō had six Type 96 bombers, but then states that Zuihō had nine fighters.[39]
- ^ Tully states that records, both Japanese and Allied, are unclear on the carrier's location during the 19 March airstrikes. The ship may not have been at Kure at the time, instead in the Seto Inland Sea conducting training or possibly in Hiroshima Bay.
Footnotes
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 9, 13
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 10–11; Evans and Peattie, p. 180
- ^ a b c Watts, p. 169
- ^ Gardner and Gray, p. 240; Jentschura, Jung and Dieter, p. 41; Milanovich, pp. 10–11
- ^ Evans and Peattie, pp. 181–182
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 9, 11
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 22–23
- ^ a b Evans and Peattie, p. 323
- ^ a b Milanovich, p. 15
- ^ Milanovich, p. 13
- ^ Evans and Peattie, p. 315
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 13, 15, 22
- ^ Hata, Izawa and Shores, p. 2
- ^ a b c d e Milanovich, p. 22
- ^ Milanovich, p. 14
- ^ Campbell, p. 190
- ^ Peattie, pp. 53, 55
- ^ Campbell, p. 198
- ^ a b c d e f Tully
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 11, 15–16
- ^ a b Milanovich, pp. 17, 21
- ^ Peattie, p. 53
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 17, 21; Peattie, p. 53
- ^ a b c Milanovich, pp. 20–21
- ^ Watts, p. 169; Evans and Peattie, p. 315; Parshall and Tully, p. 7; Peattie, p. 229
- ^ Hata, Izawa and Shores, pp. 2–3
- ^ Peattie, pp. 50–51
- ^ Evans and Peattie, p. 243
- ^ Milanovich, p. 21
- ^ Hata, Izawa and Shores, pp. 5, 7; Gustavsson, p. 19
- ^ Gustavsson, p. 23
- ^ Hata, Izawa and Shores, p. 8
- ^ Gustavsson, pp. 23, 25
- ^ Parshall and Tully, p. 418
- ^ Goldstein, pp. 259, 284; Tully; Evans and Peattie, p. 586; Hata and Izawa, p. 19
- ^ Tully; Ugaki, pp. 50–51
- ^ Parshall and Tully, p. 49; Ugaki, p. 130; Willmott, p. 110
- ^ Parshall and Tully, p. 453
- ^ Ugaki, p. 144; Wilmott, p. 458
- ^ Parshall and Tully, pp. 270, 355–356, 358–359
- ^ Willmott, p. 496
- ^ Parshall and Tully, pp. 385–393; Tully
- ^ Milanovich, pp. 21–23
- ^ Campbell, p. 200
- ^ Watts, p. 171
References
- Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
- Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-192-7.
- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V., eds. (2004). The Pacific War Papers: Japanese Documents of World War II. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-632-0.
- Gustavsson, Håkan (2016). Sino-Japanese Air War 1937–1945: The Longest Struggle. n.p.: Fonthill Media. ISBN 978-1-78155-536-1.
- ISBN 978-1-906502-84-3.
- Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
- Milanovich, Kathrin (2008). "Hôshô: The First Aircraft Carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2008. London: Conway. pp. 9–25. ISBN 978-1-84486-062-3.
- Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-923-0.
- ISBN 1-55750-432-6.
- ISBN 0-679-43701-0.
- Tully, Anthony P. (2014). "IJN Hosho: Tabular Record of Movement". Kido Butai. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- ISBN 0-8229-3665-8.
- Watts, Anthony J. (1971). The Imperial Japanese Navy. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-01268-3.
- Willmott, H. P. (1983). The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies, February to June 1942. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-949-1.
External links